Microbiology Comprehensive final- Lamar University

Which of the following is NOT equal to 1 mm? A. 0.001m B. 10^6 nm C. 0.1cm D. 100um E. 10^-3m

100um

Which of the following places the steps in the correct sequence? 1. Staining 2. Making a smear 3. Fixing A. 1-2-3 B. 2-3-1 C.3-2-1 D. 1-3-2 E. The order is unimportant

2-3-1

Which of the following places the steps of the gram stain in the correct order? 1- Alcohol-acetone 2- Crystal Violet 3- Safranin 4- Iodine A. 1-2-3-4 B. 2-1-4-3 C. 2-4-1-3 D. 4-3-2-1 E. 1-3-2-4

2-4-1-3

Which of the following is the best definition of oxidative phosphorylation? A. electrons are passed through a series of carriers to o2 B. A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP C. ATP is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP D. Electrons are passed through a series of carriers to an organic compound

A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP

Which of the following is NOT part of the passive transport process? A. plasma membrane B. transporter proteins C. ATP D. Concentration gradient E. aquaporins

ATP

Which type of stain is most useful in helping clinicians to decide which antibiotic to prescribe for bacterial infection? A. negative stain B. simple stain C. gram stain D. endospore stain E. flagella stain

Gram stain

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, o2 is released from A. co2 B. h2o C. c6h12o6 D. sunlight E. chlorophyll

H2O

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the acid-fast stain? A. It is used to identify members of the genus Mycobacterium B. Acid-fast cells retain the primary dye after treatment with acid-alcohol C. If cells are acid-fast, they are gram-negative D. Acid-fast cells appear red in a completed acid-fast stain E. Non-acid-fast microbes appear blue in a completed acid-fast stain

If cells are acid-fast, they are gram-negative

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Nigrosin-negative stain B. Methylene blue- simple stain C. Acidic dye- capsule stain D. Basic dye- negative stain E. Crystal Violet-simple stain

Basic dye- negative stain

Which biochemical process is NOT used during glycolysis A. substrate-level phosphorylation B. oxidation-reduction C. carbohydrate catabolism D. beta oxidation E. enzymatic reactions

Beta oxidation

A strictly fermentative bacterium produces energy A. by glycolysis only B. by aerobic respiration only C. by fermentation or aerobic respiration D. only in the absence of oxygen E. only in the presence of oxygen

By glycolysis only

you are preforming a gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the decolorizer step. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A. Red B. Purple C. Colorless D. Brown

Colorless

Simple staining is often necessary to improve contrast in which microscope? A. Compound B. Phase-contrast C. Darkfield D. Fluorescence E. electron

Compound light

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Endospores are for reproduction B. Endospores allow a cell to survive enviromental changes by producing a dormant period with no growth C. Endospores are easily stained in a gram stain D. A cell produces one endospore and keeps growing E. A cell can produce many endospores

Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes by producing a dormant period with no growth

You find colorless areas in cells in a gram-stained smear. What should you apply next? A. an acid-fast stain B. a flagella stain C. a capsule stain D. An endospore stain E. a simple stain

a simple stain

By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration? A. simple diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. active transport D. extracellular enzymes E. aquaporins

active transport

Bacterial smears are fixed before staining to A. Make their walls permeable B. Accept stain C. Make the cells visible D. Affix the cells to the slide

affix the cells to the slide

Which step in the gram stain is the critical step in differentiating gram-positive cells from gram-negative cells? A. safranin B. alcohol-acetone C. iodine D. crystal violet

alcohol-acetone

The purpose of a mordant in the Gram stain is to? A. Remove the simple stain B. Make the bacterial cells larger C. make the flagella visible D. Prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells E. make gram-negative cells visible

Prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells

You are preforming a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the addition of the mordant. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A. Purple B. Red C. colorless D. Brown

Purple

You are preforming a gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the first dye. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A. Purple B. Red C. Colorless D. brown

Purple

You are preforming a gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the counterstain. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A. Purple B. red C. Colorless D. Brown

Red

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Alcohol-acetone - decolorizer B. crystal violet- basic dye C. Safranin- acid dye D. Iodine- mordant E. Carbolfuchsin- Basic dye

Safranin- acid dye

The terms run and tumble are generally associated with A. cell wall fluidity B. Taxic movements of the cell in response to attractants or repellents C. clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria D. cell membrane synthesis

Taxic movements of the cell in response to attractants or repellents

Fatty acids are oxidized in A. the Krebs cycle B. the electron transport chain C. glycolysis D. the pentose phosphate pathway E. the Entner- Doudoroff pathway

