Microbiology-Exam 2

saprophytic

Fungi that get their energy from decaying organic matter

Quinolones may cause....

Headaches, dizziness, tremors, and GI distress

Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.

Preventing virus maturation Blocking virus transcription and translation Barring virus penetration into host cell

Drugs that work for viral infections will target the virus in which of the following ways?

Prevents the assembly of new viral particles Do not allow the virus to reproduce inside the cell Prevents entry of the virus into host cells

streptomycin

Results in abnormal proteins

______ is the destruction of all microbial life, whereas ______ destroys most microbial life, thus reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces.

Sterilization; disinfection

Which of the following drugs can lead to kidney damage?

Sulfonamides Amphotericin B Polymyxin

What is the minimum inhibitory concentration?

The highest dilution of a drug where it visibly inhibits growth of a particular microorganism

True or false: The lack of cytochromes, catalase, and peroxidases in anaerobes limits their ability to process free oxygen and contributes to its toxic effects on them.

True

Which of the following are examples of antisepsis?

Using iodine compounds on skin before a surgical incision Swabbing an open root canal with hydrogen peroxide

A single nucleotide polymorphism results from ______.

a change in one base in a gene

The common products of fermentation include ______.

alcohol carbon dioxide organic acids

The formation of benzylpenicilloyl from penicillin may cause

allergic reactions

Two processes that can be accomplished with the same procedure are degermation and

antisepsis

A procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents is called

asepsis

A chemical that destroys bacteria, except for those in the endospore state, is called a(n) ______.

bactericide

The active part of the penicillin and cephalosporin structure is the ______ ring.

beta lactam

tetracycline

blocks attachment of new amino acids

penicillin

blocks cell wall production

The common products of fermentation include ______.

carbon dioxide organic acids alcohol

Which of the following drugs is associated with Candida superinfections?

cephalosporin

Which drug group inhibits platelet function and decreases circulation of white blood cells?

cephalosporins

Which term describes organisms that acquire their nutrients from other organisms or their waste products?

chemotrophs

Which of the following enzymes are lacking in strict anaerobes?

cytochromes, peroxidase, catalase

The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage is

decontamination or sanitization

bactericide

destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage

Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses is an example of

disinfection

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits translocation of the ribosomal subunit during translation?

erythromycin

Sterilization methods are often used ______.

for inanimate objects to prepare instruments for surgery

The two microbial agents that are least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include ______.

fungi enveloped viruses

The most prominent antimicrobial physical agent is ______.

heat

Plasmolysis of bacteria in foods occurs when high concentrations of salt or sugar are added to the foods creating a

hypertonic

Plasmolysis of bacteria in foods occurs when high concentrations of salt or sugar are added to the foods creating a ______ environment

hypertonic

Sterilization

involves heat or chemicals and destroys all microbes

sporicide

kills bacterial endospores

fungicide

kills fungi and its spores, hyphae, and yeast

Higher temperatures are usually ______, whereas lower temperatures are usually ______.

microbicidal; microbistatic

What effect would adding additional substrate in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor have on an enzymatic reaction?

no effect

An operator, promoter, and regulator are components of a(n)

operon

A test that can be conducted to determine if bacteria possess cytochrome oxidase is called the

oxidase detection test

Genera (fungi) that are a major source of antibiotics

penicillium and cephalosporium

streptomycin is a ________ inhibiting drug

protein

Micronutrients (trace elements)

required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure (manganese, zinc, nickel)

types of point mutations

silent, missense, nonsense

Drug resistance occurs from...

spontaneous mutations or gene transfer (conjugation)

Identify examples of antisepsis.

swabbing skin with alcohol before a venipuncture washing hands with a germicidal soap

therapeutic index

the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

True or false: The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause infection or spoilage.

true

Which are two advantages to using a flow cytometer for enumerating cells?

1. It can differentiate between live and dead cells. 2. It can sort different cell types into separate compartments.

Which two of the following are possible applications of single nucleotide polymorphisms to personalized medicine?

1. determining the best drug to treat a disease 2. identification of diseases

Which antibiotic specifically inserts on sites of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes causing the misreading of mRNA and thus inhibit translation?

Aminoglycosides

Which of the following are examples of disinfection?

Boiling eating utensils Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution A 5% solution of bleach to clean a lab table

Which bacterium causes antibiotic-associated colitis?

Clostridium difficile

Which identifies the correct relationship among components of coenzymes?

Coenzymes = organic / Metals = inorganic

AZT is a thymine analog that exerts its effect by being incorporated into the newly created viral

DNA strand

Which of the following do not require oxygen for the further breakdown of pyruvic acid?

Facultative anaerobes