Microbiology Homework Chapter 2 Study Guide

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Nucleosides differ from nucleotides in that nucleosides _____.

are missing a phosphate

An acid dissociates in water to release

both anions and hydrogen ions.

Amino acids can combine with either hydroxyl or hydrogen ions. As a result, they can function as

buffers

Which of the following is NOT a normal function of nucleotides?

building blocks of proteins

Which of the following are examples of pyrimidines?

cytosine and thymine

A(n) ________ is an arrangement of atoms found in a variety of macromolecules and serves as their primary reactive end.

functional group

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

glycogen

Cell markers composed of both carbohydrate and lipid molecules are known as (glycoproteins/glycolipids/glycogen).

glycolipids

The double-strands of DNA result from the formation of ________ between the bases.

hydrogen bonds

A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is a reactant is known as a (dehydration/hydrolysis) reaction.

hydrolysis

The reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a(n) ________ reaction.

hydrolytic

Radioactive iodine is sometimes used to treat thyroid cancer. This is an example of the use of (isotopes/elements/radiation) in medical treatment.

isotopes

The (atoms/isotopes/stereoisomers) of an element vary in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

isotopes

Methane is classified as a compound because __________.

it contains atoms of more than one element

Pure water has a neutral pH because __________.

it dissociates into equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions

Which of the following is a property of water?

it has a high capacity for heat.

All of the following are components of an amino acid EXCEPT a(n)

pentose group

Each nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

A(n) ________ is a compound that dissolves into anions and cations in water.

peptidoglycan

Which of the following is not a type of lipid?

peptidoglycan

Lipids found in the cytoplasmic membranes of all eukaryotic cells are

phospholipids

A protein is a ________ of amino acids.

polymer

DNA is composed of repeating units of sugars, phosphates, and nucleic acids. This is an example of a

polymer

TRUE or FLASE: The long-term chemical energy storage molecules in plants are steroids.

False

TRUE or FLASE: The smallest chemical units of matter are elements

False

The nucleotide _____ is an important signaling molecule within many cells.

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

If you know that sodium chloride molecules contain ionic bonds, which of the following electronegativity values would be appropriate for the elements sodium and chlorine?

0.9 and 3.0

Which of the following is an organic compound? H2O, C6H12O6, CO2, O2, NaCl

C6H12O6

Which of the following is NOT true of hydrogen bonds?

Hydrogen bonds are important only in the interaction between water molecules

Which of the following is a molecule but NOT a compound? CO2, O2, H2O, CH4

O2 isn't a compound because it is made of only one element

What is the common trait of all lipids?

They are at least partially hydrophobic

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of saturated fats?

They contain at least one double bond

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of phospholipids?

They contain fatty acids that associate with water.

TRUE or FALSE: Dehydration synthesis is a common feature of polymer production in cells.

True

TRUE or FALSE: Salts are produced from exchange reactions in which acids and bases neutralize each other.

True

All of the following are associated with ATP molecules EXCEPT

a long-term energy supply.

The type(s) of bond produced when atoms share electrons equally is/are

a nonpolar covalent bond

Which of the following is a bond in which electrons are shared unequally?

a polar covalent bond

The type(s) of bond produced when atoms with somewhat different electronegativities share electrons is/are

a polar covalent bond.

The valence of an atom represents its

ability to interact with other atoms

A(n) (catalyst/enzyme/intermediate) is any molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction.

catalyst

When a base dissolves in water it releases a(n) (anion/cation/hydrogen ion).

cation

An unbranched polymer composed of simple sugars is

cellulose

KH2PO4 acts as a buffer by __________.

combining with hydrogen ions

Catabolism includes all of the following types of reactions EXCEPT __________.

dehydration synthesis reactions

A synthesis reaction is also considered which of the following types of reactions?

endothermic

A phosphate is moved from one molecule to another. This is an example of a/an ________ reaction.

exchange

Decomposition reactions are commonly ________ reactions.

exothermic

Steroids are (branched/multi-ringed/unbranched) hydrocarbons.

multi-ringed

A(n) (nonpolar/polar/ionic/hydrogen) bond is one in which electrons are shared equally between atoms.

nonpolar

A nitrogenous base composed of two rings is a (purine/pyrimidine/ribose).

purine

Which of the following is found in nucleic acids?

purines

An endothermic reaction __________.

requires energy

Which of the following is found in RNA but not DNA?

ribose

The difference between ribose sugars and deoxyribose sugars is that _____.

ribose sugars have an extra oxygen atom

The folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional shape is its (secondary/tertiary/quaternary) structure.

tertiary

During the formation of a nucleic acid, such as DNA, the phosphate group of a new nucleotide covalently binds to _____ of the existing string of nucleotides.

the 3' carbon

All of the following bases are found in RNA molecules EXCEPT

thymine

Organisms use carbohydrates in all of the following ways EXCEPT

to keep membranes flexible at low temperatures

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is resistant to drying due to the presence of ________ in its cell wall.

waxes

The high amount of energy stored within a molecule of the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate may be found _____.

within the phosphate-phosphate bonds


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