The Krebs cycle

Which of the following statements about substrate-level phosphorylation is false? A. It involves the direct transfer of high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate metabolic compound to ADP B. No final electron acceptor is required C. It occurs in glycolysis D. The oxidation of intermediate metabolic compounds releases energy that is used to generate ATP E. It occurs to a lesser degree in the krebs cycle than in glycolysis

The oxidation of intermediate metabolic compounds releases energy that is used to generate ATP

Which of the following is the best definition of fermentation? A. the partial reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid B. the partial oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors C. the complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 and H2O D. the production of energy by oxidative-level phosphorylation E. the production of enerygy by both substrate and oxidative phosporylation

The partial reduction of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors

The advantage of the pentose phosphate pathway is that it produces all of the following EXCEPT A. precursors for nucleic acids B. precursors for the synthesis of glucose C. three ATP D. NADPH E. precursors for the synthesis of amino acids

Three ATPS

Functions of the glyococalyx include all of the following EXCEPT A. biofilm formation B. increased virulence C. source of nutrition D. protection against dehydration E. binary fission

binary fission

Which structure acts like an invisibility cloak and protects bacteria from being phagocytized? A. Slime Layer B. fimbriae C. capsule d. cell membrane E. cell wall

capsule

Which of the following are NOT energy reserves? A. carboxysomes B. polysaccharide granules C. lipid inclusions D. ribosomes E. metachromatic granules

carboxysomes

Which of the following is NOT found or observed to occur in both mitochondria and prokaryotes? A. circular chromosome B. 70S ribosomes C. cell wall D. binary fission E. ATP-generating mechanism

cell wall

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. endoplasmic reticulum- internal transport B. Golgi complex- secretion C. mitochondria-ATP production D. centrosome-food storage E. lysosome- digestive enzymes

centrosome-food storage

In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in? A. chloroplasts B. cytoplasm C. chromatophores D. mesmosomes E. Ribosomes

chromatophores

Which of the following is NOT a functionally analogous pair? A. nucleus- nucleiod region B. mitochondria- prokaryotic plasma membrane C. chloroplasts- thylakoids D. cilia- pili E. 9+2 flagella- bacterial flagella

cilia-pili

Which of the following structure is NOT found in some prokaryotic cells? A. flagellum B. axial filament C. cilium D. pilus E. peritrichous flagella

cilium

Which of the following compounds is NOT an enzyme A. dehydrogenase B. cellulase C. coenzyme A D. B-galactosidase E. sucrase

coenzyme A

A gram-positive bacterium suddenly acquires resistance to the antibiotic methicillin. this trait most likely occured due to acquisition of new genetic information through A. conjugation B. binary fission C. meiosis D. Transformation E. transduction

conjugation

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of most bacterial plasma membranes? A. site of energy production B. composed of a phospholipd bilayer C. contains proteins D. contains cholestrol E. is selectively permeable

contains cholesterol

The negative stain is used to? A. visualize endospores B. determine gram reaction C. determine flagella arrangement D. visualize capsules E. determine cell size

determine cell size

Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstaining with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are A. Endospores B. capsules C. cell walls D. Flagella E. the answer can not be determined

endospores

Endospores are a reproductive structure

false

If acid-fast bacteria are stained with the gram stain, they will stain gram-negative

false

Many enzymes in both prokaryotic and eukaroytic cells are compartmentalized within organelles

false

The capsules and flagella of bacteria can be observed in gram-stained smears

false

cells placed in a hypotonic solution tend to lose water due to lose water due to osmotic pressure

false

in a completed gram stain, gram-negative bacteria are colorless

false

Which one of the following organisms has a cell wall? A. protoplasts B. fungi C. L forms D. mycoplasmas E. animal cells

fungi

You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can safely assume that the cell A. has 9 pairs and 2 flagella B. has a mitochondrion C. has a cell wall D. lives in an extreme enviroment E. has cilia

has a cell wall

Which of the following statements is correct about passive diffusion A. It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell B. It is a process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (or down a concentration gradient) C. It is a process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration (or up a concentration gradient) D. It may require a transport protein E. It involves movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and may require a transport protein

it involves movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and may require a transport protein

Each of the following statements concerning the gram-positive cell wall is true EXCEPT? A. it maintains the shape of the cell B. it is sensitive to lysozyme C. it protects the cell in a hypertonic enviroment D. it contains teichoic acids E. it is sensitive to pencillin

it protects the cell in a hypertonic environment

Bacteria are a commonly used organism for studies of genetic material in the research laboratory. The nucleic acids must first be isolated from the cells for these studies. Which of the following would most likely be used to lyse gram-positive bacterial cells for nucleic acid isolation? A. polymixins B. Lysozyme C. alcohol D. water E. mycolic acid

lysozyme

Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell? A. nucleus B. mitochondrion c. golgi complex D. vacuole E. Cell wall

