midterm #1: Soc 101
What are the characteristics of a dyad (choose all that apply)?
* It's the most intimate form of social life * All members must be fully committed to being in the group * If one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist * Symmetry must be maintained
According to Émile Durkheim's theory of suicide, which of the following factors have the most impact on suicide rates (choose all that apply)?
*Social Integration *Social Regulation
Symbolic culture
-symbols -languages -gestures -body language
Cognitive culture
-values -beliefs -ideologies
Which of the following elements describe feminist approaches to social research (choose all that apply)?
1. listening critically and carefully to how social scientists conceptualize and describe both women's and men's lives 2. taking the role of the researcher into account 3. engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives (Research 101- Role of the Researcher, Factual)
The social institution that comprises all colleges and universities would possibly be made up of a series of stories within these social networks (choose all that apply):
1. standardized screening test services 2. the wage labor market 3. the legal system 4. K-12 schooling (What Is a Social Institution?, Applied)
Which of the following is an example of recognizing the "generalized other"?
A child is taught to hold the door for her parents or siblings when they are carrying something into the house. While at the mall, she holds the door for a stranger who is carrying several bags. (Theories of Socialization, Conceptual)
Isomorphism
A constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions
Culture
A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices, the sum of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behavior (except instinctual ones), and practices; everything but the natural environment around us.
Match the characteristics with the group. Question Selected Match formal structure C. large groups unifocal perspective A. small groups status differentiation C. large groups multifocal perspective B. parties lack of formal arrangements B. parties
A small group is characterized by face-to-face interaction, a certain level of equality, lack of formal arrangements, and a unifocal perspective. A party is a small group that is multifocal. A Large group has a formal structure and status differentiation. (Social Groups, Factual)
According to Georg Simmel, what is the key difference between a small group and a party?
A small group is unifocal, whereas a party is multifocal.
Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure?
A sophomore woman is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her. (Agents of Socialization, Conceptual)
Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which of the following situations?
A woman just out of college decides to accept an offer of a full-time job in Saudi Arabia. (Agents of Socialization, Conceptual)
Social Deviance
Any transgression of socially established norms
There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that was maintained by a neighbor who lived next to it for years. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an example of what theory?
Broken Windows Theory
Ann Swidler
Culture is a "tool kit" that informs our "strategies of action" (our behavior and decision-making )
The changing attitudes toward marijuana use can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In the majority of states, possession is a criminal offense. Penalties often include jail time. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor - similar to a traffic ticket - and in Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. Given the extent of the changing legal attitude, as well as the rise in incarceration rates, what does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time?
Definitions of crimes change over time (Crime, Factual)
In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on
Deterrence Theory
where is the "right to be forgotten" a policy?
EU
________ refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network.
Embeddedness
Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable?
Employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work. (Research 101- Variables, Conceptual)
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own personal life experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended the daily lives of himself and his friends, and the ensuing sense of despair, chaos and being disconnected from society are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called
FEEDBACK: Anomie arises when we can no longer expect life to be predictable due to too little social regulation. This is linked to the concept of anomic suicide, which is suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient regulation. Victor Rios was fortunate to have found the kind of support needed to help him survive and succeed. (Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control, Conceptual)
Many states in the United States have special court diversion programs that are designed to help youth avoid the consequences of what society agrees are criminal acts: theft, robbery, drunken driving, and so forth. The application process involves a meeting between the offender and a case manager, who strives to get to know the offender, their strengths and weaknesses, and what led to the offense. This level of individual interest is an example of
FEEDBACK: In contrast to functionalist theories, micro-theories such as symbolic interactionism tend to focus on the individual rather than focusing on generalizable trends or broad social structures. (Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance, Conceptual)
The chapter includes an example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, and is left with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful patter for living is rendered moot, and he lacks a behavioral template with which to guide himself. The man is now a social deviant. According to Merton, this is an example of
FEEDBACK: Merton's strain theory posits that we learn what society considers appropriate goals and appropriate means for achieving them by giving us certain behavioral templates. Strain arises when the means fail to match the ends. (Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control, Applied)
The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience?
Foucault's panopticon (Foucault on Punishment, Applied)
Large Group
Group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and consequently status difference
Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions for changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond the allotted minutes, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes?
Institutional Ismorphism
Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, given a specific uniform that was the same as all other prisoners, given a limited ration of food, no access to amenities, and faced a near certain death by poison gas. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of
Life in total institutions
In his experiment, Duncan Watts created a website where respondents could rate songs. His sample size was 14,341 respondents. If Watts selected a new sample of 14,341 different respondents and their average ratings of each song were significantly different than the first sample, what problem would Watts's research suffer from?
Low reliability (Introduction, Applied)
Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions for changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond the allotted minutes, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes?
