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According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"change the general way of thinking."

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except

women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises.

How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?

They filled their writings with satire and double meanings

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism.

The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except

freeing the Prussian serfs.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and social institutions.

Joseph II of Austria responded to calls to grant civil liberties to Jews by

issuing edicts intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service.

The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to

popularize the findings of the scientific revolution.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.

In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?

The oppression of women in a Persian harem

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

How did the governments respond to the new science?

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

Rousseau believed that

Women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

In the Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.