Mid-Term Exam Concepts

Speech development

-Focus speech to fit time limit -Develop topic creatively -Use colorful, descriptive language

preparation outline contents

-Title -Specific purpose -Central idea -Introduction -Main points -Subpoints -Connectives -Conclusion -Bibliography

specific purpose

-a single infinitive phrase -states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech -NOT A QUESTION -"To inform my audience...."

Demographic analysis

-age -religions -racial, ethnic, cultural background -gender, sexual orientation -group membership

preparing intro

-be concise -look for materials as your research -be creative -finalize after body is done -work out content, delivery in detail

vocal variety

-changes in rate, volume, pitch -gives voice expressiveness

visual aid advantages

-clarity -interest -retention -credibility -persuasiveness

online speaking guidelines

-control visual environment -adapt nonverbal communication -adjust pacing -remember audience -practice

Real-time speeches

-delivered with special software -remote audience gathered for live viewing

Introduction

-gain attention, interest -reveal topic -establish credibility -preview body

video

-keep short -cue to start of clip -integrate smoothly -avoid low-resolution

Central Idea

-one-sentence statement -encapsulates major idea of speech -NOT A QUESTION

conclusion

-signal end of speech -reinforce central idea

Situational analysis

-size -physical setting -disposition toward topic -disposition towards speaker -disposition towards occasion

speaking outline guidelines

-use visual framework of preparation outline -make legible -keep brief -include delivery cue

preparation outline guidelines

1. State specific purpose 2. Identify the central idea 3. Label the introduction, body, and conclusion 4. Use consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation 5. State main points and subpoints in full sentences 6. Label transitions, internal previews, internal summaries 7. Attach a reference page 8. Give your speech a title

Speaking Outline

A brief outline used during the presentation of a speech

bibliography

A document showing all the sources used to research information.

Attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

A speech title should:

A speech title should encapsulate the main thrust of your speech, be brief, and attract the attention of your audience. A good speech title should be descriptive and provocative.

Audience-centeredness

Audience foremost in mind during speech preparation, presentation

Main Points in a Preparation Outline Should...

Be given in full sentences.

inflictions

Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.

delivery cues

Directions for delivering key parts of a speech

Visual Framework Outline

I. Main Point A. Subpoint B. Subpoint 1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint II. Main Point A. Subpoint B. Subpoint

How do you identify main points in a preparation outline?

In a preparation outline, main points are identified by Roman numerals. Subpoints are identified by capital letters.

The following is a main point, a subpoint, and two sub-subpoints from a preparation outline about acoustical engineering. Which is the subpoint?

Noise control is an issue both for indoor and outdoor settings.

As Mark Twain noted, "The right word may be effective, but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed ____________Blank."

Pause

Goodwill

Perception of whether speaker has best interests of audience in mind

Can you phrase the title of your speech as a question?

Phrasing your title as a question can be both descriptive and provocative.

Getting audience info

Questions - Fixed/alternative, scale, open ended

What does critical thinking include?

Seeing the relationships among ideas, judging the credibility of statements, and assessing the soundness of evidence are all part of critical thinking.

preview statement

Statement in intro identifying main points of body

Visual framework

Symbolization & indentation showing relationship among ideas

Good delivery communicates the speaker's ideas without calling attention to itself or otherwise distracting the audience.

TRUE

In a preparation outline, the most important ideas are placed farthest to the left and the less important ideas are placed progressively farther to the right.

TRUE

Listeners usually don't realize how tense a speaker is

TRUE

Speech making becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases

TRUE

There is no uniform rate for effective public speaking.

TRUE

Listener's Frame of Reference

The knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes through which each listener filters a message

Non-verbal feedback

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

Frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Recorded online speech

a speech that is delivered, recorded, then uploaded to the internet -similar to an in-class speech

pronunciation

accepted standard of sound, rhythm, in a given language

nonverbal communication

based on use of voice, body

crescendo ending

building to zenith of power, intensity

Positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

preparation outline

detailed outline developed during speech preparation

dissolve ending

generating emotional appeal by fading into dramatic final statement

pie graph

highlights segments of circle to show distribution patterns

credibility

perception of speaker's qualifications

articulation

physical production of speech sounds

Elements of Visual Environment

setting, lighting, framing, eye contact, personal appearance

graphs

show statistical trends & patterns

Outline main points

shown with roman numerals

Speech communication process

speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, situation

kinesics

study of body motions as a mode of communication

charts

summarize large block of info, usually as list -help listeners visualize info -show steps of process -keep simple and clear

Egocentrism

tendency to be concerned with own values, beliefs, well-being

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

General purpose

the broad goal of a speech

line graph

uses one or more lines to show changes over time

bar graph

uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons

dialect

variety of language distinguished by accent, grammar, vocabulary