Microbiology HW 2

satellite viruses are:

dependent on other viruses for replication

the size of viruses is usually measured in:

nanometers

mary got chickenpox from brother when she was 6. she most likely will not contract this disease again. what immunity did she get

natural active immunity

aiden is a 4 month old boy, mother breastfed, what type of immunity will aiden develop

natural passive immunity

cephalosporins and vancomycin are a class of ___ that attack ____

penicillins-bacterium cell wall

what is the small infectious particle that is mostly a protein?

prion

viruses largely lack metabolic machinery of their own to generate energy or to synthesize

protein

what is a capsid

protein coat that encapsulates the virus

an envelope is acquired during which of the following steps

release

which of the following are possible with a virus?

replication

which of the following is not true of virions?

reproduce extracellularly

which of the following is the most likely to be the shape of enveloped viruses

roughly spherical

one way fungi reproduce is through the use of

spores

a living organism that lives off another thing but is helpful to that living organism is said to be:

symbiotic

when cells infected by the measles virus are seen under a microscope, they appear to be multi-nucleated. This is an example of:

syncytium formation

viruses require ____ for growth

living cells

all of the following pertain to virus envelopes except:

located between the capsi and nucleic acid

ultraviolet light is one of the factors that can cause a change from lysogeny. what will the change lead to?

lysis

phage conversion refers to:

lysogenic interaction that makes the host a pathogen

the viral DNA of the temperature phase, instead of taking over the functions of the cell's genes, is incorporated into the host DNA and becomes a prophage in the bacterial chromosome, acting as a gene. this happens in:

lysogeny

when a virus enters a cell but does not replicate immediately, the situation is called:

lysogeny

a colony of fungi, living with a carpet-like appearance is called:

mycelium

what is the study of fungi called in microbiology?

mycology

when an HIV attaches to the cell, what genetic material is released into the cell cytoplasm?

RNA

why is it difficult to develop vaccines for retroviruses?

RNA mutates more frequently than DNA

in cellular immunity, which cells directly attack a complex pathogen or cancer cells?

T cytotoxic cells

you found the stinking, rotting body of a rat with long hair-like structures growing out of it. what is happening?

a fungus is decomposing it

which of the following would a differential white blood cell test identify?

adnormal percentage of pasophils

the first step in infection of a host bacterial cells by phages is:

adsorption

which of the following is characteristic of candidiasis

all of these (skin and nail infection, intertriginous infection of skin sites, vulvovaginal infection)

retroviruses are different from viruses in that:

all of these are true (can become dormant, have RNA instead of DNA, symmetrical)

the function of a viral capsid is:

all of these are true (protect against viral genome, serving vehicle from one to another, binding site)

select all that is true about fungi

all these are true (eukaryotes, reproduced by mitosis, reproduce by budding)

select all that is true about fungi:

all these are true (have rigid chitin walls, form spores, molds and yeasts)

which of the following exploite the ribosomal difference in bacteria?

aminoglycosides

isonizid, ethambutol and rifampin, are examples of _____ drugs

anti mycobacterial

gavin turned 4, receives vaccinations, what type of immunity will gavin develop?

artificial active immunity

beth was hiking, got bit by rattlesnake, got anti venom, what type of immunity will beth develop

artificial passive immunity

decaing vegetation, such as piles of leaves and compost matter, allow growth and transmission of:

aspergillus

which fungus is capable of forming a fungal ball?

aspergillus

which of the following are even smaller than a virus?

both the prions and viroiods

the form of reproduction is which an organism grows a new pieve that eventually breaks off to form a new organism is called

budding

an example of a latent viral infection is:

cold sore

bacteria differ from viruses because bacteria:

can live without a host

persistant, chronic paronychia and thrush are lessions produced by:

candida albicans

the outside of these structures are composed of : ( 4 bacteria picture )

capsomeres

oncogenic viruses, or oncoviruses:

cause tumors

vaccines can be used to prevent viral infection by

creating an immune response in the host

fungi that grow as yeast at one temperature but will grow as a mold at another temperature are called:

dimorphic

during the first 10 min after injection of phage DNA, no phage can be recovered by disripting the infected bacterium. this is termed as:

eclipse period

what must the core of every virus particle contain?

either DNA or RNA

the form of reproduction in which an organism literally splits its nucleic matter in half and forms two new organisms is called:

fission

cell membrane (not cell wall) differences exploited in anti-____ drugs

fungal

which of the following is a common viral disease?

influenza

this virus carries the enzyme neuraminidase, which is responsible for repeated antigenic variations:

influenza virus

all of the following are functions of mucus and mucous membranes except which one?

initiate tissue repair

how do viruses reproduce?

inserting DNA into the host cell

the first line of defense is the skin. keratin in skin helps defend the body. how does it do that?

is it a tough protein that bacteria cannot easily break through

which of the following statements is not true of lysogeny?

it always causes immeddiate lysis of host cells

a living organism that lives off of another living organism without helping that organism is a :

parasite

microbes that subsist on dead decaying organic matter are:

saprophytes

the envelope or an enveloped virus is derived from:

the cell membrane

in order for a virus to replicate:

the genome must be released in the cytoplasm

if a virus is said to have an envelope, it most proabbly refers to:

the phospholipid membrane stolen from other cells

why do some viruses seem to go away and then return later, like a cold sore?

the virus had entered the lysogenic cycle

when a virus enters a lysogenic phase, it means:

the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell and is laten

which is not a characteristic of fungi?

they are only single celled

which of the following statements provides the most significant support for the idea that viruses are non-living chemicals?

they cannot reproduce themselves outside a host

all of the following are functions of inflammation except which one?

trap microbes

the eclipse period of viral multiplication refers to:

viral components awaiting assembly in the infected cell

what is the small infectious RNA particle?

viroid

infectious naked strands of RNA are called

viroids

viroid is:

virus particle

which of the following statements is not true of viruses?

viruses have been sucessfully grown in test tubes