Microbiology HW 2
satellite viruses are:
dependent on other viruses for replication
the size of viruses is usually measured in:
nanometers
mary got chickenpox from brother when she was 6. she most likely will not contract this disease again. what immunity did she get
natural active immunity
aiden is a 4 month old boy, mother breastfed, what type of immunity will aiden develop
natural passive immunity
cephalosporins and vancomycin are a class of ___ that attack ____
penicillins-bacterium cell wall
what is the small infectious particle that is mostly a protein?
prion
viruses largely lack metabolic machinery of their own to generate energy or to synthesize
protein
what is a capsid
protein coat that encapsulates the virus
an envelope is acquired during which of the following steps
release
which of the following are possible with a virus?
replication
which of the following is not true of virions?
reproduce extracellularly
which of the following is the most likely to be the shape of enveloped viruses
roughly spherical
one way fungi reproduce is through the use of
spores
a living organism that lives off another thing but is helpful to that living organism is said to be:
symbiotic
when cells infected by the measles virus are seen under a microscope, they appear to be multi-nucleated. This is an example of:
syncytium formation
viruses require ____ for growth
living cells
all of the following pertain to virus envelopes except:
located between the capsi and nucleic acid
ultraviolet light is one of the factors that can cause a change from lysogeny. what will the change lead to?
lysis
phage conversion refers to:
lysogenic interaction that makes the host a pathogen
the viral DNA of the temperature phase, instead of taking over the functions of the cell's genes, is incorporated into the host DNA and becomes a prophage in the bacterial chromosome, acting as a gene. this happens in:
lysogeny
when a virus enters a cell but does not replicate immediately, the situation is called:
lysogeny
a colony of fungi, living with a carpet-like appearance is called:
mycelium
what is the study of fungi called in microbiology?
mycology
when an HIV attaches to the cell, what genetic material is released into the cell cytoplasm?
RNA
why is it difficult to develop vaccines for retroviruses?
RNA mutates more frequently than DNA
in cellular immunity, which cells directly attack a complex pathogen or cancer cells?
T cytotoxic cells
you found the stinking, rotting body of a rat with long hair-like structures growing out of it. what is happening?
a fungus is decomposing it
which of the following would a differential white blood cell test identify?
adnormal percentage of pasophils
the first step in infection of a host bacterial cells by phages is:
adsorption
which of the following is characteristic of candidiasis
all of these (skin and nail infection, intertriginous infection of skin sites, vulvovaginal infection)
retroviruses are different from viruses in that:
all of these are true (can become dormant, have RNA instead of DNA, symmetrical)
the function of a viral capsid is:
all of these are true (protect against viral genome, serving vehicle from one to another, binding site)
select all that is true about fungi
all these are true (eukaryotes, reproduced by mitosis, reproduce by budding)
select all that is true about fungi:
all these are true (have rigid chitin walls, form spores, molds and yeasts)
which of the following exploite the ribosomal difference in bacteria?
aminoglycosides
isonizid, ethambutol and rifampin, are examples of _____ drugs
anti mycobacterial
gavin turned 4, receives vaccinations, what type of immunity will gavin develop?
artificial active immunity
beth was hiking, got bit by rattlesnake, got anti venom, what type of immunity will beth develop
artificial passive immunity
decaing vegetation, such as piles of leaves and compost matter, allow growth and transmission of:
aspergillus
which fungus is capable of forming a fungal ball?
aspergillus
which of the following are even smaller than a virus?
both the prions and viroiods
the form of reproduction is which an organism grows a new pieve that eventually breaks off to form a new organism is called
budding
an example of a latent viral infection is:
cold sore
bacteria differ from viruses because bacteria:
can live without a host
persistant, chronic paronychia and thrush are lessions produced by:
candida albicans
the outside of these structures are composed of : ( 4 bacteria picture )
capsomeres
oncogenic viruses, or oncoviruses:
cause tumors
vaccines can be used to prevent viral infection by
creating an immune response in the host
fungi that grow as yeast at one temperature but will grow as a mold at another temperature are called:
dimorphic
during the first 10 min after injection of phage DNA, no phage can be recovered by disripting the infected bacterium. this is termed as:
eclipse period
what must the core of every virus particle contain?
either DNA or RNA
the form of reproduction in which an organism literally splits its nucleic matter in half and forms two new organisms is called:
fission
cell membrane (not cell wall) differences exploited in anti-____ drugs
fungal
which of the following is a common viral disease?
influenza
this virus carries the enzyme neuraminidase, which is responsible for repeated antigenic variations:
influenza virus
all of the following are functions of mucus and mucous membranes except which one?
initiate tissue repair
how do viruses reproduce?
inserting DNA into the host cell
the first line of defense is the skin. keratin in skin helps defend the body. how does it do that?
is it a tough protein that bacteria cannot easily break through
which of the following statements is not true of lysogeny?
it always causes immeddiate lysis of host cells
a living organism that lives off of another living organism without helping that organism is a :
parasite
microbes that subsist on dead decaying organic matter are:
saprophytes
the envelope or an enveloped virus is derived from:
the cell membrane
in order for a virus to replicate:
the genome must be released in the cytoplasm
if a virus is said to have an envelope, it most proabbly refers to:
the phospholipid membrane stolen from other cells
why do some viruses seem to go away and then return later, like a cold sore?
the virus had entered the lysogenic cycle
when a virus enters a lysogenic phase, it means:
the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell and is laten
which is not a characteristic of fungi?
they are only single celled
which of the following statements provides the most significant support for the idea that viruses are non-living chemicals?
they cannot reproduce themselves outside a host
all of the following are functions of inflammation except which one?
trap microbes
the eclipse period of viral multiplication refers to:
viral components awaiting assembly in the infected cell
what is the small infectious RNA particle?
viroid
infectious naked strands of RNA are called
viroids
viroid is:
virus particle
which of the following statements is not true of viruses?
viruses have been sucessfully grown in test tubes