mitochondrion

Antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis ultimately cause bacterial cell death as a result of? A. osmotic lysis B. inhibition of molecular transport C. decreased synthesis of plasma membrane D. plasmolysis E. cell shrinkage

osmotic lysis

Which organism is NOT correctly matched to is energy source? A. Photoheterotroph-light B. Photoautotroph-co2 C. chemoautotroph- fe2 D. chemoheterotroph- glucose E. chemoautotroph-nh3

photoautotroph-co2

Fimbriae and pili differ in that A. there are only one or two pili per cell B. pili are used for motility C. pili are used for transfer DNA D. pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility E. Pili are used for attachment to surfaces

pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility

In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell will typically A. lyse B. burst C. stay the same D. plasmolyze E. osmolyze

plasmolyze

The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion? A. moves materials from higher to lower concentration B. moves materials from lower to higher concentration C. requires ATP D. requires transporter proteins E. does not require ATP

requires transporter proteins

which one of the following pairs is mismatched? A. metachromatic granules- phosphate storage B. lipid inclusions- energy reserve C. ribosomes- carbon storage D. sulfur granules- energy reserve E. gas vacuoles- flotation

ribosomes- carbon storage

What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope? A. Ocular lens B. Objective lens C. Specimen D. Illuminator

specimen

How do spirochetes and spirlla differ? A. spirochetes do not have a cell wall but spirlla do B. Spirilla are found in chain of cells where as spirochetes exists as individual cells C. spirilla have an external flagella but spirochetes have axial filaments D. spirochetes have a rigif, corkscrew shape while spirilla are helical and more flexible E. Spirochetes and spirilla are basically the same organisms and the terms can be used interchangeably

spirilla have an external flagella but spirochetes have axial filaments

What will happen if a bacterial cell is pretreated with a lysozyme solution, then placed in distilled water? A. the cell will plasmolyze B. the cell will undergo osmotic lysis C. water will leave the cell D. lysozyme will diffuse into the cell E. no change will result; the solution is isotonic

the cell will undergo osmotic layer

Where are phospholipids most likely found in a prokaryotic cell? A. flagella B. around organelles C. the plasma membrane D. ribosomes E. the plasma membrane and around organelles

the plasma membrane

Where are phospholipids most likely found in a eukaryotic cell? A. surrounding flagella B. around the organelles C. the plasma membrane D. ribosomes E. the plasma membrane, around organelles, and surrounding flagella

the plasma membrane, around organelles, and surrounding flagella

Which of the following statements about gram-negative cell walls is FALSE? A. they protect the cell in a hypotonic environment B. They have an extra outer layer composed of lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids. C. they are toxic to humans D. they are sensitive to penicillin E. their gram reaction is due to the outer membrane

they are sensitive to penicillin

Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane A. by osmosis B. through simple diffusion C. with the help of a nonspecific transporter D. through facilitated diffusion E. through porions

through simple diffusion

Antibiotics that target the cell wall are an effective treatment against many pathogenic bacteria

true

If you observe rod-shaped red cells after the gram stain, you can assume their cell walls contain endotoxin

true

In a completed gram stain, gram-positive bacteria are purple

true

The cell walls of bacteria are responsible for the shape of the bacteria and the difference in the gram stain reaction

true

The counterstain used in the gram stain is a basic dye

true

The internal structure of eukaryotic cilia and flagella are the same

true

The number of organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum is the same in all eukaryotic cells

true

small, hydrophobic molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily by diffusion

true

spheroplasts, protoplasts, and mycoplasms are bacterial cells without cell walls

true

Which of the following statements best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5% nacl? A. Sucrose will move into the cell from a higher to lower concentration B. The cell wall undergo osmotic lysis C. Water will move out into the cell d. Water will move into the cell E. no change will result: the solution is isotonic

water will move into the cell

Which of the following statements about anaerobic respiration is FALSE? A. it yields lower amounts of ATP when compared to aerobic respiration B. The complete Kreb's cycle is utilized C. It involves the reproduction of an organic final electron acceptor D. it generates ATP E. It requires cytochromes

It involves the reduction of an organic final electron acceptor

What fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration A. it is reduced to latic acid B. It reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate C. it is oxidized in the electron transport chain D. It is catabolized in glycolysis E. It is converted into acetyl CoA

It is converted into acetyl CoA

Which of the following statements about photophosphorylation is false? A. light liberates an electron from chlorophyll B. The oxidation of carrier molecules releases energy C. Energy from oxidation reactions is used to generate ATP from ADP D. It requires CO2 e. It occurs in photosynthesizing cells

It requires co2

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding prokaryotic cells A. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane B. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles C. They typically have a circular chromosome D. They reproduce by binary fission E. They lack a plasma membrane

They lack a plasma membrane