Microbiology Comprehensive final- Lamar University
Which of the following is NOT equal to 1 mm? A. 0.001m B. 10^6 nm C. 0.1cm D. 100um E. 10^-3m
100um
Which of the following places the steps in the correct sequence? 1. Staining 2. Making a smear 3. Fixing A. 1-2-3 B. 2-3-1 C.3-2-1 D. 1-3-2 E. The order is unimportant
2-3-1
Which of the following places the steps of the gram stain in the correct order? 1- Alcohol-acetone 2- Crystal Violet 3- Safranin 4- Iodine A. 1-2-3-4 B. 2-1-4-3 C. 2-4-1-3 D. 4-3-2-1 E. 1-3-2-4
2-4-1-3
Which of the following is the best definition of oxidative phosphorylation? A. electrons are passed through a series of carriers to o2 B. A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP C. ATP is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP D. Electrons are passed through a series of carriers to an organic compound
A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP
Which of the following is NOT part of the passive transport process? A. plasma membrane B. transporter proteins C. ATP D. Concentration gradient E. aquaporins
ATP
Which type of stain is most useful in helping clinicians to decide which antibiotic to prescribe for bacterial infection? A. negative stain B. simple stain C. gram stain D. endospore stain E. flagella stain
Gram stain
In noncyclic photophosphorylation, o2 is released from A. co2 B. h2o C. c6h12o6 D. sunlight E. chlorophyll
H2O
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the acid-fast stain? A. It is used to identify members of the genus Mycobacterium B. Acid-fast cells retain the primary dye after treatment with acid-alcohol C. If cells are acid-fast, they are gram-negative D. Acid-fast cells appear red in a completed acid-fast stain E. Non-acid-fast microbes appear blue in a completed acid-fast stain
If cells are acid-fast, they are gram-negative
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Nigrosin-negative stain B. Methylene blue- simple stain C. Acidic dye- capsule stain D. Basic dye- negative stain E. Crystal Violet-simple stain
Basic dye- negative stain
Which biochemical process is NOT used during glycolysis A. substrate-level phosphorylation B. oxidation-reduction C. carbohydrate catabolism D. beta oxidation E. enzymatic reactions
Beta oxidation
A strictly fermentative bacterium produces energy A. by glycolysis only B. by aerobic respiration only C. by fermentation or aerobic respiration D. only in the absence of oxygen E. only in the presence of oxygen
By glycolysis only
you are preforming a gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the decolorizer step. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A. Red B. Purple C. Colorless D. Brown
Colorless
Simple staining is often necessary to improve contrast in which microscope? A. Compound B. Phase-contrast C. Darkfield D. Fluorescence E. electron
Compound light
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Endospores are for reproduction B. Endospores allow a cell to survive enviromental changes by producing a dormant period with no growth C. Endospores are easily stained in a gram stain D. A cell produces one endospore and keeps growing E. A cell can produce many endospores
Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes by producing a dormant period with no growth
You find colorless areas in cells in a gram-stained smear. What should you apply next? A. an acid-fast stain B. a flagella stain C. a capsule stain D. An endospore stain E. a simple stain
a simple stain
By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration? A. simple diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. active transport D. extracellular enzymes E. aquaporins
active transport
Bacterial smears are fixed before staining to A. Make their walls permeable B. Accept stain C. Make the cells visible D. Affix the cells to the slide
affix the cells to the slide
Which step in the gram stain is the critical step in differentiating gram-positive cells from gram-negative cells? A. safranin B. alcohol-acetone C. iodine D. crystal violet
alcohol-acetone
The purpose of a mordant in the Gram stain is to? A. Remove the simple stain B. Make the bacterial cells larger C. make the flagella visible D. Prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells E. make gram-negative cells visible
Prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells
You are preforming a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the addition of the mordant. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A. Purple B. Red C. colorless D. Brown
Purple
You are preforming a gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the first dye. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A. Purple B. Red C. Colorless D. brown
Purple
You are preforming a gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the counterstain. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A. Purple B. red C. Colorless D. Brown
Red
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Alcohol-acetone - decolorizer B. crystal violet- basic dye C. Safranin- acid dye D. Iodine- mordant E. Carbolfuchsin- Basic dye
Safranin- acid dye
The terms run and tumble are generally associated with A. cell wall fluidity B. Taxic movements of the cell in response to attractants or repellents C. clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria D. cell membrane synthesis
Taxic movements of the cell in response to attractants or repellents
Fatty acids are oxidized in A. the Krebs cycle B. the electron transport chain C. glycolysis D. the pentose phosphate pathway E. the Entner- Doudoroff pathway
The Krebs cycle
Which of the following statements about substrate-level phosphorylation is false? A. It involves the direct transfer of high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate metabolic compound to ADP B. No final electron acceptor is required C. It occurs in glycolysis D. The oxidation of intermediate metabolic compounds releases energy that is used to generate ATP E. It occurs to a lesser degree in the krebs cycle than in glycolysis
The oxidation of intermediate metabolic compounds releases energy that is used to generate ATP
Which of the following is the best definition of fermentation? A. the partial reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid B. the partial oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors C. the complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 and H2O D. the production of energy by oxidative-level phosphorylation E. the production of enerygy by both substrate and oxidative phosporylation
The partial reduction of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors
The advantage of the pentose phosphate pathway is that it produces all of the following EXCEPT A. precursors for nucleic acids B. precursors for the synthesis of glucose C. three ATP D. NADPH E. precursors for the synthesis of amino acids
Three ATPS
Functions of the glyococalyx include all of the following EXCEPT A. biofilm formation B. increased virulence C. source of nutrition D. protection against dehydration E. binary fission
binary fission
Which structure acts like an invisibility cloak and protects bacteria from being phagocytized? A. Slime Layer B. fimbriae C. capsule d. cell membrane E. cell wall
capsule
Which of the following are NOT energy reserves? A. carboxysomes B. polysaccharide granules C. lipid inclusions D. ribosomes E. metachromatic granules
carboxysomes
Which of the following is NOT found or observed to occur in both mitochondria and prokaryotes? A. circular chromosome B. 70S ribosomes C. cell wall D. binary fission E. ATP-generating mechanism
cell wall
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. endoplasmic reticulum- internal transport B. Golgi complex- secretion C. mitochondria-ATP production D. centrosome-food storage E. lysosome- digestive enzymes
centrosome-food storage
In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in? A. chloroplasts B. cytoplasm C. chromatophores D. mesmosomes E. Ribosomes
chromatophores
Which of the following is NOT a functionally analogous pair? A. nucleus- nucleiod region B. mitochondria- prokaryotic plasma membrane C. chloroplasts- thylakoids D. cilia- pili E. 9+2 flagella- bacterial flagella
cilia-pili
Which of the following structure is NOT found in some prokaryotic cells? A. flagellum B. axial filament C. cilium D. pilus E. peritrichous flagella
cilium
Which of the following compounds is NOT an enzyme A. dehydrogenase B. cellulase C. coenzyme A D. B-galactosidase E. sucrase
coenzyme A
A gram-positive bacterium suddenly acquires resistance to the antibiotic methicillin. this trait most likely occured due to acquisition of new genetic information through A. conjugation B. binary fission C. meiosis D. Transformation E. transduction
conjugation
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of most bacterial plasma membranes? A. site of energy production B. composed of a phospholipd bilayer C. contains proteins D. contains cholestrol E. is selectively permeable
contains cholesterol
The negative stain is used to? A. visualize endospores B. determine gram reaction C. determine flagella arrangement D. visualize capsules E. determine cell size
determine cell size
Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstaining with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are A. Endospores B. capsules C. cell walls D. Flagella E. the answer can not be determined
endospores
Endospores are a reproductive structure
false
If acid-fast bacteria are stained with the gram stain, they will stain gram-negative
false
Many enzymes in both prokaryotic and eukaroytic cells are compartmentalized within organelles
false
The capsules and flagella of bacteria can be observed in gram-stained smears
false
cells placed in a hypotonic solution tend to lose water due to lose water due to osmotic pressure
false
in a completed gram stain, gram-negative bacteria are colorless
false
Which one of the following organisms has a cell wall? A. protoplasts B. fungi C. L forms D. mycoplasmas E. animal cells
fungi
You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can safely assume that the cell A. has 9 pairs and 2 flagella B. has a mitochondrion C. has a cell wall D. lives in an extreme enviroment E. has cilia
has a cell wall
Which of the following statements is correct about passive diffusion A. It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell B. It is a process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (or down a concentration gradient) C. It is a process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration (or up a concentration gradient) D. It may require a transport protein E. It involves movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and may require a transport protein
it involves movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and may require a transport protein
Each of the following statements concerning the gram-positive cell wall is true EXCEPT? A. it maintains the shape of the cell B. it is sensitive to lysozyme C. it protects the cell in a hypertonic enviroment D. it contains teichoic acids E. it is sensitive to pencillin
it protects the cell in a hypertonic environment
Bacteria are a commonly used organism for studies of genetic material in the research laboratory. The nucleic acids must first be isolated from the cells for these studies. Which of the following would most likely be used to lyse gram-positive bacterial cells for nucleic acid isolation? A. polymixins B. Lysozyme C. alcohol D. water E. mycolic acid
lysozyme
Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell? A. nucleus B. mitochondrion c. golgi complex D. vacuole E. Cell wall
mitochondrion
Antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis ultimately cause bacterial cell death as a result of? A. osmotic lysis B. inhibition of molecular transport C. decreased synthesis of plasma membrane D. plasmolysis E. cell shrinkage
osmotic lysis
Which organism is NOT correctly matched to is energy source? A. Photoheterotroph-light B. Photoautotroph-co2 C. chemoautotroph- fe2 D. chemoheterotroph- glucose E. chemoautotroph-nh3
photoautotroph-co2
Fimbriae and pili differ in that A. there are only one or two pili per cell B. pili are used for motility C. pili are used for transfer DNA D. pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility E. Pili are used for attachment to surfaces
pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility
In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell will typically A. lyse B. burst C. stay the same D. plasmolyze E. osmolyze
plasmolyze
The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion? A. moves materials from higher to lower concentration B. moves materials from lower to higher concentration C. requires ATP D. requires transporter proteins E. does not require ATP
requires transporter proteins
which one of the following pairs is mismatched? A. metachromatic granules- phosphate storage B. lipid inclusions- energy reserve C. ribosomes- carbon storage D. sulfur granules- energy reserve E. gas vacuoles- flotation
ribosomes- carbon storage
What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope? A. Ocular lens B. Objective lens C. Specimen D. Illuminator
specimen
How do spirochetes and spirlla differ? A. spirochetes do not have a cell wall but spirlla do B. Spirilla are found in chain of cells where as spirochetes exists as individual cells C. spirilla have an external flagella but spirochetes have axial filaments D. spirochetes have a rigif, corkscrew shape while spirilla are helical and more flexible E. Spirochetes and spirilla are basically the same organisms and the terms can be used interchangeably
spirilla have an external flagella but spirochetes have axial filaments
What will happen if a bacterial cell is pretreated with a lysozyme solution, then placed in distilled water? A. the cell will plasmolyze B. the cell will undergo osmotic lysis C. water will leave the cell D. lysozyme will diffuse into the cell E. no change will result; the solution is isotonic
the cell will undergo osmotic layer
Where are phospholipids most likely found in a prokaryotic cell? A. flagella B. around organelles C. the plasma membrane D. ribosomes E. the plasma membrane and around organelles
the plasma membrane
Where are phospholipids most likely found in a eukaryotic cell? A. surrounding flagella B. around the organelles C. the plasma membrane D. ribosomes E. the plasma membrane, around organelles, and surrounding flagella
the plasma membrane, around organelles, and surrounding flagella
Which of the following statements about gram-negative cell walls is FALSE? A. they protect the cell in a hypotonic environment B. They have an extra outer layer composed of lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids. C. they are toxic to humans D. they are sensitive to penicillin E. their gram reaction is due to the outer membrane
they are sensitive to penicillin
Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane A. by osmosis B. through simple diffusion C. with the help of a nonspecific transporter D. through facilitated diffusion E. through porions
through simple diffusion
Antibiotics that target the cell wall are an effective treatment against many pathogenic bacteria
true
If you observe rod-shaped red cells after the gram stain, you can assume their cell walls contain endotoxin
true
In a completed gram stain, gram-positive bacteria are purple
true
The cell walls of bacteria are responsible for the shape of the bacteria and the difference in the gram stain reaction
true
The counterstain used in the gram stain is a basic dye
true
The internal structure of eukaryotic cilia and flagella are the same
true
The number of organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum is the same in all eukaryotic cells
true
small, hydrophobic molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily by diffusion
true
spheroplasts, protoplasts, and mycoplasms are bacterial cells without cell walls
true
Which of the following statements best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5% nacl? A. Sucrose will move into the cell from a higher to lower concentration B. The cell wall undergo osmotic lysis C. Water will move out into the cell d. Water will move into the cell E. no change will result: the solution is isotonic
water will move into the cell
Which of the following statements about anaerobic respiration is FALSE? A. it yields lower amounts of ATP when compared to aerobic respiration B. The complete Kreb's cycle is utilized C. It involves the reproduction of an organic final electron acceptor D. it generates ATP E. It requires cytochromes
It involves the reduction of an organic final electron acceptor
What fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration A. it is reduced to latic acid B. It reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate C. it is oxidized in the electron transport chain D. It is catabolized in glycolysis E. It is converted into acetyl CoA
It is converted into acetyl CoA
Which of the following statements about photophosphorylation is false? A. light liberates an electron from chlorophyll B. The oxidation of carrier molecules releases energy C. Energy from oxidation reactions is used to generate ATP from ADP D. It requires CO2 e. It occurs in photosynthesizing cells
It requires co2
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding prokaryotic cells A. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane B. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles C. They typically have a circular chromosome D. They reproduce by binary fission E. They lack a plasma membrane
They lack a plasma membrane
