Middle/South America Test

Ivan Duque Santos

-2018-to present -Disbandment of FARC -US financially supports in enormous amounts, approx 450 mil/year -US #1 support goes to Israel, 2nd is Egypt

Colombia's Land

-2x size of France -Physical geography widely varied -Temperate-tropical, great diversity of agriculture -Large Reserve of oil and Natural Gas

What areas have high % of Mulattos?

-Brazil -In Middle America: Cuba, Dominican Republic (Hispaniola: DR&Haiti)

The Incas

-Capital: Cuzco, Civilization centered around here (Modern Peru) -Matchu Pichu (Religious center) -1200-1535 AD -20 million subjects -Language: Quechua -Terrace farming, steps (Agriculture) -Cajamarca: Pizzaro landed and made a trek towards Cuzco (distance between Cuzco & Lima is 400 mi)

Lowland Maya

-Civilization first arose 3,000+ years ago -Occupied low lying, tropical plains of what is now Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula -Unified&larger than any of modern middle America countries (except Mexico) -Language still used today -Mayan State: A theocracy (religious leaders) -Highly Advanced society -Came before Aztecs

Colombia's Economy

-Colombia is the 2nd largest exporter of Coffee -Colombia's ranking may change because of 1) Production Cost 2)Low international prices 3)Recent worm infestation of coffee -Oil/Coal=lead in exports

West Peru

-Contains the capital city of Lima, with 1/3 of the country's population -City's located in the heart of the desert coastal strip -Considered a European-Mestizo region -Lima utilizes the nearby port city of Callao

Ejidos

-Cultivated land, owned by the government, but given mostly to peasant communities to work/farm (gov't retains title to the land) -Receive profits from produce

Slash and Burn in Brazil

-Cultivation of crops in recently cut and burned tropical forest cleanings soon to be abandoned in favor of newly cleared nearby forest land

Hugo Chavez (Venezuela)

-Elected Dec. 1998, served until 2018 -Leftist politician, former army officer -Was a strong ally of Castro; sympathetic to N. Korea and Iran; did not endorse the US war on terrorism -Issue: Personally directed formation a constitutional assembly which wrote a New Constitution in 1999 -Disbanded Opposite: Domination congress, replaced with a unicameral legislation called the national assembly -Took control of the Judicial Branch -The new constitution extended presidency from 5-6 years; also allowed the President to seek immediate reelection

Evo Morales

-Elected President in 2005, Dec. -Elected by widest margin of any leader since the restoration of 8 civilian rule in 1982 -First indigenous leader in 450 years -Santa Cruz=wanting to secede since they disagree with the leadership of Morales -Santa Cruz=Largest city in Bolivia

Plantations

-European origin (north) -Tropical coastal lowlands (humid) -Produce for export almost exclusively -Much more efficient than Hacienda -Objective was profit -Wealth>Social Prestige

Guatemala (continued)

-Fertile soils, moist climate (coffee) -Mineral potential (nickel/oil) -Stability needed (tourism, infrastructure) -Small Caribbean shore -High crime rate

Politics in Paraguay

-Francisco Solano Lopez, President (1862-1870) -War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870) -Paraguay declares war on Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil -Economic and emotional devastation results - Over half the population lost, nearly all adult males are killed

Costa Rica (Continued)

-Freely elected government since 1859 -US would not get involved (politically) -Not a typical Middle America capital, virtually slumless and clean, very cosmopolitan Costa Rica enjoys: 1) Highest standard of living 2) Highest literacy rate 3) High life expectancy in Middle America -Despite positive social indicators, there are concerns such as: 1) Deforestation 2) Social Gap (poor vs. affluent) 3) Banana production now moving to Panama where wages are lower

Panama (Continued)

-High rise unlike any in the realm (Capital) -Only coastal capital in mainland in Middle America -International banking -US invasion in Dec 1989 -Canal competition from Nicaragua (wanted to build a canal) -One of the fastest growing economies in Latin America)