Market alignment
In an attempt to better understand the experience in college - that of the students as well as the teachers - you ask a professor for the chance to lead the class without her being in the room. Your professor grants your request. "Thinking sociologically," this follows the methodology proposed and developed by which of the following early sociologists?
Max Weber (The Sociology of Sociology, Applied)
Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that has which of the following tenets (choose all that apply)?
Meanings are filtered on the basis of an individual interpretive process. We act toward ideas, concepts, and values based on meaning inherent in those things. Meanings are the products of social interactions. (The Social Construction of Reality, Applied)
What social trend, related to social capital, did Robert Putnam focus on in his book Bowling Alone?
People are less involved in communal activities and organizations.
According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm?
People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior. (What Is Social Deviance?, Factual)
"Thinking like a sociologist" means that you
Remember, sociology is the study of human society. "Thinking like a sociologist" helps you be a better thinker in any field. (The Sociological Imagination, Applied)
Strain Theory
Robert Mertons theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she didn't go because she was sick. In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected. The way your classmate handled the situation is an example of what?
Saving face (The Social Construction of Reality, Applied)
Social Cohesion
Social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis
________ is/are the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting networks or gain power in them.
Social capital
Which of the following is an example of a social institution?
Social institutions do not have to be established by any particular organization or group and do not necessarily have physical locations. (What Is A Social Institution?, Conceptual)
Devah Pager's research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the consequences of
Stigma
Altruistic Suicide
Suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration
What are the characteristics of a dyad (choose all that apply)?
Symmetry must be maintained. All members must be fully committed to being in the group. It is the most intimate form of social life. If one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist. (Social Groups, Factual)
Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state legislator. She has talked to her family members and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts. One day she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for a state senator in the most recent election. The classmate then offers to put Martha in touch with his cousin. This is an example of what concept?
The Strength of Weak Ties
Tie
The connection between two people in a relationship that varies in strength from one relationship to the next; a story that explains our relationship with another member of our network
Which of the following is an example of soft power?
The expansion of American corporations into the global Third World (Political Economy of the Media, Conceptual)
Social Capital
The information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks.
According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group?
The number of people in the group
Organizational Culture
The shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangeably with corporate culture
A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her horrified looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms?
The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room. (The Social Construction of Reality, Conceptual)
Voter turnout in the United States for national elections has never been stellar, with about half of eligible voters, on average, not showing up at the polls. At the local level, though, things are far worse, with estimates suggesting that less than a quarter of eligible voters turn out. Given that these local elections can have a big impact in things like property taxes, ordinances about being on the street late at night and even where you can skateboard, it's a bit of a surprise. What larger social trend does this suggest?
There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement. (From Groups to Networks, Applied)
Which of the following American sociologists applied Émile Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain African American crime rates?
W.E.B. DuBois (The Sociology of Sociology, Factual)
Which of the following represents the highest amount of embeddedness? (Any relation of knowledge is reciprocal; that is, if A knows B, then B knows A).
You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice. (From Groups to Networks, Applied)
Which one of the following is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences?
You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Conceptual)
The chapter notes that Duke University has changed its name twice and yet remains the same institution, and that the tobacco company Philip Morris changed its name to Altria in order to remake itself into a different institution. These two examples explore the idea of social identity as
a collection of individual stories told between individuals. (What Is A Social Institution?, Applied)
What is a moderating variable?
a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables (Research 101- Hypothesis Testing, Factual)
Which of the following is an example of a primary group?
a family in which the parents live in California and their children live around the United States
Which of the following is an example of a primary group?
a family in which the parents live in California and their children live around the United States (Social Groups, Conceptual)
Structural Hole
a gap between network clusters or even two individuals if those individuals or clusters have complementary resources
Small Group
a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a uni-focal perspective, lack of formal arrangements or roles, and a certain level of equality.
Reference Group
a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society, relative to others.
Party
a group that is similar to a small group, but is multi-focal
José goes to a training session for election volunteers in his precinct. There are 15 participants and two trainers. What type of group is this an example of?
a large group
Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of your life has been shaped by that entire experience: what you choose to wear, whom you make friends with, whom you avoid, and how you respond to authority figures such as teachers. Overall, your experience of school is
a major part of your own socialization. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Applied)
Mediator
a member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group
Stigma
a negative social label that not only changes others behavior towards a person, but also alters that persons own self-concept and social identity
Corporate Crime
a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers of a corporation
suppose a friend of yours spends a lot of time on Facebook, as he has a lot close friendships there. He is somewhat there. He is somewhat alienated from his family, who live far away and most of whom he see perhaps only once a year. depsite your friends difficult relationship with them, he is family is considered.
a primary group A primary group is an end unto itself, whose members are noninterchangeable. Despite the emotional and physical distance, loyalty to family invariably trumps other connections. Secondary groups exist as a means to an end, but are both contingent and, despite how it may seem, impersonal.
A friend of yours spends a lot of time on Facebook, as he has a lot of close friendships there. He is somewhat alienated from his family, who lives far away and most of whom he sees perhaps once a year. Lately, he's been very involved - electronically, of course - with a special, secret group on Facebook whose members share the same common concern about their families and the emotional distance they all seem to experience. Your friend's family would be considered
a primary group. (Social Groups, Applied)
Suppose you are a member of a six-person cycling team with a strong winning record. After reaching the final round competition, your team faces the prospect of going up against a French team ranked first in the world. This is your team's first ever championship slot, and you are all feeling anxious. Your team leader decides that one way to prepare is to see how you all compare to other French teams, none of whom are in the finals. Your team leader has drawn upon a good sociological idea and is using what to make the comparison?
a reference group (Social Groups, Applied)
Anomie
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness
What is the collective conscience?
a set of norms by which members of society abide
Social Network
a set of relations-essentially a set of dyads- held together by ties between individuals
In the context of social networks, a tie is ________
a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.
Our birth families - mother, father, sister, and so on - are a central part of our life. Your family decides to host a foreign exchange student for a year. It goes well, and, the next year, the student's entire family (all nine of them) decides to visit America and you and your own family. It's not all smooth sailing during the visit, but it's surprisingly pleasant. In the ensuing year, various members of the two families stay in touch. You share this relationship with your own friends. In the context of social networks, what's happening between your two families, as well as the way you share the experience with your friends, is what sociologists call a tie, and despite the fact that you are completely unrelated, this "tie that binds" is made real because of
a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network. (From Groups to Networks, Applied)
Our birth families (mother, father, sister, and so on) are a central part of our lives. Suppose you family decides to host a foreign exchange student for a year. It goes well, and, the next year, the student's entire family (all nine of them) decides to visit America and your family. In the ensuing year, various members of the two families stay in touch, and you share these relationships with your own friends. In the context of social networks, what's happening between your two families, as well as the way you share the experience with your friends, is what sociologists call a tie, and although the two families are unrelated, this"tie that binds" is made real because of
a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.Response Feedback A tie is the content of a relationship, and here, it is the set of stories that explains the relationship. The narratives within the stories are the sum of the ties. Not all ties are based on consanguinity or blood relations such as birth family. They can also be deeper friendships
Which of the following is an example of a panel survey?
a study of 1,000 high school seniors who are then contacted every 2 years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey (Research 101- Data Collection, Conceptual)
Ideology
a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect
In her interview with Dalton Conley Julia Adams talks about the differences between sociology and history. As a self-identified historical comparative sociologist, Adams makes the point that sociologists are less concerned with uniqueness than they are with commonalities. Consider Henry the VIII of England during the mid-1500s. Henry's succession of marriages - six wives in all - is often seen as a unique case. Six wives is a lot, and by many European standards, it is a unique case. A sociologist, however, might well look at it by considering the ways in which Henry's marriages
affected religious life in England then and now. (Sociology and Its Cousins, Applied)
In Group
another term for the powerful group, most often the majority
Out Group
another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority
Organization
any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world
In India, there is an elaborate system of social classification called the caste system. This has existed for thousands of years, and still dictates, to a great extent, the social and economic status of an individual. This particular status is an example of
ascribed status. (Social Interaction, Applied)
You are on an overseas trip with friends, and enjoy finding a place to stay as a guest in someone's home. At one such place, the hosts invite you to dinner, and serve up a meal of couscous, steamed veggies, and roast dog. You are unprepared for this, and you have a beloved pet dog at home. You recognize that this as a case of differences in
assigned meanings. (The Social Construction of Reality, Applied)
There have been many cases of what are termed feral children. Many of these are simply stories, but more recent cases have provided concrete substance to the way children develop. The case of the young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, part of this case is due to severe parental neglect, but the other question is whether abilities like language are innate. Fundamentally, this case is about nature versus nurture and whether
biology or socialization shapes human behavior. (Limits of Socialization, Applied)
This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are
black (Crime Reduction, Applied)
There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that was maintained by a neighbor who lived next to it for years. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an example of what theory?
broken windows theory (Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance, Applied)
Both quantitative and qualitative methods - the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem - are approaches that attempt to establish a __________ between social elements.
causal relationship (Introduction, Factual)
In the United States, media ownership is
centralized in the hands of a few big companies. (Political Economy of the Media, Factual)
Definitions of deviant behavior tend to
change over time and vary from one context to another
Definitions of deviant behavior tend to
change over time and vary from one context to another. (What Is Social Deviance?, Factual)
Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, soccer lessons, and basketball lessons and attend summer school classes. This is an example of
concerted cultivation. (Theories of Socialization, Conceptual)
Which of the following is the best example of a quantitative research method?
conducting a survey of how often people read. (Introduction, Conceptual)
Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Hispanics in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Hispanics. What type of research is Amber conducting?
content analysis (Research 101- Data Collection, Applied)
Which of the following is an example of a total institution?
convent (Agents of Socialization, Conceptual)
The tobacco industry has been closely scrutinized in regard to its advertising practices, which many claim are deceptive. The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud - criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco. Despite this, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, 50 years after the initial report, the industry agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns lied. Taken all together, this could be understood as a protracted case of
corporate crime (Crime, Conceptual)
After almost a year and half in college, you notice that lack of sleep seems to yield poorer grades. That is, when you (and your friends) don't get enough sleep, your grades seem to go down. It makes sense, right? But if you wanted to do a little research on this and really "tell the story," you might also notice that for some students, lower grades leads to lack of sleep - the worry over those sinking grades keeps them up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables - lack of sleep and lower grades - are you noticing here?
correlation (Research 101- Causation vs. Correlation, Applied)
What three factors are needed to establish causation?
correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations. (Research 101- Causality vs. Correlation, Factual)
Street Crime
crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including that of the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For the typical American tourist visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with the Harley biker crowd can be jarring: they can be rebellious, tattooed, openly use marijuana, and more. For the respectful and observant tourist and the emergent sociologist, though, such an encounter is an opportunity to consider a very different group of people by applying
cultural relativism. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Conceptual)
Your friend Jerome tells you he believes that culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you argue that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. Your supporting argument is based on the idea of
cultural scripts. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Applied)
One of the classes you are enrolled in is not only full, but the other students seem to rave about it. It's not due just the subject and it's not due to the professor, and that makes you curious. You have a theory as to why this is so, and you decide to test your theory by building a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. As a sociologist, you are employing what kind of research in your search for answers?
deductive approach. (Research 101, Applied)
Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to
detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena. (Sociology and Its Cousins, Factual)
In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on
deterrence theory (Crime Reduction, Conceptual)
Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists
develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history. (The Sociological Imagination, Factual)
You and a date are at a cocktail party. as you pluck a drink off a tray, you turn and almost run into actor idris elba of luther fame. you discover after a short chat that he knows your date. you remark that it sure is a small world and that maybe that six degrees thing is true. in his interview with dalton conley, duncan watts confirms the work of stanley milgram, but also notes that the "six degrees" idea can apply to
disjointed populations stanley milgram developed the theory of six degrees of separation based on friends at a cocktail party. duncan watts later confirmed this idea, and found that while its not true that everyone is connected to everyone else, at least half of the people in the world are connected to each other through six steps. in addition, watts found that any node could reach any other node in a small number of steps in almost any type of large network
We know little about the secretive nation of North Korea. Ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family, the citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life. The country also suffers frequent famines, and blocks all access to outside information sources. Regular and flamboyant displays of their military power show throngs of happy, supportive citizens. To most observers, the leadership is
dominating. (Media, Applied)
Adekunle enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Adekunle is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is an example of which sociological concept?
double consciousness (The Sociology of Sociology: Conceptual)
A friend of yours has invited you to a big social event, and knowing you might meet people who can offer you interesting jobs after graduation, you elect to dress really carefully in order to make a really good, strong impression. In sociological terms, you're operating within what theoretical framework?
dramaturgical theory. (The Social Construction of Reality, Applied)
Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?
economic opportunities and crime rates
Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?
economic opportunities and crime rates (Crime, Factual)
The process of choosing a urinal in a men's restroom may seem simple, but there is an underlying, implicit protocol that has actually been studied. In what has been termed "piss stance," one researcher found that the unspoken rule was to always ensure a "buffer zone" of at least one "open" urinal between yourself and another person. Being an intrepid sociologist, you have decided to see what happens when this protocol is ignored. In doing so, you are practicing
ethnomethodology (The Social Construction of Reality, Applied)
material culture
everything that is a part of constructed, physical environment, including technology. -TANGIBLE STUFF
Allison is concerned with the messages that her little sister receives from her elementary school teacher about suitable careers. For example, class lessons portray nurses and secretaries as female but doctors and engineers as male. Allison's concerns reflect her own outlook as a
feminist (The Sociology of Sociology, Applied)
Another early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and the assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau adopted what kind of theoretical position in her writing?
feminist (The Sociology of Sociology, Applied)
Every four years, the United States elects a new president. The entire process of swearing in and recognition of the new office holder is an elaborate ceremony, with a great deal of symbol and pomp. Despite the enormous expenditure of time and resources, we continue to hold this ceremony, suggesting it has a crucial purpose in our society. A sociological examination of this particular American rite might well apply ideas from what branch of sociological theory?
functionalism. (The Sociology of Sociology, Applied)
Transgendered students have created an interesting challenge for some colleges that are founded as all women's or all men's colleges. Wellesley College, a women's college, is trying to figure out how best to deal with the increasing numbers of students admitted as female who, while attending, decide to transition to male identities. Now, from bathrooms to books, Wellesley and other colleges are trying to adapt, sometimes over the voices of the very students they serve. The meanings of "male" and "female" are changing here, challenging what we understand as
gender roles. (Social Interaction, Applied)
Which of the following is an example of a given off gesture?
glancing at your watch while someone talks to you (The Social Construction of Reality, Conceptual)
The Asch test provides insight into what concept?
group conformity
the Asch test provides insight into what concept?
group conformity
The Asch test provides insight into what concept?
group conformity (Social Groups, Factual)
Triad
group of three
Dyad
group of two
Secondary Groups
groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)
Most would agree that the most popular social media site in the world today is Facebook. It wasn't the first social media site - it had early competition from others like Friendster and MySpace. Today, though, Facebook is virtually the "only game in town" for many social media users. The power of the product is a good example of
hegemony. (Media, Applied)
Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavior problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?
how often children misbehave in school. (Research 101- Variables, Conceptual)
norms
how values tell us to behave
Social Integration
how well you are integrated into your social group or community
The challenge of climate change has evoked a strong polarizing debate, particularly in politics. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous and requires a great deal more of protracted study. While it may seem that the debate is a matter of science, underlying it is a deep attachment to a particular
ideology. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Applied)
One of the unique characteristics of a dyad is that ________
if one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist.
If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally
ignoring social norms to see what happens. (The Social Construction of Reality, Applied)
According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through
imitation. (Theories of Socialization, Factual)
Conformist
individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable
Rebel
individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he/she is alienated
Ritualist
individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means
A researcher observes that most women entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most men choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that women like to feel part of a larger group of people, whereas men are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach?
inductive reasoning (Research 101, Conceptual)
In an interview with the Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?
informed consent (Introduction, Applied)
Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions for changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond the allotted minutes, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes?
institutional isomorphism
Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions for changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond the allotted minutes, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes?
institutional isomorphism (Organizations, Conceptual)
A secondary group is characterized by ________
instrumental relationships
One of the difficult problems faced by many colleges and universities is the increase in binge drinking on campus. Pretend you are part of a group seeking to develop approaches to understanding and reducing this problem. Putting on your sociology hat, you suggest to the group that it would useful to understand the meaning placed on the binge-drinking parties, and thereby develop solutions based on an understanding of the experience itself. Your approach uses the methodology embodied in
interpretive psychology (Divisions Within Sociology, Applied)
organizational structure.
it can reveal patterns in social structures that might not ever become evident through answers to direct questions.
A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance?
labeling Theory
A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance?
labeling theory (Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance, Conceptual)
José goes to a training session for election volunteers in his precinct. There are 15 participants and two trainers. This type of group is known as a
large group. (Social Groups, Conceptual)
You are part of a research team that is stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys on HIV/AIDS. It is a two-year assignment, and you are there with your spouse, a same-sex married partner of eight years. You are aware that in Uganda, the parliament passed a bill in 2009 criminalizing homosexuality, punishable by death. This was later changed to life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, and while you are safe in your living quarters and have not experienced difficulties in daily life, you are always on guard. As you complete your work, and begin the write-up, you have to work hard to
letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Applied)
Justin decides to conduct research for a class project by recording and assessing how public transit companies can persuade people to take a public bus to and from work. Which type of sociology is this?
macrosociology. (Divisions Within Sociology, Applied)
Formal Social Sanctions
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
Social Control
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
An interesting innovation created quite a stir in 2003. The Schipol airport in Amsterdam fitted the men's restrooms with urinals that had a detailed picture of a fly on the inner wall. The idea was to reduce the mess - and it worked. In order to understand how this could work, the company that made the urinals would have had to do some careful research - focus groups, interviews, and the like - and apply the methods of what kind of sociology?
microsociology (Divisions Within Sociology, Applied)
Cultural scripts
modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural
Values
moral beliefs
today some people engage in open relationships, or polyamory, wherein all partners share details about their sexual health. in some relationships the size of the group may be as large as a dozen people who share links to one or more of the others in the group. to protect all those involved, everyone agrees to disclose information upon testing positive for a sexually transmitted disease (STD). if someone fails to do this, or simply does not know he or she has an infection, what could the group employ to try to determine what happened?
network analysis Network analysis can be used to explore how social structures govern individual-level behavior. This approach can reveal patterns in social structures that might not ever become evident through answers to direct questions
Today, some persons engage in open relationships, or polyamory, wherein all partners are completely honest about relationship details such as sexual health. In some relationships, the size of the group may be as large as a dozen persons who all share common links to one or more of the others in the group. The transmission and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a very important part of their lives, so everyone agrees to share information in the event someone contracts an STD. In the event that someone fails to do this, or simply does not know he or she has an infection, the group could employ what to try and determine what happened?
network analysis (Network Analysis in Practice, Applied)
You and a date are enjoying time at a fancy cocktail party, schmoozing it up with lots of people. As you pluck a drink off a tray, you turn and almost run into actor Kevin Bacon! You discover after a short chat that you both know your date. With perfect calm, you remark that it sure is a small world and that maybe that six degrees thing was true. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Duncan Watts confirms the work of Stanley Milgram, but also notes that the "six degrees" idea can apply to
nonhuman networks. (From Groups to Networks, Conceptual)
White-Collar Crime
offense committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institution
Retreatist
one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society
In the effort to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, organizations and countries have marshaled a vast number of resources, including research designed to understand how the virus is spread among a population. Often, this research involves an investigation into the nature of "having sex." Here, one the challenges is to precisely define what exactly is meant by having sex in order to then consider the variables related to such a study and the methods needed to gather the data. This challenge is crucial to any good sociological study and is called
operationalism. (Research 101- Hypothesis Testing, Applied)
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York in which job applicants, both having a fake prison record, differed in race. The white applicants were far more likely to be called back for an interview. Stepping past racism, Pager talks about unconscious stereotypes that are part of the mindset of the persons doing the hiring. The link between prison, race, and anticipated behavior formed in their mind is almost an expectation, part of how things are. This can be understood as a manifestation of
organic solidarity. (What Is Social Deviance?, Vocabulary)
There are many different student organizations on a college campus. Think about your campus for a moment. Can you think of a student-run, student-led organization? Now stop and consider the ways in which this organization shares their beliefs and behaviors. Like a larger society, such organizations have
organizational culture. (Organizations, Applied)
A company changes from a hierarchical approach to product development to a team-based approach. This involves a fundamental change to the company's ________
organizational structure
A company changes from a hierarchical approach to product development to a team-based approach. This involves a fundamental change to the company's
organizational structure. (Organizations, Conceptual)
Gender, a topic that will be covered in greater detail in the chapters ahead, frequently poses a challenge to many, even leading to violent reactions. Seeing someone dressed as a male who also has obvious, visible secondary sex characteristics such as breasts and yet insists on using the personal pronoun he is a good example of how meaning is subjective. This is an example of
postmodernism. (The Sociology of Sociology, Applied)
Women's bodies have been a central preoccupation in the United States for quite some time. Certain ideals seem the most highly valued: thinness, fitness, skin tone, and so forth. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession with the "perfect female body" emerges from the innate nature of our social structures and the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be with people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not of the way in which women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it
presumes culture is a one-way process. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Applied)
Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of?
recidivism (Crime Reduction, Applied)
A/An ________ is a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups.
reference group
at finals time, you are studying at a downtown coffee shop. feeling stressed you are relieved to hear two students from a college across town who are sitting at a nearby table and talking about how tough their tests are
reference group. Reference groups help us understand our position in society relative to other groups. In this case, a neighboring college can serve as a reference group.
Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post a sign that reads, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." This is an example of which of the following?
reinforcement of a culture norm (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Conceptual)
A thermometer that consistently gives readings that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is
reliable but not valid. (Research 101- Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability, Conceptual)
As a budding sociologist, you decide to undertake a study of American politics by attending presidential caucuses. Your personal affiliation is that of a liberal independent, and you are interested in the process from many different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for the Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting somewhat strongly to ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the major obstacles you must overcome in order to produce a well-balanced, objective study?
remembering that everyone, including yourself, is raised into a system of beliefs that influences our thinking and perceptions (Definitions of Culture, Conceptual)
In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system
represents a transformation in social control. (Foucault on Punishment, Factual)
HIV/AIDS has devastated many different populations. Efforts to reduce the spread of the disease have often focused on sexual behavior. Many studies in Africa have presumed that awareness of high HIV rates would lead to a change in sexual behavior - the higher the prevalence rate, the fewer risky sexual behaviors should be observed (the dependent variable). Following widespread educational efforts (the independent variable), the actual change in HIV rate showed little to no change. This is an example of
reverse causality. (Research 101, Applied)
Since the 1970s, both violent and total crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have
risen dramatically (Crime Reduction, Factual)
As a mother, Janelle sometimes feels torn. She knows she should be loving and supportive, but sometimes she needs to be firm and discipline her children. These seemingly incompatible expectations are an example of
role strain. (Social Interaction, Applied)
The decision to marry is a major life step. We do so with certain expectations - that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of managing a household based upon which partner is willing to do what tasks, and will support us in our lives with challenges such as a difficult job or family problems. When that partner completely steps away from any of these things, our ability to understand them may be challenged as their behavior is suddenly out of keeping with what we expected at the outset. This is an example of
roles. (Social Interaction, Applied)
In the United States, public nudity has generally been seen as socially unacceptable. Women, in particular, who have tried to change this by going topless have been arrested, summoned to court, and evaluated by psychiatrists for their mental stability. Having transgressed this boundary once, with consequences, those who continue to transgress might be seen as expressing
secondary deviance. (Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance, Applied)
A television ad campaign for a new car starts playing nationwide. Within weeks, people are bombarding the car manufacturer for information about a song that is featured in the ad and trying to find it online. This is an example of a
short-term, unintended media effect. (Media Effects, Conceptual)
Suppose you attend a dinner party, to which you were invited by a close friend who is trying to help you land a job in your chosen held of human resources. Your friend was unable to attend, and you knew nobody at the dinner, even though the dozen guests were all employed in human resource departments in the area. During the dinner, you were quiet and reserved, just listening to conversations around you. Afterward, you worry you missed the chance to gain new
social capital is the knowledge and connections that help individuals enter preexisting networks or gain power in them.
You attend a dinner party with a dozen people. The invitation was from a close and valued friend trying to help you land a job in your chosen field of human resources. Your friend was unable to attend, and you knew nobody at the dinner, even though the guests were all employed in human resource departments in the area. During the dinner, you were quiet and reserved, and never really got to know anyone at all and you had no meaningful conversations with anyone. Afterward, you worry you have lost the chance to expand your
social capital. (From Groups to Networks, Applied)
Organic Solidarity
social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts
Mechanical or segmental solidarity
social cohesion based on sameness
Innovator
social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them
Primary Groups
social groups, such as family or friends, composed of enduring, intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved
Bathrooms are usually divided between men and women. We are expected to use the bathroom that reflects our self as either a man or a woman. For transgender persons, however, this can present a conundrum. To choose which bathroom to use, a transgender person is often called on to ignore learned, preexisting
social norms. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Applied)
At a friend's housewarming, you meet a nice couple from India. They are engaged and tell you that their marriage was arranged - the young woman was "given" to the young man when they both very young `she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're quite taken aback. Later on, you have the chance to be alone with the young woman. You ask her about the arranged marriage, and indeed, she seems very happy about the impending nuptials. By your standards, this all seems very hard to take, but since the couple is happy, you let it go. This is an example of
socialization. (Socialization: The Concept, Vocabulary)
Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?
spirituality (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Conceptual)
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the mass incarceration of all persons living in the United States who were of Japanese ancestry. The government stated that this action was to preserve national security. Many of those sent to these concentration camps were U.S. citizens, even though their parents or grandparents may have been born in Japan, because of the feeling that all Japanese were dangerous. This action is representative of the use of
stereotypes. (Mommy, Where Do Stereotypes Come From?, Applied)
Devah Pager's research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the consequences of
stigma. (Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance, Conceptual)
The chapter includes an example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, and is left with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful pattern for living is rendered moot, and he lacks a behavioral template with which to guide himself. The man is now a social deviant. According to Merton, this is an example of
strain theory
In a reexamination of Stanley Milgram's six degrees of separation theory, Duncan Watts estimated that about half of the population is connected to each other through six degrees. If these networks were mapped, what would you call the dead ends where groups lack connections between clusters?
structural holes
Skateboarding is a very popular pastime among youth in larger urban settings. Even within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done - street versus vert, and so on. There is a large lexicon of terms and phrases, and these can vary over locale. Skaters are a kind of
subculture. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Applied)
Secondary Deviance
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you
Anomic Suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation
Fatalistic Suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation
Egoistic Suicide
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group
Which of the following data collection methods are commonly used in social research (choose all that apply)?
surveys, interviews, participation observation, historical methods, experiments, content analysis, comparative research (Research 101- Data Collection, Factual)
Examining the interactions between people with a focus on how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an example of which theory?
symbolic interactionism (The Sociology of Sociology, Conceptual)
Cultural Relativism
taking into account the difference across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value
howard becker
talks about culture as something that helps us understand why ppl act in coordination with one another..
Melinda and Alex are co-leads on a project at work, but their working styles differ greatly and they are having trouble agreeing on procedures and objectives. Elena, a member of their team who is relatively new to the company, steps in and pulls together a crucial part of the project to meet a tight deadline. The account manager is impressed with Elena's work, and she ends up getting a promotion after the project is completed. In this triad, Elena could be said to have assumed what role?
tertius gaudens
Melinda and Alex are co-leads on a project at work, but their working styles differ greatly and they are having trouble agreeing on procedures and objectives. Elena, a member of their team who is relatively new to the company, steps in and pulls together a crucial part of the project to meet a tight deadline. The account manager is impressed with Elena's work, and she ends up getting a promotion after the project is completed. In this triad, Elena could be said to have assumed what role?
tertius gaudens (Social Groups, Applied)
For a research project in your introductory sociology course, you decide to compare the coverage of health and beauty topics to that of career and professional topics in magazines created for women. You are conducting
textual analysis. (The Media Life Cycle, Applied)
culture jamming
the act of turning media against themselves
Labeling Theory
the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels overtime form the basis of their self-identity
Ethnocentrism
the belief that ones own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of ones own
Embededness
the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network
One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been
the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons. (Crime Reduction, Factual)
Subculture
the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society, a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.
Primary Deviance
the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act towards you
Tertius Gaudens
the member of a triad that benefits from the conflict between the other two members of the group.
Strength of Weak Ties
the notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information
According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group?
the number of people in the group
According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group?
the number of people in the group. (Social Groups, Factual)
Social Regulation
the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day to day basis
Auguste Comte developed very early ideas about sociology at a time when concern for proper behavior was a dominant part of life. A major part of his approach revolved around the idea of a secular morality. What aspect of life at that time would likely have made acceptance of Comte's ideas difficult?
the predominance of religion in daily life (The Sociology of Sociology, Conceptual)
socialization
the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of the society.
Divide et Impera
the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group
Organizational culture refers to ________
the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group.
The Chicago School of American Sociology emphasized the importance of
the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality. (The Sociology of Sociology, Factual)
Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state legislator. She has talked to her family members and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts. One day she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for a state senator in the most recent election. The classmate then offers to put Martha in touch with his cousin. This is an example of what concept?
the strength of weak ties
Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state senator. She has shared this interest with her family and friends, but noone seems to have any useful contacts who can help her. one day she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for that senator in a recent electron. The classmate then offers to introduce martha to his cousin. This is an example of what concept?
the strength of weak ties The strength of weak ties is the notion that often relatively weak ties turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information.
Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state legislator. She has talked to her family members and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts. One day she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for a state senator in the most recent election. The classmate then offers to put Martha in touch with his cousin. This is an example of what concept?
the strength of weak ties. (From Groups to Networks, Applied)
Narrative
the sum of stories contained in a set of ties
Informal Social Sanctions
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life
Crime
the violation of laws enacted by society
Organizational Structure
the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization
Broken windows theory of deviance
theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts
Voter turnout in the United States for national elections has never been stellar, with about half of eligible voters, on average, not showing up at the polls. At the local level, though, things are far worse, with estimates suggesting that less than a quarter of eligible voters turn out. Given that these local elections can have a big impact in things like property taxes, ordinances about being on the street late at night and even where you can skateboard, it's a bit of a surprise. What larger social trend does this suggest?
there is a decline in the amount of civic engagement
Sociologist Robert Wuthnow acknowledges there have been changes in Americans' sense of connection to one another and to communities, and he argues that ________
those connections have not disappeared and that people are not necessarily worse off because of these changes.
August 2014, police in Ferguson, missouri shot michael brown a young black man. the incident sparked a wave of protest, and elicited a dialogue about police and race relations nationwide. the town of ferguson is predominantly african american, having become increasingly so as white residents moved to the suburbs. some people have argued that part of the problem in ferguson originated from the disparity between the residents and police department, where the city has compromised of one population (black) and the police department of another (white). This underlies a more fundamental problem faced by many communities, in that the decline of communal ties has lessened the amount of
trust Robert Wuthnow argues that modernization has brought about a new form of "loose connections." The breakdown of families and a decline in neighborliness is a dominant concern, and many view their neighbors as inherently untrustworthy. Wuthnow also notes that this new "loose connection" does not mean the loss of all connection.
In August 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot a young black man. The incident sparked a wave of riots and civil unrest, and elicited a dialog about both police and race relations nationwide. The town of Ferguson is predominantly African American, having shifted over the years as the white population moved to the suburbs. Some have argued that part of the problem in Ferguson originated from the disparity between the residents and police department, where the city was comprised of one population (black) and the police department another (white). This underlies a more fundamental problem faced by many communities, in that the decline of communal ties has lessened the amount of
trust. (From Groups to Networks, Conceptual)
Comparative research usually involves studying which of the following?
two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest (Research 101- Data Collection, Factual)
nonmaterial culture
values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms -SYMBOLIC -COGNITIVE -NORMATIVE
Nonmaterial culture includes
values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms. (Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture, Factual)
In an effort to understand how group dynamics change under duress, a research team gathers 100 people at a very remote mountain location, bringing them all in by helicopter. Using carefully designed interviews, the researchers begin the lengthy process of interviewing the participants. After the second day, however, there are a dozen participants who express unhappiness and want to leave. The research team reminds them that they signed an agreement agreeing to be interviewed knowing what it entailed, that leaving is not practical and that they need to continue with the process. The research team is overlooking what aspect of research?
voluntary participation. (Ethics of Social Research, Applied)
