MIDTERM - POLICING
Arrange the problems that New York City police officers have with their jobs in the order of the frequency with which they were mentioned during a survey, starting with the most frequent
1. Leadership of the department 2. Precinct-level supervision 3. Lack of respect from the public
Arrange the reasons identified by the Memphis study that cause police officers to resign in the order of decreasing importance
1. the feeling that one's career has stagnated 2. intense experiences that brought accumulated frustrations to a head 3. lack of a sense of fulfillment on the job 4. family considerations 5. the conduct of coworkers
The ____ brought attention to growing conflict between the police and the Latino community in America
1943 Los Angeles riot
In the context of the 911 call workload, _____ is the shift schedule for the Fourth Watch
7:45 PM - 3:45 AM
Regional consolidation
A number of agencies combine to police a geographic area rather than a jurisdictional one
mandatory arrest is most likely to have a disproportionate impact on _____
African American men from low-income groups
_____ became the real leader of the policewomen's movement during the professional era of American policing
Alice Stebbins Wells
Identify the indicators of police officer performance included in an early intervention system (EIS)
All uses of force, use of sick leave and overtime, all citizen complaints, & disciplinary histories
_____ is considered to be the father of modern criminal justice education
August Vollmer`
The _____ was established in 1908 by executive order of President Theodore Roosevelt
Bureau of Investigation
Identify a criterion for police cadet programs
Cadets must be between the age of 16 and 20
The primary responsibility for police protection in the United States rests with _____
Cities and counties
____ _____ represents a set of formal and legally binding procedures governing personnel decisions
Civil service
Identify a true statement about coroners and medical examiners
Coroners are not typically trained as physicians, whereas medical examiners are physicians
Cross-deputization
Different law enforcement agencies authorize each other's officers to pool resources and improve regional coverage
Identify a true statement about the evasion of duty by police officers
Dispatchers assume that officers are still busy with committed calls until the officers report that the calls have been completed
T/F: After reviewing all the available research, the National Academy of Sciences concluded that merely increasing the number of African American or Hispanic officers will improve the quality of policing in a department
False
T/F: American police officers are exceptions to the notion that bias is unconscious, reflecting deeply held stereotypes about certain categories of people
False
T/F: Equal protection problems are raised by the traditional police practice of arresting the customer and not the prostitute, even though both are guilty of violating the law against commercialized sex
False
T/F: Historically, police departments recruited actively.
False
T/F: In a review of selection procedures commonly used by police departments, J. Douglas Grant and Joan Grant argue that existing preemployment psychological tests are successful in predicting future behavior as a police officer
False
T/F: Mentally ill persons are less likely to come to the attention of the police because they are less likely to be the victims of crime
False
T/F: Police officers usually take official action while handling non crime incidents
False
T/F: Policing has the highest rates of on-the-job deaths
False
T/F: Routine police patrol in the political era was very efficient
False
T/F: The National Academy of Sciences found a strong relationship between specific officer attitudes and behavior
False
T/F: In a review of selection procedures commonly used by police departments, J. Douglas Grant and Joan Grant argue that existing preemployment psychological tests are successful in predicting future behavior as a police officers.
False.
Identify a true statement about the Newark Patrol Experiment
Foot patrol officers reported more positive attitudes about citizens, believing them to be more supportive of the police
it is the oldest and largest police organization, and it represents about 50 percent of law enforcement officers in the nation
Fraternal Order of Police
____ generally encourage their officers to embrace new philosophies and methods of policing
Innovative supervisors
it is one of 89 chartered union affiliated with the AFL-CIO and has approximately 35,000 members
International Union of Police Associations
Which of the following is true of the administrative rule making model?
It called for a written policy providing clear guidance to police officers on when to shoot or not shoot
Identify the key elements associated with the COMPSTAT model according to David Weisburd and his associated
It clarifies a department's mission, goals, and values; it hold managers within an organization accountable
Which of the following is true of the Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement published by the Wickersham Commission?
It concluded that police abuse is extensively practiced
Identify a true statement about the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act
It extended the coverage of the 1964 law to state and local governments
Identify the characteristics of modern bureaucracy that are shared by the police departments
It is a complex organization performing many different tasks in pursuit of a common goal; the organizational structure is hierarchical or pyramidal, with a clear division of labor between the employees of the organization
Which of the following is true of in-service training?
It is designed to provide a refresher on basic issues such as the use-of-force policy
In the context of the employment of racial-and ethnic-minority police officers, identify the uses of the equal employment opportunity (EEO) index
It is used for measuring the employment performance of individual cities & it is used for taking into account the changing racial and ethnic composition of cities.
Identify a true statement about the fragmentation of American law enforcement
It leads to a lack of coordination between law enforcement agencies in the same geographic area
What was the impact of the patrol car on policing in Ameria?
It made efficient and effective patrol coverage possible
Identify the problems associated with police officers seeking outside employment
It may lower the dignity of the department; it creates potential conflicts of interest
Identify a true statement about the Los Angeles Police Department's famous disciplinary system under Chief William Parker
It overlooked officer use of excessive force
Identify a true statement about the Bureau of Customs and Border Protections (CBP)
It works to prevent illegal immigration and the smuggling of controlled substances and weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
The ____ measured the impact of different levels of patrol on criminal activity, community perceptions and attitudes, and police officer behavior and police department practices
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
The _____ was appointed to study the riots that occurred between 1964 and 1968 in America, and it counted more than 200 violent disorders in 1967 alone
Kerner Commission
Identify a true statements about Indian reservations in the United States
Many Native American tribes maintain their own tribal police departments on their reservations
Why were Americans very uncertain about the new police forces that were created in the mid-1800s?
Many people were afraid their political opponents would control the police and use them to their advantage; taxpayers simply did not want to pay for a public police force
Identify a true statement about the organizational structure and administrative style of American police departments
Most of the large police departments are legally bound by collective bargaining contracts with unions representing rank-and-file officers
The ____ found that additional foot patrol did not reduce serious crime
Newark Foot Patrol Experiment
The _____, created in 1905, was the first modern state police fore, but was not typical of most others
Pennsylvania State Constabulary
In a remarkable break with the traditional police subculture, which of the following issues did the National Black Police Officers Association specifically urge officers to report?
Police brutality
The _____ ______ ______ (1965-1967), also known as the President's Commission of Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, conducted a comprehensive study of the entire criminal justice system, including the police, and sponsored some important police research
President's Crime Commission
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, also known as _____, gives Indian nations the right to establish their own organizational framework and to establish their own performance standard for their police departments.
Public Law 93-638
In the context of the 911 call workload, the shift schedule for the _____ is 7:45 AM - 3:45 PM
Second Watch
Identify the most controversial aspect of police unionism
Strikes
It is perhaps the most controversial police union given its historical involvement with organized crime
Teamsters Law Enforcement League
Identify a true statement about the administrative arrangements that are used to police Indian nations
The Bureau of Indian Affairs is charged with assuming policing responsibilities in Indian Country
Identify the criticisms of the bureaucratic form of organization in the context of police organizations
The bureaucratic structure is often rigid, inflexible, and unable to adapt to external changes; the creative talents of employees in a bureaucratic organization are often stifled
Identify a true statement about the evasion of duty by police officers
The easiest way to evade duty is to delay reporting the completion of the call
What was the new form of citizen oversight of the police that appeared in the 1990s?
The police auditor
Identify the elements of the recruitment process for police officers
The recruitment effort, the applicant's decision to apply for a position, and the minimum qualifications
Identify a true statement about the county sheriff's office
The responsibilities of the county sheriff's office in 37 states are defined in the state constitution
Why do many police departments have personnel problems?
They do not have good personnel evaluation systems that recognize good performance; they train their officers well, but do not supervise them adequately; they do not promote the best officers; they hire good recruits, but do not train them properly
Identify a feature of the vertical cliques that are often formed in police departments
They often have a shared understanding of situations and problems and work together to address them in an agreeable manner
Local merger
Two separate police agencies from small communities or metropolitan areas form a single new entity
The ______, established in 1789, is the oldest federal law enforcement agency in the United States
United States Marshals Service
The federal agency that is responsible for providing security to the federal courts, housing federal detainees, and conducting fugitive investigations is the _____
United States Marshals Service
How are the police in America different from the military?
Unlike the military, the police serve a citizen population
In 1929 President Herbert Hoover created the ____, officially the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, to conduct the first national study of the American criminal justice system
Wickersham Commission
The 1943 Los Angeles riot is often referred to as the _____
Zoot Suit riot
A consequence of the widespread use of the patrol car, the two-way radio, and the telephone in policing was _____
a steady increase in the call workload
Which of the following are the features contributed to American policing by the English heritage?
a tradition of local control of law enforcement agencies; a tradition of limited police authority; a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement
A Justice Department survey found that 95 percent of all police departments refuse to hire anyone with a(n) _____
adult felony conviction
A Justice Department survey found that 95 percent of all police departments refuse to hire anyone with a(n) ______
adult felony conviction
In the context of American policing, August Vollmer is most famous for ______
advocating higher education for police officers
Chief William Parker's aggressive law enforcement tactics led to______
aggravated conflict with minority communities
Identify a true statement about a reverse 911 system
allows the police to call citizens
In the context of the formal hierarchies outlined under civil service systems, rank hierarchy means that ______
an officer carries his or her rank permanently, until promoted
Identify a true statement about the occupational powers of the police
an officer's uniform, badge, and weapon symbolize his or her occupational powers
According to Jerome Skolnick, which of the following visual cues do police officers associate with people that they think are criminals or potentially dangerous?
apparent income level; race and ethnicity; gender and age
Identify the responsibilities of traditional juvenile units
appearing in court, preparing cases for court, investigating reports of juvenile crime, and arresting delinquents
In the context of incidents involving domestic violence, David Hirschel et al. recently reported that most states in the United States have statutes that hold that _____
arrest is mandatory
Identify a true statement about the police response to domestic disturbances
arrest is not the most common police response to domestic disturbances
Identify the basic options available to police officers in handling the mentally ill
arrest, hospitalization, and informal disposition
According to Mastrofski, Snipes, and Supina's study of police encounters, which of the following is the most common responses to domestic disturbances?
asking a person to cease illegal behavior
To hire good officers, a police department must first _____
attract a pool of good applicants
Prostitutes that typically work out of entertainment establishments with the cooperation of management are called ____
bar girls
A(n) ____ _____ _____ ____ (BFOQ) is any requirement that is reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business
bona fide occupational qualification
Employers may establish ______ and refuse to hire people who do not possess those qualifications
bona fide occupational qualifications
identify a true statement about the results of a survey of male and female officers in two midwestern police departments on the top reasons for choosing policing as a career
both male and female officers ranked "helping people" as the most important reason for choosing policing as a career
The typical American police department is a complex _____, with a hierarchical structure and an authoritarian management style
bureaucracy
Steven Herbert identified _____ as a factor that shaped and helped to explain police officer behavior
bureaucratic control
because of the history of the American police, police professionalism acquired the same meaning as ______
bureaucratization
a feature of the oral interviews that are used by police departments as part of the recruitments and selection process for new recruits is that they ______
can detect attitudes that might be incompatible with good police work
Egon Bittner argues that the ____ is the defining feature of the police, distinguishing them from other occupations
capacity to use force
_____ ______ represents a set of formal and legally binding procedures governing personnel decisions
civil service
Responsible for developing job descriptions and pay scales, developing recruitment procedures, developing and administering recruitment tests, certifying qualified applicants, developing disciplinary procedures, and hearing appeals of disciplinary actions
civil service agencies
Job security acts as one of the primary motivators for choosing policing as a career. Police officers enjoy a high degree of job security because of_____
civil service rules and police union contract provision that make it very difficult to fire officers
people who were not sworn officers but were specialists in some particular area
civilians
According to Steve Herbert, which of the following factors help shape and explain police officer behavior?
competence and morality; a culture of adventure or machismo; a concern for personal safety; the law
A true statement about coroners and medical examiners is that ______
coroners are typically elected to their position, whereas medical examiners are usually appointed by an elected official
Lee Brown's _____ handle all responsibilities except law enforcement
correctional-judicial model agencies
____ occurs when a person calls the police about another person to divert attention from his or her own behavior
counterpunching
Certain assignments that are regarded as highly desirable by rank-and-file officers are sometimes referred to as
coveted assignments
Stephen Mastrofski's Models on non crime assume that _____
crime fighting is the central part of the police role
Based on the findings of Jerome Skolnick, identify the aspects of police work that shape a police officer's working personality
danger & authority
In the context of police accountability, _____ is a technique that should be used when appropriate and as an alternative to the officer's exacerbating an incident and using unnecessary force
de-escalation
the most important alternative to an officer using physical force is _____
de-escalation
Which of the following cause new police officers to experience reality shocks during the first weeks and months on the job?
dealing with the public & dealing with the criminal justice system
Community policing attempts to ______ police organizations
decentralize, deformalize, despecialize, and delyaerize
Under community policing, organizations are encouraged to _______
despecialize functions
Based on the findings of David Hirschel in his national study of mandatory arrest laws, it can be concluded that mandatory arrest law may have the unintended impact of ______
deterring people from calling the police for fear that they themselves may be arrested
The old height requirements of police departments were challenged in lawsuits arguing that they _____
discriminated against women, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans
The old height requirements of police departments were challenged in lawsuits arguing that they ______
discriminated against women, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans
In the context of the effect of a criminal record on the eligibility to work as a police officer, _____ pose the most difficult questions
drug offenses
A(n) ____ is a computer-based system for police accountability
early intervention system
O.W. Wilson's major contribution to policing involved the ______
efficient management of personnel, particularly patrol officers
Identify the basic principles of collective bargaining
employees have a legal right to form unions of their own choosing; employees have a right to participate in negotiations over working conditions; employers must recognize employee unions; employers are required to negotiate with the union's designated representatives
According to reformers, community policing's attempts to delayerize will _____
empower beat officers
Which of the following cause police officers to experience reality shocks while encountering the criminal justice system?
encountering incompetent prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges; seeing serious crimes plea-bargained to lesser offenses
Officer Michaels is a patrol officer assigned to an area in which streetwalking is frequent. While patrolling, his primary responsibilities should include ______
ensuring that streetwalking is confined to the area
in the context of the recommendation of the Civil Rights Act, the ____ _____ _____ (EEO) index compares workforce of the police department with the ethnic and racial composition of the community it serves
equal employment opportunity
The professionalization movement reformers tried to raise personnel standards for rank-and-file officers by ______
establishing minimum recruitment requirements of intelligence, health, and moral character
In Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court held that _______.
evidence gathered in an illegal search and seizure could not be used against the defendent
In the context of the employment of racial-and ethnic-minority police officers, the most useful measure of employment practices is the _____
extent to which a police department reflects the composition of the community it serves
Many advocates of community-oriented policing (COP) argue that is leads to greater job satisfaction for officers than traditional policing does because they ______
feel less isolated from the community they serve
According to Lee Brown, _____ carry out law enforcement, judicial, and correctional duties
full-service model sheriff's departments
the tendency to rate everyone highly
grade inflation
Divisions along racial, ethnic, and gender lines are reflected in the fact that _____
groups from separate social and fraternal associations representing African American, Hispanic, and female officers
In southern states in colonial America, the slave patrol was intended to ______
guard against slave revolts and capture runaway slaves
Campus security forces at colleges that are certified by state law enforcement agencies ______
have general arrest powers
In the context of the informal aspects of police organizations, _____ ______ are formed between similarly ranked officers
horizontal cliques
Identify a true statement about the dangers involved in police work
in police work, threats of danger involve criminal violence
____ is designed to introduce new issues, such as new state legislation or important court decision that affect police procedures
in-service training
Employment discrimination suits under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act have been a major factor in _____
increasing the number of minorities and women in policing
legalists
instructors who confined their teaching to legal issues
The top categories listed by the San Diego Police Department in its "Job Dimensions for Police Officers" include _____
integrity, interest in people, interpersonal sensitivity, communication skills, and problem-solving ability
Certain juvenile units have responsibilities in addition to those carried out by traditional juvenile units such as ______
investigating offenses against minor offenders
Which of the following is a problem associated with police officers seeking outside employment?
it diminishes a police officer's commitment to the job
Identify a true statements about the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act
it extended the coverage of the 1964 law to state and local governments.
Which of the following functions are served by the police academy experience?
it is a rite of passage that socializes recruits into the world of policing; it is a process for weeding out recruits whose performance is unsatisfactory; it provide formal training
Which of the following is true of in-service training?
it is designed to provide a refresher on basic issues such as the use-of-force policy
limits police powers in order to protect the rights of individual citizens
law
instructors who confined their teaching to legal issues
legalists
officers who were not prepared to teach, who offered personal advice, and who sometimes contradicted departmental policy
maladaptive generalists
Which of the following factors has an impact on the way police respond to mentally ill people?
mental health services being highly fragmented
this model involves formal agreements and arrangements between police departments and community mental health organizations
mental-health-based specialized mental health response
According to the Memphis study, which of the following factors causes police officers to resign?
new employment opportunities
A disadvantage of the bureaucratic form of organization in the context of police organizations is that _____
officers are not provided with suitable opportunities and flexibility at work
police careerists
officers who relied primarily on "war stories" of the lessons of their experience
maladaptive generalists
officers who were not prepared to teach, who offered personal advice, and who sometimes contradicted departmental policy
The most important finding in studies of the 911 call workload is that _____
only 20 to 30 percent of all calls for service involve criminal law enforcement
puts pressure on police officers to achieve results through arrests and convictions
order
In the context of modern technology that revolutionized policing in America, the _____ first appeared just before World War I and by the 1920s was in widespread use
patrol car
the first primitive communications systems in the political era involved a network of call boxes that allowed ______
patrol officers to call precinct stations
civilians
people who were not sworn officers but were specialists in some particular area
Community policing's attempts to decentralize decision making requires the police to ______
place greater responsibility on rank-and-file officers at the neighborhood level
sworn police officers who had obtained college credentials and used college-style teaching techniques
police academics
officers who relied primarily on "war stories" of the lessons of their experience
police careerists
Responsible for providing input on job descriptions, conducting some of the recruitment tests, and selecting recruits from certified lists
police departments
Which of the following is a factor that discourages police officers from making arrests in domestic violence situations?
police officers are wary of bringing an issue of domestic violence to the attention of other officers
this model involved utilizing mental health professionals who are employed by the police department to respond to problems involving the mentally ill
police-based specialized mental health response
the model involves sworn officers who have extensive training in responding to problem involving the mentally ill
police-based specialized response
In response to the civil rights crisis of the 1960s, police departments established special ______
police-community relations (PCR) units
Rising public concern about crime, riots, and the _____ stimulated a series of national reports on the police that greatly enhanced knowledge about policing and made a set of recommendations for improving the American police
police-community relations crisis
The standard measure for the level of police protection in a community is the _____-______ _____
police-population ratio
Identify the instances where pursuits are prohibited
presence of pedestrians; unsafe driving conditions due to bad weather
The concept of _____-_____ _____ (POP) holds that instead of thinking in terms of global concepts such as "crime" and "disorder," the police should address particular problems and develop creative responses to each one
problem-solving policing
The core elements of _______ involve a police officer engaged in an encounter with a citizen introducing himself or herself, explaining the reason for the stop, listening to what the citizen has to say, and answering any questions
procedural justice
Tom Tyler's research has found that people are more likely to obey the law when they have a sense of _____
procedural justice
Which of the following is recognized as an essential guiding principle for good policing?
procedural justice
The second generation of efforts during the 1990s aimed at improving police response to problems involving the mentally ill by ______
providing more specialized and focused responses
the police's practice of handling the mentally ill through informal disposition is sometimes called
psychiatric first aid
Identify a factor that is related to job satisfaction in policing
public support
The aggregate data on racial-and ethnic-minority employment of police officers are somewhat misleading because _____
racial and ethnic minorities are not evenly distributed throughout the United States
the aggregate data on racial-and ethnic-minority employment of police officers are somewhat misleading because ____
racial and ethnic minorities are not evenly distributed throughout the United States
The first weeks and months on the job for a new police officer are often a rude awakening. In his classic study of the police subculture, William Westley calls the experience ______
reality shock
In the context of the positive contributions of bureaucracy in policing, the _____ has been achieved through bureaucratic principles
reduction of misconduct
In the context of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, people believed that the police were present even when there was no patrol in the area. Criminologists call this ______
residual deterrance
In an important breakthrough, female officers were assigned to _____ for the first time in 1968
routine patrol duty
The system in which officers with more experience have first priority in requesting assignments embodies the _____ principle
seniority
____ _____ is defined as unwanted sexual advances or discrimination in assignments or promotion
sexual harassment
In policing, the general standard is a ______ of one sergeant to eight patrol officers
span of control
In the context of agencies of state law enforcement, agencies having statewide police powers for both traffic regulation and criminal investigations are referred to as _____
state police
Police academics
sworn police officers who had obtained college credentials and used college-style teaching techniques
____ challenges the traditional stereotype of the "split-second decision" in policing, where a threat appears suddenly and a police officer feels he or she has no choice about what to do
tactical decision-making
An interagency task force allows the police chief to select particular officers from different ranks, based on their _____ rather than just their rank
talents
Which of the following caused the intense discrimination against women in policing to reduce in the late 1960s?
the 1964 Civil Rights Act that outlawed employment discrimination
the tendency for the ratings of all officers to cluster around one numerical level
the central tendency phenomenon
it holds that effective responses to non crime calls can help the police to establish greater credibility with the public
the community cooperation model
It holds that police intervention can defuse potentially violent situations and prevent them from escalating into criminal violence
the crime prophylactic model
Which of the following is a contribution of modern bureaucracy in policing?
the development of many sprecialities
A true statement about the origin of the 911 system that _____
the first system went into operation in Haleyville, Alabama
the tendency for officers who are rated high on one factor to be rated high on all others
the halo effect
According to a survey of New York City police officers, which of the following do police officers dislike most about being a cop?
the leadership of their department
Identify a factor that impacts the police response to mentally ill people
the legal limitations to the police's ability to commit a person to a mental health facility involuntarily
surveys of recruits and new police officers consistently indicate that they choose law enforcements mainly because of ______
the nature of police work and the material benefit of the job
Surveys of recruits and new police officers consistently indicate that they choose law enforcement mainly because of ______
the nature of police work and the material benefits of the job
it holds that non crime calls give officers a broader exposure to the community with the result that they have more knowledge that will help them solve crimes
the police knowledge model
In the context of the police role, identify a true statement about the authority to use force
the police may use force only in the performance of their job
Which of the following are responsible for perpetuating the crime-fighter image of the police?
the police themselves, the news media, & the entertainment media
In the context of the police role, which of the following is included in the authority to use force?
the power to take someone's life; the use of physical force; the power to deprive people of their liberty through arrest
Bernard Cohen and Jan M.Chaiken studied 1,608 New York City police officers hired in 1957 in an attempt to correlate background characteristics with subsequent performance records. Based on official records, the only factor that correlated with good on-the-job performance was _____
the recruit training score
Identify the elements of the recruitment process for police officers
the recruitment effort; the applicant's decision to apply for a position; the minimum qualifications
In the context of maintaining high-quality police services, far too much attention is given to _____
the recruitment stage
In the context of maintaining high-quality police services, far too much attention is given to ______
the recruitment stage
it holds that the latent coercive power of the police can help to steer potential lawbreakers into law-abiding behavior
the social work model
Identify a true statement about preservice training in police academies
the typical training period covers more subjects than before
affirmative action does not necessarily involve
the use of quotas in hiring
Which of the following statements describes how police officers perform society's "dirty work"?
they are the first people to find victims of murder, rape, and domestic violence
Identify a problem with traditional performance evaluations conducted by police departments
they do not explain how effective police work is to be measured
Why do police officers prefer coveted assignments?
they help officers gains promotions to a higher rank; they are more challenging and interesting than basic patrol
Which of the following is true of the series of tests that are used by police departments to select a group of new recruits once they have a pool of applicants?
they include written and medical exams, a background check, and interviews of finalists.
Identify the criteria met by police departments' specialized responses for calls involving mentally ill persons
they take place in police agencies that have strong ties with mental health organizations, community members, and other criminal justice agencies; they provide police officers with several options that are tailor fit to meet the needs of those with mental illnesses; they link mentally ill individuals with community-based services
tactical decision-making places greater emphasis and responsibility on officers to _____
think about when and why they might use the force option
A basic element of police work that creates stress is the
threat of danger
Identify the basic goals of diversity in employment in police departments
to ensure that the employer is not discriminating and is in compliance with equal employment opportunity laws; to improve police service because some experts believe that racial and ethnic minority officers will be better able to serve minority communities; to improve the image of a police department and lead to better police-community relations with a workforce that reflects the community
The basic goals of diversity in employment in police departments
to improve police service because some experts believe that racial and ethnic minority officers will be better able to serve minority communities; to improve the image of a police department and lead to better police-community relations with a workforce that reflects the community; to ensure that the employer is not discriminating and is in compliance with equal employment opportunity laws
The most common administrative arrangement that is used to police Indian nations is for _____
tribes' police agencies to be created under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
Elimination of bias in policing require addressing _____ in police training
unconscious or implicit bias
Elimination of bias in policing requires addressing ______ in police training
unconscious or implicit bias
Identify the major findings of the Kansas City Experiment
variations the level of patrol had no significant impact on crime; variations in the level of patrol did not affect attitudes toward the police
The two types of protective cliques present in almost all police departments are _____
vertical and horizontal cliques
In the context of the minimum qualifications of police officers, police departments today require that ______
weight be proportional to height
Civil rights leaders have always urged police departments to hire more African American and Hispanic officers because they believe that these officers ______
will not discriminate in arrests and other police actions
