Midterm study set (HIST 133) @ MCCKC

It played a role in selecting the emperor after the death of the current one.

How did the praetorian guard, a creation of Augustus, come to exert a critical role in imperial politics?

All roads led to Rome, the economic, political, and cultural capital.

This map of the Roman roads demonstrates what about the Roman republic around 110 B.C.E.?

The Aeneid

Which landmark poem by Virgil told the story of one of Rome's founders and expressed praise for Roman civilization while also indirectly alluding to problems in it?

Rhetoric

Which of the following subjects was considered most important for an elite Roman boy's education and preparation for adulthood?

Gaul

Which of the following territories only came under Roman control between 133 B.C.E. and the death of Julius Caesar?

Crete

Which of the following was part of Classical Greece around 400 B.C.E.?

Paleolithic era

Which period in human history came first?

The demand was greater in Athens, since aspiring politicians needed the training in rhetoric that the Sophists offered to advance in Athens's democracy.

Why did Athens attract more Sophists than other similarly sized Greek city-states?

The Nile River

According to this map, which geographical feature appears to have been the most important to ancient Egyptian civilizations?

Aristophanes

Which Athenian dramatist satirized the Sophists for making "the weaker argument the stronger"?

olives

A farmer in Italy would be most likely to grow which of the following?

evil powers that would one day be crushed by the Messiah, God's chosen agent, after which the righteous would be rewarded and the evil punished.

According to Jewish apocalypticism, the world was ruled by

disturbed Athenians who feared that Athens would lose favor with the gods.

A philosopher friend of Pericles who argued that the sun was not a god, and another who believed that all matter consisted of tiny particles in constant motion,

Mediterranean Sea. ​

According to this map, the Phoenician shipping routes were primarily within the

became the basis for the Athenian Empire, because Athens required the other member city-states to fund warships built and manned by Athenians.

After the Persian Wars, a formal defensive alliance that included city-states in northern Greece, on the Aegean islands, and along the Ionian coast

Gender

Along with hierarchies based on wealth and power, the development of agriculture was intertwined with a hierarchy based on what trait?

did not judge all Roman citizens as equal before the law.

Although Roman law was founded on the principle of equity, it nevertheless

won a lawsuit filed against him by a major Athenian political figure who disliked the way he was portrayed in one of Aristophanes' comedies.

Aristophanes, an Athenian playwright whose comedies made harsh references to prominent leaders,

lottery

As a result of Solon's reforms, council members who prepared the agenda for the assembly were chosen by

Pericles

Aspasia of Miletus exhibited so much knowledge and brilliance that which high-ranking Athenian politician wished to marry her?

By demanding and receiving a consulship long before he had reached the legal age

How did the general and politician Gnaeus Pompey shatter Roman tradition?

Other Greek city-states and settlements under Greek influence

Based on this map, who did Greek city-states tend to trade with from 750 to 500 B.C.E.?

Intensive irrigation elevated the salt level of the soil, which decreased its fertility and lowered crop yields.

Beginning about 2000 B.C.E., what man-made environmental crisis wreaked havoc on Mesopotamian political stability?

The Vandal Kingdom

By the time of Justinian's death in 565 C.E., which of the following regions had come under the control of the eastern Roman Empire?

preparing for a smooth and blessed afterlife

By the time of the New Kingdom, religious practices in Egypt for the wealthy and poor alike were often centered on which of the following?

undertake expansionist campaigns against their neighbors.

Concerns about national security and a desire for wealth led the Romans to

Marduk

During the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Chaldeans rebuilt the great temple of their chief god,

heroic and admirable—a living martyrdom that emulated the sacrifice of Christ.

During the transformation of the Roman Empire, becoming a monk and living a life of self-denial was seen as

joined the sizable group of noncitizens allowed to live in the city-state.

Greek slaves who attained their freedom

It was deliberately built on the former site of Nero's extravagant private fishpond.

How did the construction of the Colosseum demonstrate the Flavian dynasty's commitment to the well-being of the people?

He insisted that absolute truth did not exist because every issue had two irreconcilable sides.

How did the fifth-century Sophist Protagoras offend many Athenians?

the Greeks put forward innovations in architecture, sculpture, drama, and philosophy.

Historians refer to the period from around 500 to around 400 B.C.E. as the Golden Age of Greece because during this period

They insisted that women needed to be protected from seducers and rapists.

How did Athenians traditionally justify restricting women's freedom of movement?

He came from the equites class and not the patrician class, and his armies were more loyal to him than to the republic.

How did Gaius Marius's military conquests and election as consul represent a turning point in the Roman republic?

It applied the same rules and punishments to all, without regard to social standing or rank.

How did Israelite law differ from the legal codes previously established in Mesopotamia?

They pressed for judicial reform and equal treatment under the law.

How did ordinary male citizens contribute to the development of Athenian radical democracy?

violent arrogance

In Greek tragedies, leading characters, usually the high and mighty, suffered a reversal of fortune because of hubris, a Greek term for

As a fact of life that could happen to almost anyone under certain circumstances

In general, how did the ancient Sumerians view slavery?

describing the moral failures and miscalculations of the Greeks.

In his History of the Peloponnesian War, the Greek historian Thucydides broke with tradition by

nature of Christ.

Monophysitism, Nestorianism, and Arianism were all part of the debate about the

use the Athenian fleet to support an uprising in Egypt against the Persians.

Pericles, a skilled orator and leading Athenian democrat, made a major blunder in the late 450s B.C.E. when he urged Athens to

The stone age (what 2 eras make this period)

Taken together, the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras make up what period of human history?

Britain

The Angles and the Saxons migrated to which of the following regions?

religious tolerance for all inhabitants of the Roman Empire.

The Edict of Milan, promulgated by Constantine and Licinius in 313, decreed

which were derived from the creation myths of the Near East.

The Greek concept of divine justice is illustrated in Hesiod's epic poems,

successfully melded Frankish and Roman traditions and avoided Justinian's campaign to reconquer the western empire.

The Merovingian dynasty lasted two hundred years mainly because the Merovingians

Neolithic Revolution

The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals were key elements in which of the following?

ordered all citizens to sacrifice to the gods for the welfare of the state and executed all Christians who refused to do so.

The difficulties facing Rome in the third century C.E. convinced the emperor Decius of the need to appease the gods, so between 249 and 251 he

interrupted shipments of food to Rome.

The eighty thousand Vandals who captured North Africa early in the fifth century

The stone age

The evolution of hierarchy in human society, the development of agriculture, and the domestication of animals are all patterns of life that emerged from which period?

a desire to share in Roman prosperity.

The various barbarian tribes that moved into the Roman Empire during the fourth and fifth centuries shared both a terror of the Asiatic Huns, who had invaded eastern Europe in the fourth century, and

Hunting and gathering

What activity was most central in the lives of Paleolithic peoples?

Ceremonial features, including musical instruments and religious rituals

What customs and practices did the Romans adopt from the Etruscans?

Virtue, faithfulness, and respect

What did Roman morality primarily emphasize?

A new form of political and social organization known as the polis, or independent city-state

What did the Greeks establish as they began to recover from two centuries of economic devastation and population decimation?

They expanded their territory via military campaigns to the south and up and down the eastern Mediterranean coast.

What did the New Kingdom pharaohs (1569-1081 B.C.E.) do following the expulsion of the Hyksos?

Their superior use of chariots.

What do historians now speculate to be the principal reason for the Hittites' military success?

Women occupied positions of leadership in war and peace alongside men.

What do recent archaeological discoveries of graves from the Hittite kingdom reveal?

A manner of teaching that features relentless questioning

What does "the Socratic method" refer to?

The Spartans enlisted the help of the Persians to build a navy that could force the Athenians to surrender.

What finally led to Athenian defeat and the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War?

The emperors forced them to serve as unsalaried members of the city senate and to use their own money to support the community.

What new obligations did the emperors impose on the curials, the social elite in the towns, in response to Rome's economic problems?

They provided communication between ruler and ruled, as ordinary citizens staged protests at events at which the emperor was present.

What public function did gladiatorial combats provide in the Roman Empire?

The Sumerians invented writing to do accounting.

What was the Sumerians' purpose in inventing writing?

They pressured the patricians by periodically refusing to perform military service.

What was the main tactic used by the plebeians to force the patricians to make political and economic concessions?

The Tribal Assembly

What was the most important of the Roman assemblies, in which plebeians outnumbered patricians?

Phoenicians

When the Greeks began writing again about 800 B.C.E., they adopted and adapted an alphabet they received from the

proclaimed an amnesty to prevent further civil disorder.

When the Thirty Tyrants were overthrown in 403 B.C.E., the Athenians restored their democracy and

Since the Roman Empire was not formally a monarchy, no successor could automatically inherit the previous emperor's power without the Senate's approval.

Why did Augustus not create and codify in law a formal mechanism by which all future emperors could be chosen?

Its location was militarily and commercially strategic.

Why did Constantinople become the capital of the eastern half of the empire?

Hellenistic-Near Eastern culture had long been firmly entrenched, thus making it difficult for Romanization to have much sway.

Why did Romanization have less effect in the eastern provinces than in the western provinces?

They wanted a simpler writing system for their business records.

Why did the peoples of Phoenicia, Canaan, and the Sinai Peninsula develop their alphabet around 1600 B.C.E.?

The Greeks so valued their political freedom that they joined forces to preserve it.

Why do historians consider the Greek victory over the far more numerous Persians during the great Persian invasion of 480-479 B.C.E. to have been truly remarkable?

The ancient world was otherwise characterized by monarchies and legal inequality.

Why was the notion of citizenship such a radical innovation in ancient Greece?

The Greeks forced the Persians to fight in a narrow strait between the island of Salamis and the coast, where their sturdier ships rammed the flimsier Persian ships.

Why were the Greeks able to defeat the Persian fleet in the battle of Salamis in 480 B.C.E.?