Psychology Unit 4 Ch 12

privilege

"Unearned access to resources that are only readily available to some people because of their social group membership; an advantage, or immunity granted to or enjoyed by one societal group but not other groups." - Privilege is often invisible to those who have it (but obvious to those who do not) - Many people do not view themselves as privileged (because of low economic or social status), but the advantage of being in a majority group is very real

peripheral route

- Indirect route - Uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message - Uses characteristics such as positive emotion or celebrity endorsement - Results in less permanent attitude change

central route

- logic driven - uses facts and data - direct route to persuasion focusing on the quality of information - works best when audience is analytical and willing to engage in processing of the information

Triangular Theory of Love (Sternberg)

corners: passion, intimacy, commitment sides: romantic love, companionate love, and fatuous love

collectivist culture

culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

group-polarization

attitude

our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object - can be positive or negative, influenced by external forces and internal factors that we control

romantic love

passion + intimacy

normative social influence

people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted

altruism

people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

xenophobia

Prejudice and Discrimination based on nationality

homophobia

Prejudice and Discrimination based on sexual orientation

racism

Prejudice and discrimination against an individual based on race. Hatred or negative views of another person based on race. Explicit: Conscious and intentional Implicit: Unconscious and unintentional

sexism

Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex. - Explicit and implicit - Can range from gender role expectations to sexual harassment to overt sexual violence - Can exist on a societal level - earning potential opportunities still limited for women - Women still face challenges socially in male-dominated spaces

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

companionate

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

conformity

doing as other people are doing, going along with the group, even though it goes against your own inclinations

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Situationalism

idea that behavior/outcome is determined by external factors, environment, surroundings - stealing due to need - situation you are born into

companionship love

intimacy + commitment

consummate love

intimacy + passion + commitment

bystander effect

phenomenon in which a witness/bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

transphobia

prejudice and discrimination based on gender identity

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________.

reciprocity

cyberbullying

repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person. More common in girls (usually in those that have been victims of cyberbullying themselves). *this is a learned behavior

bullying

repeated negative treatment of another person over time

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.

scapegoating

group polarization

strengthening of group attitudes after discussion with likeminded others

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom?

students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

self-serving bias

take dispositional/internal credit when the outcome is good

diffusion of responsibility

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group.

fundamental attribution error

tendency to overestimate the dispositional influence and downplay the situational influence when explaining another person's behavior

confirmation bias

tendency to seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignore information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

scapegoating

the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

just-world hypothesis

the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.

the fundamental attribution error

reciprocity

the give and take in relationships. We contribute to relationships, but expect to receive benefits in return

self-disclosure

the sharing of personal information; leads to more intimate connections

homophily

the tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar

aggression

violence or actions intended to cause harm or pain to another person

actor-observer bias

we commit fundamental attribution error on others, but not on ourselves. when explaining other people's behaviors we commit FAE, but use situational factors to explain out own behaviors

justification of effort

we value more that which we had to work harder to get

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?

when the correct choice is unclear

cognitive dissonance

when we change out own minds/attitudes Leon Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions to reduce cognitive dissonance, individuals can change their behavior or change their belief/attitude through rationalization or denial

groupthink

willingness to go long with the group consensus

persuasion

changing the minds/attitudes of others; central route or peripheral route

social exchange theory

Acting like economists, people keep track of the costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

Dispositionism

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

ageism

Prejudice and Discrimination based on age

in-group

a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to In-group bias: prejudice and discrimination toward out-group, which is perceived as different and less preferred than in-group.

out-group

a group that we view as fundamentally different from us

social norm

a group's expectation for what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members (rules of the game)

discrimination

a negative action toward an individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group

social role

a pattern of behavior that is expected of someone in a setting or group (playing the part)

foot-in-the-door technique

a person complies with a simple or small request, then they are much more likely to comply with a bigger request

confederate

a person who is given a role to play in a study; accomplice

stereotype

a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group

script

assumption for how one should act

social loafing

exerting less effort in group work

attribution

explanation for the behavior of other people-- situationism or dispositionism

Asch effect

likelihood participant answer matches (incorrect) or contradicts others (correct)

instrumental aggression

motivated by achieving a goal, not necessarily intent to cause pain. Typically displayed by women. (Example: communication that impairs the social standing of another person)

hostile aggression

motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain. (example: A bar fight)

Standford Prison Experiment

- A mock prison was constructed and participants (male college students), were randomly assigned to play prisoners or guards. - Almost immediately, the guards harassed the prisoners in an increasingly sadistic manner. Prisoners began to show signs of severe anxiety and hopelessness. - The two-week study had to be ended after six days. - Social norms and roles required guards to be authoritarian and prisoners to be submissive. Amplified by uniforms - Scripts influenced the way guards degraded the prisoners by making them do push-ups and removing privacy.

Asch's line experiment

All participants are 'in on It' (confederates), except one person (subject). Q: Which line on the right is the same length as standard line? All confederates give incorrect answer; subject then also gave incorrect answer

self-fulfilling prophesy

An expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. Stereotypes → expectations → treat person according to our expectations → influences person to act accordingly→ confirms our stereotypic beliefs.

compliance

doing what other people ask of you

empathy vs sympathy

Empathy: the capacity to understand another person's perspective, feeling the pain of others Sympathy: feeling bad for someone else who is experiencing pain

Milgram's Shock Experiment

The Milgram experiment on how people obey authority. - Participants were told to shock "learners" (confederate) for giving a wrong answer to test items. - Participants believed they were giving the learners shocks, which increased all the way up to 450 volts. - Subjects heard grunts, yells, screams, silence as shocks got stronger and stronger - Two out of three (65%) participants continued to administer shocks to an unresponsive learner. - Milgram initially conducted this to show people do not obey authority and ended up demonstrating the opposite

prejudice

a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one's membership in a particular social group

information social influence

conform because the group is believed to be competent or correct, (particularly useful when unsure/insecure)

individualistic culture

culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy

obedience

doing what authority figure tell you to do, complying with authority, avoid negative consequences

Dispositionalism

idea that internal factors like personality and free-will are the cause of behavior - stealing because it's fun - career choice

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesnâ t want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.

peripheral

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior