Psychology Unit 4 Ch 12
privilege
"Unearned access to resources that are only readily available to some people because of their social group membership; an advantage, or immunity granted to or enjoyed by one societal group but not other groups." - Privilege is often invisible to those who have it (but obvious to those who do not) - Many people do not view themselves as privileged (because of low economic or social status), but the advantage of being in a majority group is very real
peripheral route
- Indirect route - Uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message - Uses characteristics such as positive emotion or celebrity endorsement - Results in less permanent attitude change
central route
- logic driven - uses facts and data - direct route to persuasion focusing on the quality of information - works best when audience is analytical and willing to engage in processing of the information
Triangular Theory of Love (Sternberg)
corners: passion, intimacy, commitment sides: romantic love, companionate love, and fatuous love
collectivist culture
culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community
________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.
group-polarization
attitude
our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object - can be positive or negative, influenced by external forces and internal factors that we control
romantic love
passion + intimacy
normative social influence
people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted
altruism
people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________.
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
seeking outside opinions on group decisions
prosocial behavior
voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
xenophobia
Prejudice and Discrimination based on nationality
homophobia
Prejudice and Discrimination based on sexual orientation
racism
Prejudice and discrimination against an individual based on race. Hatred or negative views of another person based on race. Explicit: Conscious and intentional Implicit: Unconscious and unintentional
sexism
Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex. - Explicit and implicit - Can range from gender role expectations to sexual harassment to overt sexual violence - Can exist on a societal level - earning potential opportunities still limited for women - Women still face challenges socially in male-dominated spaces
Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.
Asch
Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.
companionate
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
diffusion of responsibility
conformity
doing as other people are doing, going along with the group, even though it goes against your own inclinations
The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.
emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
Situationalism
idea that behavior/outcome is determined by external factors, environment, surroundings - stealing due to need - situation you are born into
companionship love
intimacy + commitment
consummate love
intimacy + passion + commitment
bystander effect
phenomenon in which a witness/bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.
prejudice
transphobia
prejudice and discrimination based on gender identity
Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________.
reciprocity
cyberbullying
repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person. More common in girls (usually in those that have been victims of cyberbullying themselves). *this is a learned behavior
bullying
repeated negative treatment of another person over time
During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.
scapegoating
group polarization
strengthening of group attitudes after discussion with likeminded others
What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom?
students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets
self-serving bias
take dispositional/internal credit when the outcome is good
diffusion of responsibility
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group.
fundamental attribution error
tendency to overestimate the dispositional influence and downplay the situational influence when explaining another person's behavior
confirmation bias
tendency to seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignore information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
scapegoating
the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
just-world hypothesis
the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.
the fundamental attribution error
reciprocity
the give and take in relationships. We contribute to relationships, but expect to receive benefits in return
self-disclosure
the sharing of personal information; leads to more intimate connections
homophily
the tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar
aggression
violence or actions intended to cause harm or pain to another person
actor-observer bias
we commit fundamental attribution error on others, but not on ourselves. when explaining other people's behaviors we commit FAE, but use situational factors to explain out own behaviors
justification of effort
we value more that which we had to work harder to get
During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?
when the correct choice is unclear
cognitive dissonance
when we change out own minds/attitudes Leon Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions to reduce cognitive dissonance, individuals can change their behavior or change their belief/attitude through rationalization or denial
groupthink
willingness to go long with the group consensus
persuasion
changing the minds/attitudes of others; central route or peripheral route
social exchange theory
Acting like economists, people keep track of the costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship
________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.
Dispositionism
Which statement about groupthink is correct?
Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.
What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?
Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.
What is the main point of the quizmaster study?
People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.
ageism
Prejudice and Discrimination based on age
in-group
a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to In-group bias: prejudice and discrimination toward out-group, which is perceived as different and less preferred than in-group.
out-group
a group that we view as fundamentally different from us
social norm
a group's expectation for what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members (rules of the game)
discrimination
a negative action toward an individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group
social role
a pattern of behavior that is expected of someone in a setting or group (playing the part)
foot-in-the-door technique
a person complies with a simple or small request, then they are much more likely to comply with a bigger request
confederate
a person who is given a role to play in a study; accomplice
stereotype
a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group
script
assumption for how one should act
social loafing
exerting less effort in group work
attribution
explanation for the behavior of other people-- situationism or dispositionism
Asch effect
likelihood participant answer matches (incorrect) or contradicts others (correct)
instrumental aggression
motivated by achieving a goal, not necessarily intent to cause pain. Typically displayed by women. (Example: communication that impairs the social standing of another person)
hostile aggression
motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain. (example: A bar fight)
Standford Prison Experiment
- A mock prison was constructed and participants (male college students), were randomly assigned to play prisoners or guards. - Almost immediately, the guards harassed the prisoners in an increasingly sadistic manner. Prisoners began to show signs of severe anxiety and hopelessness. - The two-week study had to be ended after six days. - Social norms and roles required guards to be authoritarian and prisoners to be submissive. Amplified by uniforms - Scripts influenced the way guards degraded the prisoners by making them do push-ups and removing privacy.
Asch's line experiment
All participants are 'in on It' (confederates), except one person (subject). Q: Which line on the right is the same length as standard line? All confederates give incorrect answer; subject then also gave incorrect answer
self-fulfilling prophesy
An expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. Stereotypes → expectations → treat person according to our expectations → influences person to act accordingly→ confirms our stereotypic beliefs.
compliance
doing what other people ask of you
empathy vs sympathy
Empathy: the capacity to understand another person's perspective, feeling the pain of others Sympathy: feeling bad for someone else who is experiencing pain
Milgram's Shock Experiment
The Milgram experiment on how people obey authority. - Participants were told to shock "learners" (confederate) for giving a wrong answer to test items. - Participants believed they were giving the learners shocks, which increased all the way up to 450 volts. - Subjects heard grunts, yells, screams, silence as shocks got stronger and stronger - Two out of three (65%) participants continued to administer shocks to an unresponsive learner. - Milgram initially conducted this to show people do not obey authority and ended up demonstrating the opposite
prejudice
a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one's membership in a particular social group
information social influence
conform because the group is believed to be competent or correct, (particularly useful when unsure/insecure)
individualistic culture
culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy
obedience
doing what authority figure tell you to do, complying with authority, avoid negative consequences
Dispositionalism
idea that internal factors like personality and free-will are the cause of behavior - stealing because it's fun - career choice
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesnâ t want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.
in-group
Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.
normative
When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.
peripheral
What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior