Midterm Psy 320

According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely by identified by the filter? a. All sensory messages b. All messages selected by the filter c. A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent d. All messages within earshot

A message with an unfamiliar accent

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement? a. Noam Chomsky b. Keller Breland c. B.F. Skinner d. John Watson

B.F. Skinner

Which of the following procedures can be used to help determine the exact way in which nerve fibers communicate with each other? a. fMRI b. PET c. EMG d. DTI

DTI

Which of the following brain imaging techniques, discovered in 1908, is now a standard technique for detecting tumors and other brain abnormalities? a. X-ray imaging b. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) c. Computed tomography (CT) d. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory c. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory d. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that a. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired. b. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. c. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. d. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.

STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map? a. James b. Tolman c. Sanders d. Raynor

Tolman

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. b. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. c. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory. d. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists? a. We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition. b. We need to identify the neurons that create perception. c. We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations. d. We must understand the basic components of perception.

We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. b. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus. c. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. d. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.

a. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

a. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

Which of the following analogies would provide the best description for how research progresses in cognitive psychology? a. ​A trail from which one thing leads to another. b. ​An octopus where every leg comes from a singular body. c. ​A pair of railroad tracks where two things move in a parallel fashion. d. ​A pyramid, where all questions lead to a singular answer, or "tip."

a. a trail from which one thing leads to another

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. implicit memory during learning b. imagery c. an organizational context during learning d. deep processing during retrieval

an organizational context during learning

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. rehearsal interference. b. articulatory suppression. c. an overload of sensory memory. d. an LTM recency effect.

articulatory suppression

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.

auditorially; auditorially

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both ________ and ________ experiments. a. observational; correlational b. behavioral; physiological c. brain; body d. nomothetic; idiographic

b. behavioral; physiological

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as a. neuropsychology. b. cognitive neuroscience. c. cognitive psychology. d. neuroscience.

b. cognitive neuroscience

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the a. fusiform face role. b. inverse projection problem. c. serial location task. d. radiated wavelength paradox.

b. inverse projection on problem

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called a. transduction. b. perception. c. sensation. d. consolidation.

b. perception

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage. a. letter analysis b. preattentive c. feature analysis d. focused attention

b. preattentive

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon. a. all of these b. rate of nerve firing c. speed of nerve conduction d. size of the nerve impulses

b. rate of nerve firing

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus. a. appearance b. sound c. modality d. meaning

b. sound

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing. a. serial b. top-down c. sequential d. bottom-up

bottom-up

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory? a. I was talking to that boy three months ago. b. I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago. c. I was talking to that girl just before class. d. I just sat down.

c. I was talking to that girl just before class.

Which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons? a. Cell body b. Dendrite c. Axon d. Receptor

c. Axon

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that a. it involves both explicit and implicit memories. b. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. c. it involves mental time travel. d. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience.

c. it involves mental time travel

The theory of unconscious inference includes the a. principle of componential recovery. b. principle of speech segmentation. c. likelihood principle. d. oblique effect.

c. likelihood principle

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. b. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. c. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. d. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span.

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of a. humanism. b. behaviorism. c. operant conditioning. d. cognitive psychology.

cognitive psychology

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be a. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. b. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons. c. composed of discrete individual units. d. continuous.

continous

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? a. Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with a. long-term potentiation. b. changes in specialized areas of the brain. c. changes at the synapse. d. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

d. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time ifa. both are handled by the sketch pad. b. both are handled by the phonological loop. c. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period d. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological

d. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. the stimulus category changed. b. the response task changed. c. the response task remained the same. d. the stimulus category remained the same.

d. the stimulus category remained the same

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding. a. sparse b. divergence c. distributed d. specificity

distributed

Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. a self-reference effect. b. repetition priming. c. implicit memory. d. elaborative rehearsal.

elaborative rehearsal

According to Ebbinghaus's savings curve, savings is a function of a. sensory modality. b. elapsed time. c. reaction time. d. word familiarity.

elapsed time

Graded amnesia occurs because a. emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories. b. nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories. c. recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories. d. remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories.

emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories.

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory. a. procedural b. working c. semantic d. episodic

episodic

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. Korsakoff's syndrome. c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d. disrupted long-term potentiation.

failure of memory consolidation

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the a. size of the action potentials. b. firing rate of the neurotransmitters. c. size of the synapse. d. firing rate of the action potentials.

firing rate of action potentials

The temporal lobe is

important for language,memory, hearing, and vision

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives. a. resistance b. invariance c. consistency d. constancy

invariance

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following? a. It reduces memory span. b. It reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words. c. It interferes with semantic coding. d. It eliminates the use of rehearsal

it interferes with semantic coding

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a. are difficult to modify. b. do not require attention. c. may differ from one task to another. d. are performed without conscious awareness.

may differ from one task to another

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a. meaning. b. direction. c. physical characteristics. d. language.

meaning

Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult.

object discrimination problem

A grandmother cell responds a. to both positive and negative emotion. b. only to a specific stimulus. c. to a variety of stimuli. d. to strong positive emotion.

only to a specific stimulus

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of a. paired-associate learning. b. the consolidation-reconsolidation effect. c. maintenance rehearsal. d. mood-congruent memory.

paired-associate learning

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following? a. people take in very little information about the ignored message. b. even deaf individuals process auditory information, even on a non-conscious level. c. people can focus on the message they were repeating. d. people can focus on one message and ignore the other one.

people can focus on one message and ignore the other

Posner and coworkers (1978) deduced which of the following from their research? a. Attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects. b. People move their attention from one place to another. c. Attention is always divided across two or more tasks simultaneously. d. The enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object.

people move their attention from one place to another

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. echoic memory. b. top-down processing. c. persistence of vision. d. a visual delay effect.

persistence of vision

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. prefrontal cortex b. occipital lobe c. amygdala d. hippocampus

prefrontal cortex

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

reading a sentence in a book

The primacy effect is attributed to a. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items. b. recall of information stored in LTM. c. recall of information still active in STM. d. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.

recall of information stored in LTM

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test. a. word-completion b. recall c. recognition d. personal semantic memory

recognition

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

semantic

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes. a. semantic regularities b. pragnanz c. physical regularities d. double dissociation

semantic regularities

In a dichotic listening experiment, ______ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear. a. echoing b. delayed repeating c. rehearsing d. shadowing

shadowing

In Donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a a. reaction time task. b. simple reaction time task. c. presentation task. d. choice reaction time task.

simple reaction time task

One function of ____ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. the central executive b. sensory memory c. articulatory suppression d. the phonological loop

the central executive

A synapse is a. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. b. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. c. the gap that separates two different neurons. d. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals.

the gap that separates two different neurons

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention? a. The result of Cherry's experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon b. A result where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear c. A result where listeners don't notice words presented up to 35 times in the unattended ear d. The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

the result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

In a procedure called diffusor tensor imaging (DTI), the way in which ________ diffuse(s) along the length of a nerve fiber is measured to determine how different nerves communicate with each other. a. sodium ions b. electricity c. neurotransmitters d. water

water

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

what pathway