Urbanization in Brazil

-Historic culture hearth in the Northeast -Site of large sugar plantain -Southeast (core area) -Anchored by Rio and Sao Paula -Gold brought settlers here, now minerals/urbanization

Mexico's Politics

-Independence 1821 -First 50 years, avg of 1 new ruler/year

Central America

-Initially joined newly independent Mexican empire in 1821 -Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica -Collapsed in 1823 led to the "United Provinces of Central America" -Chiapas lost to Mexico -Union began to dissolve in 1838

Sao Paulo

-Largest Urban center in S.A. -50% GDP -60% of manufacturing activity -B/w 1/5th and 1/4th of Brazil's population

Climate of Brazil

-Manaus; highest temp: 101F, lowest: 69.4 F -Frost a concern in the extreme south and higher elevation

Mexico's Urbanization

-Mexico City=28.2 million. (1/4th pop) -Has lots of towns and cities -Center of economic activity

Problems of Chiapas

-Mexico divided into 31 states -Poorest is Chiapas (economically). It borders Guatemala -Located in extreme south (why they are poor) -Have more in common with Central America -4.2 million, Majority is Amerindian and Mayan

South America

-Most of the population is concentrated on the basins of the Andean Chain -Some peaks and ranges are permanently covered

Mountain Ranges: Sierra Madre

-Occidental, Oriental, Del Sur

Alvaro Uribe (2002-2010)

-Political independence -Waged a relentless war against drug traffickers, guerrillas, and paramilitary death squads -FARC kills his father -FARC agreed to disarm 23rd June 2016 -FARC became Common Alternative Ref. Force

Isolated Andean Core (Sierra)

-Political influence slight here -Half of Peru's population resides here -Mostly Amerindian, Quechua speaking population here -Some mining here; mostly subsistent agriculture activites

East Peru (Oriente)

-Primarily semi-tropical to tropical rainforest (Selva) -Population a mixed Mestizo/Amerindian society -Location of eastward looking city of Iquitos

Fugencio Batista

-Principle political fig. (1933-1959) -Ability to control army (key) -Political liberties, honest elections, and equality before the law did not exist -Didn't treat people well

Define the characteristics of this Realm

-Realm of intense political fragmentation -Complex cultural geography -African, European, Native American -Middle America-least developed of American Territories

Tepuis

-Resistant sandstone-capped outcroppings with a flat topped, plateau like appearance

AUC

-Right wing -United Self Defense Forces of Colombia -6,000 to 8,000 armbed combatants -1997-2006

Haciendas

-Spanish origin -Landowners have large area that is underutilized (not market orientated, inefficient) -owning land brought with it social prestige

Approximately what is the population of Argentina (and Buenos Aires)? How do these figures compare to other countries / cities in South America?

-Total = 44.3 million (July 2017 est.) (Roughly 1/3rd, or about 14 million reside in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires)

Puerto Rico

-US Territory San Juan (Capital) -No representative congress -Maintaining commonwealth status, but rumors of becoming a 51st state -Not a lot of support for becoming independent

What areas have the highest % of White Europeans?

-Uruguay: 90% -In the North there is intermixing -In the South there are mostly Whites due to extermination

Nicolas Maduro

-VP under Chavez, assumed presidency in 2013 -Continues to implement Chavez policy, reelected May 20, 2018 -Blames the political right and US for all country's problems

Angel Falls

-World's highest waterfall, located in Venezuela -15x higher than Niagara Falls -3,212 feet tall

Venezuela Crisis

-Years of giving away oil revenue at home and abroad, a substantial dip in international oil prices, and a massive program to nationalize companies at home have nearly bankrupt the nation -Food=blow -Mass exodus from country - Maduro not taking action to solve crisis, seems more interested in holding onto power -Unprecedented hyperinflation: 2,400% -Talk of War

Enrique Pena Nieto

-current president of Mexico -Biggest challenge: War on drugs

Chile is divided into 3 Regions

1) Atacama Desert (North) 2)Middle Chile (Central Valley) 3)South Chile

Colombia's Insurgent States

1) FARC 2)ELN 3)AUC

What are the greater and lesser "Antilles"?

1) Jamaica 2) Cuba 3) Hispaniola (Haiti; 1/3 & DR; 2/3) Puerto Rico (There are the 5 political entities)

3 Common Characteristics of Latin American Countries/3 Differences

1) Location: Western Hemisphere 2) Language: Strong Latin Influence 3) Populations: Predominantly Urban Differences 1) Size, Physical size 2) Natural resources (vary) 3) Population/Great Mixture of Ethnic background

Population: Mestizo, Mulatto, Zambo

1) Mestizo: European& Native American 2) Mulatto: African & European 3) Zambo: African & Native American

What areas of Latin America have the highest % of Amerindians?

1) Mexico-30% 2)Peru (Incan) 3) Bolivia-55% 4) Southern Mexico, Guatemala. Andean (Andes Mts) 5)Venezuela (Northern most end)

Tenochtitlan and Teotihuacan

1) Teotihuacan- First Urban Center in Western Hemisphere/Largest pyramid built in Western Hemisphere 2) Tenochtitlan- Capital city of Aztec, Pop: >100,000, Now Mexico City Part B: -Known as borrowers and refiners -Greatest contributions -Corn, Sweet Potato, various kinds of beans, tomato, squash, tobacco -Collapsed in 1520's

What is the waterfall in the province of Misiones? What is the Itaipú Dam, what is significant about it, and what countries operate it?

1)Las Cataratas Del Iguazú (Spanish) / Cataratas Do Iguaçu (Portuguese) - "The Falls of Iguazú", a massive waterfall set at a bend in the Iguazú River on the border between Argentina and Brazil. It is the widest waterfall found anywhere on earth, and is considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world. It consists of some 275 separate waterfalls (as many as 350 during the rainy season). The highest of these is approximately 76 meters, or 250 feet high

What areas of Latin America have the highest % of Mestizos?

1)Puerto Rico 2)Mexico-60% 3)El Salvador 4)Honduras 5)Nicaragua 6)Paraguay (South Am.) -90%

Highland Aztecs

1200-1521 AD -Civilization once found in intermontane highland zone of Mexico -Originated 14th Century in Valley of Mexico (Mexico City, City of Gold) -Highland zone of Mexico -Hernand Cortez=Conquistador

Tierra Nevada (Snowy Land)

15,000+ feet

Amazon River

A major river in South America that flows through Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Brazil. -Largest River system -1,100 tributaries -4,000 mi of navigating waterways -8 trillion gallons of flow every

Sierra Maestra

A mountain range in southeast Cuba. It is the highest system in Cuba and rich in minerals. Where Castro would flee in the Granma

Yucatan Peninsula

A peninsula in Central America extending into the Gulf of Mexico between the Bay of Campeche and the Caribbean Sea.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

What is the difference between Middle America & Mesoamerica?

A) Middle America: -Mexico, Central America, Caribbean B) Mesoamerica -Mexico & Central America

Guantanamo Bay

Acquired by sending marines. The United States assumed territorial control over Guantanamo Bay under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty (Platt Amendment), which granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area without the Cuban Government reacting. -The US wanted a canal from Atlantic Ocean->Pacific Ocean -Castro hid here from the government, helpful for warfare

Neovolcanic Range

Across the width of Mexico

Quipu

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

Regions of the Realm (South America) Pt 3

Andean West: 1) Peru 2) Ecuador 3) Bolivia

Mate

Argentine tea, but unlike the simple tea or coffee drinks that we know of in this country, mate is an elaborate ritual shared among family, friends and co-workers. Perhaps no other trait captures the essence of "argentinidad" as well as the preparation and consumption of mate (pronounced 'mah-tay'). It is perhaps the only cultural practice that transcends barriers of ethnicity, class, and occupation. The leaves of the Yerba plant are used in this tea that is most similar in taste to green tea.

Paraguay

Asuncion (Capital) -Located in a transitional zone between north and south -Officially located in the southern cone region, but the economy, people, and culture is more typical of Andean South America -Guarani is widely spoken alongside Spanish -Landlocked: Helps explain its modest economic development and has contributed to the limited agriculture potential of the country -6.9 million people -Majority is Mestizo (95%)

Altiplano (South America)

Bean shaped, high altitude plane -Smaller punas help to establish an impressive transportation network (key to settlement patterns) (12-14,000) feet -B/w 2 major ranges of Andes (Western Bolivia, South Peru)

Belize

Belmopan (Capital) -Once known as British Honduras -Declared a British colony in 1862, British dependency until 1981 -Slightly larger than Massachusetts -Population: 360,000 (Mostly African descent)

Colombia

Bogata (Capital) -"Great Hispanic Cultural Headquarters" -47.7 million people -Majority: Mestizo -Minority: Amerindian -

Brazil

Brasilia (Capital) -5th largest country in the world -1972 mapping of the Amazon Basin completed -1975: Entire country finally mapped -Only a small part of Brazil is either too wet, too dry, or too steep to permit economic use -206 million -Majority: White -Minority: Amerindian -More than 1/2 of SA -Complex racial and ethnic mix -10th largest economy in world -Known to contain huge resources of iron, ore, manganese -Lacks hydrocarbon fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas -Great Potential water for power

Regions of the Realm (South America) Pt 2

Brazil: Brazil

Argentina

Buenos Aries (Capital) -2nd largest country in S. America -Wide range of physical geography regions -Rich migration history -43.9 million people -Majority: White European (96%) -Minority: Mestizo and Amerindian

Brasilia

Capital of Brazil -Built for 1/2 million, now has 2.6 million -Built in 4 years -Built in the shape of an airplane or a bird -Perhaps the unusual built during the 20th century -Most of resident flock to Rio on the weekends for its night life

Venezuela

Caracas (Capital) -Rich Physical Geo. -Close cultural ties to US/Caribbean -31.3 million people -Majority: Mestizo -Minority:Amerindian -Core area=North, northwest part of the country

Cuba

Caribbean Capital: Havana 11 million people (64% White, 27% Mestizo, 9% Black African) -Maj. of population b/w 50-54 y/o -Literacy Rate: 99% , highest in all of Latin America -90 mi away from Key West, FL -Sierra Maestra Mtns- Highest mountain on island, where the Revolution began -Sierra Cristal

Regions of the Realm (South America) Pt 1

Caribbean North: 1)Colombia 2)Venezuela 3)Guyana 4)Suriname 5)French Guiana

Deforestation in Brazil

Causes: 1)Need to clear land for cattle pastures 2)Rapid logging of tropical woodlands 3)Need for space for a growing population 4) Subsistence agricultural practicses

French Guiana

Cayenne (Capital), nearly 1/2 the population lives here/around here -Easternmost outpost of Caribbean North -Dependency, mainland (South America's only one) -220,000 people -Almost as big as South Korea -Status: Overseas Departement of France -French=Language -Gold=most valuable export -European Space Agency's launch complex is located here in Kourou on the coast. This accounts for more than half of the territories economic activity

Acculturation

Change that occurs in the culture of indigenous people when contact is made with a society that is technologically superior

Who has the oldest democracy in Middle & South America?

Costa Rica

Which country is known as the Switzerland of Central America and why?

Costa Rica -They are neutral in regional conflicts -They have no standing army -was abolished in 1948

Fidel Castro (Cuba)

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator (Batista) in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) -1956: Organized 82 men, landed on south-eastern shore of Cuba to begin a revolution -Fidel, Raul, Che, & 9 others survive and escape to the Sierra Maestra (Batista's men slaughtered Castro's group) -Feb 1959: Castro becomes prime minister of Cuba -Sets up another tightly controlled dictatorship and accepts military/economic aid from USSR -Problems w/ US (Bay of Pigs) & Cuban Missile Crisis

How do we divide America culturally & physically?

Culturally: Division can be made between Latin & Anglo America Physically: North, South, Central

Darien Gap in Panama/Suez Canal

Dense, jungle area -Suez Canal: Built by Ferdinand de Lesseps (France)

Atacama Desert

Desert found on the Western border of the Andes Mountains and on the border of Chile and Bolivia -Driest place on earth -No rain has ever been recorded since records have been kept -In some places there are no animals, insects or plants

How did Cuba become communist?

Fidel Castro over through the government (Batista) b/c he thought he was corrupt, Castro gained a lot of support and Batista started executing people cuz he was mad.

Maquiladoras

Foreign owned factories (Mainly by large US companies) that assemble imported, duty free components and raw materials into finished industrial products

Guyana

Georgetown (Capital) -Independence 1966 -Population 840,000 people -Majority is South Asian (Indian)-44% -30% African (Afro-European) -Majority Christian -Minority: Muslim -Rural, plantation crops are key -Oil may become a factor -Among the realm's poorest/least urbanized -Strongly affected by region's narcotic industry

Lesser Antilles

Group of islands that extend from the Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago

Guatemala

Guatemala City= Capital (Tikal=Ruins) -Located in heart of ancient Mayan empire, society strongly influenced by Amerindian culture and tradition -Most populous of 7 central American Republics -15.5 million people, majority is Mestizo -Internal conflict claimed over 200,000 lives since 1960 -Many victims were of Mayan descent

Central American Volcanic Axis

Guatemala to Northern Panama

Zapatistas

Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation -ZNLA -Against Mexican government -Fighting ended, tensions still arise

Guiana Highlands

Highland area located in the northeast section of South America.

Brazilian Highlands

Highlands occupying half of Brazil mainly on the Eastern side. Contains some of Brazil's richest farmland, where much coffee is grown.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Jamaica

Kingston (Capital) -Once a British colony -Not a lot of rich, natural resources -Main source of money comes from tourism, b/c they have good weather & beaches -Money doesn't go out to the people there, causing a lot of poverty (Double edge sword)

Bolivia

La Paz, Sucre (Capital) -2 State future? -Benefits from a large deposits of tin, zinc, copper, natural gas, oil -Bolivia is ranked poorest in South America -11 million people -Majority: Amerindian (No other Latin American country has an Amerindian population over 50%)

Maracaibo

Largest lake in South America -Once a disease infested, sparsely populated coast -Now one of the world's leading oil producing areas

Peru

Lima (Capital) -Largest of 3 core Andean countries -Despite its size, not a high % of arable -31 million -Majority: Amerindian Minority: Black/Japanese

Gran Chaco

Lowland area south of Bolivia, west of Paraguay and Argentina, used for cattle grazing

Nicaragua

Managua (Capital) - Core in the west -Recently has become Middle America's poorest -Highest natural rate increase in population in all of Americas (higher than Haiti) -6 million people -Majority is Mestizo -Minority is Amerindian -President is Daniel Ortega -Only Central American country larger than Cuba

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990. -Civil war erupts in 1980's, ends in 1990

What is the Indian group found in the Misiones area?

Mesopotamia, in the northeast, is that part of Argentina between the Río Paraná and the Río Uruguay consisting of the provinces of Entre Ríos, Corrientes and Misiones. In history and in geography, the area differs greatly from the Argentine heartland. Where nomadic hunter-gatherers populated the temperate Pampas when Europeans first arrived, the Guaraní Indians, who inhabited much of Mesopotamia, were semisedentary agriculturists, raising sweet potatoes, maize, and beans. The subtropical province of Misiones is a strategic peninsula nearly surrounded by the countries of Paraguay and Brazil. Here we find tropical rainforest, exotic animals, and a spectacular waterfall. Misiones is best known for the Jesuit settlements for which the province is named.

Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador

Mexican leftist politician who lost the presidential elections of 2006 and 2012; he has challenged the legitimacy and integrity of the Mexican electoral process -Win presidency in July 2018 but hasn't taken office yet (Dec 1) -Was elected b/c people are frustrated w the drug war

Mexico

Mexico City (Capital) -124 million -1/2 of population=centered around the waist of Mexico (Veracruz to Jalisco. East to West) -Majority is Mestizo -Minority is White and Other Physical Geo: -Dry, desert conditions in the North and West (stationary high pressure system, 30 Latitude, low precipitation) -Wetter, tropical in South/Southeast

Uruguay

Montevideo (Capital), 40% of population here -Small, compact, dense population -3.4 million people -Majority: White (97%) -Minority: Black and Amerindian -Occupies some of the Pampas area, but soil and topography slightly less favorable -Agriculture still strong here, major farming just outside of Montevideo Rest of country used for grazing cattle and sheep -Beef, wool, and textiles dominate export trade -Tourism is important -Catering mostly to Brazilians and Argentines who frequent Punta del Este

Cordilleras

Mountain chains consisting of sets of parallel ranges

ELN

National Liberation Army (Left) -3,000 to 5,000 armed combatants -1964-Present

Patagonia?

Often referred to as one of the last, great-untamed areas of the world, Patagonia is an enormous region south of the Río Colorado, just beyond the province of Buenos Aires, and stretching south all the way to the Straits of Magellan. It lies in the rain shadow of the Chilean Andes whose greedy peaks steal nearly all of the 200 inches of rain that surge in from the Pacific Ocean. Beneath the great Andes, once mighty rainforests were left to become giant petrified fossils. It is an arid land of high winds, dust, and small shrubs (often laced with protective thorns). 300 miles east of the Andes, beyond primeval wastelands the size of nations, lies 1,000 miles of virgin coastline, home to creatures as outlandish and untamable as the region itself.

Panama

Panama City (Capital) -Once part of Colombia -Permits US to build a canal (Northwest/Southeastern area, August 1914) -3.75 million people -Majority: Mestizo -Minority: Mulatto and White (7%)

Suriname

Paramaribo (Capital) -Independence in 1975 -Population: 550,000 -Dutch colonists brought over South Asians, Indonesians, Africans, and Chinese to their colony (More than 100,000 residents, which is 1/4 migrated to Netherlands) -Rice farms make the country stable -Leading producer is Bauxite (aluminum oil) -Deforestation issue -Dutch=Official language

Is Argentina entirely composed of Spaniards from Spain? If not, what other group and (or) nationality contributed most to its current population.

Population composition: 96% European extract, 4% Mestizo and other Immigrants: Primarily Italians and Spaniards. Others include Germans, French, Lebanese, Polish, Hungarians, Welsh, English, Danish, Czechs, Koreans, and Ukrainians.

Haiti

Port-au-Prince (Capital) -A mess b/c political & US intervention -Environmental issues: Earthquakes, (98%) Deforestation for firewood, building, etc. This causes soil erosion which damages agriculture

Belize (continued)

Primary language: English -33 to 50% Spanish speaking -Heavy emigration to US by African population -Strong investment in tourism; shares the 2nd largest coral reef system in the world with Honduras and Mexico -Prime Minister: Dean Barrow -Large Banking Industry

Ecuador

Quito (Capital) -Smallest of 3 Andean Countries -1/3 Latin American countries that use US dollars (Panama/El Salvador) -16.3 million -Majority: Amerindian -Minority: Black

FARC

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia -12,000 to 18,000 armed combatants (1964-2017) -Leftists

Costa Rica

San Jose (Capital) -Most stable/prosperous countries in Central America -Sizable expatriate population -4.9 million people -Majority: Mesztizo & White -Minority: Amerindian and Chinese

El Salvador

San Salvador (Capital) -Smallest of the 7 Central American (CA) countries -Smaller than Belize, but 25x the population -6.2 million people -Majority: Mestizo -Minority: Amerindian

Chile

Santiago (Capital) -2,500 miles long; average of only 90 mi wide -Best example of elongated state in the world -90% of population lives in the middle area Santiago and its port Valparaiso -17.7 million people -Majority: White -Minority: Amerindian -Largest supplier of copper in the world

Dominican Republic

Santo Dominigo (Capital) -Was a Spanish colony -Sugarcane, Coffee, Cotton, Cocoa, Tabacco -10.7 million -Majority=Mestizo -Minority=Mulatto

Llanos

Savanna like grasslands of Orinoco River wide basin. located in interior of Colombia and Venezuela (60% flat) -Cebu=Cattle

What is a cultural hearth?

Source areas from which radiates ideas, innovations, and ideologies that changed the world beyond. (Aztecs, Mayans)

Regions of the Realm (South America) Pt 4

Southern Cone: 1) Argentina 2) Chile 3) Uruguay 4) Paraguay

Tierra Fria

Spanish term for "cold land"; the highest altitude zone of Latin American highlands climates -6,000-12,000 feet -Potatoes, Barley, Wheat, & Dairy, livestock, grazing

Tierra Helada

Spanish term for "frozen land"; a zone of permanent snow and ice on the peaks of the Andes -12,000-15,000 feet -Tree line: Edge of habitat at which trees are capable of growing

Tierra Caliente

Spanish term for "hot land"; the lowest altitude zone of Latin American highlands climates, not many people live here

Tierra Templada

Spanish term for "temperate land"; the middle altitude zone of Latin American highlands climates -2,500-6,000 ft -Coffee, Corn, Wheat, Veggies

Tierra Templada

Spanish term for "temperate land"; the middle altitude zone of Latin American highlands climates. Most people in Central America live here

Miguel Diaz-Canel

Succeeded Raul Castro as leader of Cuba -President since Apr. 19, 2018 -More dynamic and open to doing things non-traditionally -Relations w. Trump is uncertain -Reforms instituted after loss of Soviet aid; concessions to capitalism

Honduras

Tegucigalpa (Capital) -Important relative location -"Central" in Central America -Access to both Atlantic and Pacific Ocean -Relatively poor economy -Majority is Mestizo -Minority is White (Europeans)

What was the "Dirty War" about?

The Dirty War (1976 - 1983) - A particularly dark chapter in Argentina's history. During this period of time, nearly every position of political importance was occupied by a military officer, including the presidency. Under the reign of General Jorge Rafael Videla, thousands of academics and political opponents were abducted, detained, tortured, and often times killed with no hope or pretense of legal process. An official report commissioned by civilian President Raúl Alfonsín in the late 1980s listed around 9,000 cases, but some estimates are three times greater.

Malvinas War

The Falkland Islands War (or) Guerra de Las Malvinas (April - June 1982) - A group of islands off the southern tip of Argentina, known to the Argentines as the Islas Malvinas, were the target of a successful invasion in the Fall of 1982. These islands had been under British control for over 150 years prior to the invasion, but Argentina believed, as they do to this day, that the islands belonged to them. The Argentine military government at the time, led by General Leopoldo Galtieri, underestimated British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's swift military response. In only 74 days, a British naval task force, led by the aircraft carriers HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible, were able to take back the islands. An estimated 649 Argentines lost their lives during the military campaign. This ultimately led to the fall of the military regime in Argentina and, in 1983, democracy returned with the election of Raúl Alfonsín.

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa (8,000 mi). Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. -US gave up control on Jan 1, 2000 (Jimmy Carter made an agreement) -Use: 13,000 ships/year -Each crossing required 52,000,000 gallons of freshwater to operate locks

Aggolmeration

The clustering of productive activities and people for mutual advantage.

