Microbiology-Exam 2
saprophytic
Fungi that get their energy from decaying organic matter
Quinolones may cause....
Headaches, dizziness, tremors, and GI distress
Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.
Preventing virus maturation Blocking virus transcription and translation Barring virus penetration into host cell
Drugs that work for viral infections will target the virus in which of the following ways?
Prevents the assembly of new viral particles Do not allow the virus to reproduce inside the cell Prevents entry of the virus into host cells
streptomycin
Results in abnormal proteins
______ is the destruction of all microbial life, whereas ______ destroys most microbial life, thus reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces.
Sterilization; disinfection
Which of the following drugs can lead to kidney damage?
Sulfonamides Amphotericin B Polymyxin
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration?
The highest dilution of a drug where it visibly inhibits growth of a particular microorganism
True or false: The lack of cytochromes, catalase, and peroxidases in anaerobes limits their ability to process free oxygen and contributes to its toxic effects on them.
True
Which of the following are examples of antisepsis?
Using iodine compounds on skin before a surgical incision Swabbing an open root canal with hydrogen peroxide
A single nucleotide polymorphism results from ______.
a change in one base in a gene
The common products of fermentation include ______.
alcohol carbon dioxide organic acids
The formation of benzylpenicilloyl from penicillin may cause
allergic reactions
Two processes that can be accomplished with the same procedure are degermation and
antisepsis
A procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents is called
asepsis
A chemical that destroys bacteria, except for those in the endospore state, is called a(n) ______.
bactericide
The active part of the penicillin and cephalosporin structure is the ______ ring.
beta lactam
tetracycline
blocks attachment of new amino acids
penicillin
blocks cell wall production
The common products of fermentation include ______.
carbon dioxide organic acids alcohol
Which of the following drugs is associated with Candida superinfections?
cephalosporin
Which drug group inhibits platelet function and decreases circulation of white blood cells?
cephalosporins
Which term describes organisms that acquire their nutrients from other organisms or their waste products?
chemotrophs
Which of the following enzymes are lacking in strict anaerobes?
cytochromes, peroxidase, catalase
The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage is
decontamination or sanitization
bactericide
destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage
Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses is an example of
disinfection
Which of the following antibiotics inhibits translocation of the ribosomal subunit during translation?
erythromycin
Sterilization methods are often used ______.
for inanimate objects to prepare instruments for surgery
The two microbial agents that are least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include ______.
fungi enveloped viruses
The most prominent antimicrobial physical agent is ______.
heat
Plasmolysis of bacteria in foods occurs when high concentrations of salt or sugar are added to the foods creating a
hypertonic
Plasmolysis of bacteria in foods occurs when high concentrations of salt or sugar are added to the foods creating a ______ environment
hypertonic
Sterilization
involves heat or chemicals and destroys all microbes
sporicide
kills bacterial endospores
fungicide
kills fungi and its spores, hyphae, and yeast
Higher temperatures are usually ______, whereas lower temperatures are usually ______.
microbicidal; microbistatic
What effect would adding additional substrate in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor have on an enzymatic reaction?
no effect
An operator, promoter, and regulator are components of a(n)
operon
A test that can be conducted to determine if bacteria possess cytochrome oxidase is called the
oxidase detection test
Genera (fungi) that are a major source of antibiotics
penicillium and cephalosporium
streptomycin is a ________ inhibiting drug
protein
Micronutrients (trace elements)
required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure (manganese, zinc, nickel)
types of point mutations
silent, missense, nonsense
Drug resistance occurs from...
spontaneous mutations or gene transfer (conjugation)
Identify examples of antisepsis.
swabbing skin with alcohol before a venipuncture washing hands with a germicidal soap
therapeutic index
the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug
True or false: The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause infection or spoilage.
true
Which are two advantages to using a flow cytometer for enumerating cells?
1. It can differentiate between live and dead cells. 2. It can sort different cell types into separate compartments.
Which two of the following are possible applications of single nucleotide polymorphisms to personalized medicine?
1. determining the best drug to treat a disease 2. identification of diseases
Which antibiotic specifically inserts on sites of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes causing the misreading of mRNA and thus inhibit translation?
Aminoglycosides
Which of the following are examples of disinfection?
Boiling eating utensils Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution A 5% solution of bleach to clean a lab table
Which bacterium causes antibiotic-associated colitis?
Clostridium difficile
Which identifies the correct relationship among components of coenzymes?
Coenzymes = organic / Metals = inorganic
AZT is a thymine analog that exerts its effect by being incorporated into the newly created viral
DNA strand
Which of the following do not require oxygen for the further breakdown of pyruvic acid?
Facultative anaerobes