Amazon Basin

The home of the world's largest tropical rainforests, runs along the the largest river in the world on the continent of South America.

Primate city

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

Tierra Caliente (Hot land)

The warmest climate zone in the Central American Region, major crops grown here are bananas, sugarcane, and rice -Tropical vegetation -Seal level=2,500 feet -0-3000 feet

Lake Gatun

This is an artificial lake in northern central Panama along the Panama Canal. It was created to reduce the amount of land that had to be dug up to make the canal, and is made by a dam on the Chagres River. Barro Colorado Island is the largest island on this lake, and it is used for research by the Smithsonian Institution. Was also used to transport ships

How many zones is Peru divided into?

Three (3)

Power Struggle in Colombia

Triangle Diagram* Point at the top=Government -Right bottom point=FARC/ELN -Left bottom point=AUC, Para-military (Protected farmers)

altitudinal zonation

Vertical regions defined by physical-environmental zones at various elevations, particularly in the highlands of South and Middle America -Different crops at different altitudes -Hypothesized by Alexander von Humboldt

Tambos

Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages

The Andes, Colombia

Western (Occidental) Central Eastern (Oriental)

Raul Castro

Younger brother of Fidel Castro who also took place in the Cuban Revolution and was the preceder of Miguel Diaz-Canel

Mar y Sierras

a 30-mile stretch of Atlantic coastline between San Clemente del Tuyo and Mar Del Plata that serves as "Argentina's summer playground".

River Delta

a deposit of sediment caused by slower moving water at the mouth of a river, usually triangular in shape. Note the MSS (Multi-Spectral Scanner) satellite image at 80m resolution where the delta can clearly be seen at the mouth of the Río Paraná.

Chibcha

a member of an indigenous people of Colombia whose well-developed political structure was destroyed by Europeans, Northern part of Incan empire

Ladino

a mestizo, or person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry in Guatemala (this is what the Amerindians called Mestizo's) -Mestizo's controlled the population

Caudillo

a military dictator or political strongman of a Latin American country, seen as a Patriot but others see it as a dictator

Parilla

a mixed grill of steak and other beef cuts. A parrillada is a chimney-like structure almost always made of brick that serves as the grill.

Porteno/Portena

a person "of the port". It is the term given to one who is from the city of Buenos Aires.

Banana Republic

a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas)

Chasquis

a system of runners that traveled the Inca roads as a kind of postal service, carrying messages from one end of the empire to the other. (took b/w 3-5 days)

Barrios

a term meaning "neighborhood" in Spanish. Much like New York, Chicago, and Vancouver, the city of Buenos Aires is a melting pot created by millions of immigrants, who, while Argentinean to the core, have remained sentimentally attached to their ethnic origins. The city has approximately 50 barrios that are all very distinctive in character.

Pampas

a vast area of grassland and rich soil in south-central South America

Transculturation

cultural borrowing that occurs when different cultures of approximately equal complexity and technological level come into close contact

Pan-American Highway System

linked US to central and south America (Northern part of Canada/Alaska to southern tip of South America)

Siesta

midday nap, taken after lunch

Tango

probably the best-known manifestation of Argentine culture both in music and in dance. Tango's popularity has soared worldwide thanks in large part to the contributions of important figures such as the legendary Carlos Gardel, the late Julio Sosa, and the great contemporary Astor Piazzola. It is often joked that Argentina has two national anthems: one is its formal ceremonial hymn, while the other is the tango Mi Buenos Aires Querido (My Beloved Buenos Aires). Born sometime during the decade of the 1880s, the music of tango is usually performed with guitars, violins, flutes, the piano, and most special of all tango instruments, the bandoneon, a close relative of the accordion.

Ecotourism

responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well being of the local people

Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR)

the rate at which atmospheric temperature decreases with increasing altitude in conditions of thermal equilibrium. -Temperature decreases 3.5 F every 1000ft

Andes Mountains

the world's longest mountain chain, stretching along the west coast of South America