Mindtap Questions 11-15

In her study of the usefulness of "patient navigators" (an individual who has been diagnosed with the same disease and helps guide the patient through the medical system), Kate includes a measure of health-related quality of life that yields an interval-level score. She wants to determine whether having a patient navigator results in better health-related quality of life by comparing the group with navigators to the group without navigators. a) ANOVA b) Chi-square c) Descriptive d) Regression

a) ANOVA

Tony surveys undergraduates about their use of alcohol and finds that 32% of those who are underage say they have used alcohol in the past 30 days. What can Tony conclude from his survey? a) About one-third of underage students report consuming alcohol in the past 30 days. b) Underage drinking is not a problem at his university. c) Underage students lie about their alcohol use. d) Over two-thirds of underage students did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days.

a) About one-third of underage students report consuming alcohol in the past 30 days.

Susan has been exhibiting a number of problematic behaviors following the retirement of one of her favorite teachers. Her support team decides to implement an intervention to increase the probability of positive behaviors. They start with a single behavior—raising her hand to speak in class. a) Across behaviors b) Across situations c) Across subjects

a) Across behaviors

The maximum probability that the research results were due to chance a) alpha b) Sample statistic c) Standard error d) Test statistic

a) Alpha

An advantage of the case study approach is that it: a) Can be very vivid b) Typically generalizes very well c) Is more objective than most other approaches d) Eliminates many sources of bias

a) Can be very vivid

Albert has a tendency to become frustrated and engage in self-injurious behavior. His support team has decided to implement a redirection program, and when Albert starts getting frustrated with a task, he is redirected to another task. He had 13, 10, 8, 14, and 8 episodes of self-injurious behavior on each of the five days prior to the redirection intervention, respectively. He had 11, 6, 8, 6, and 9 episodes of self-injurious behavior on each of the five days following the redirection intervention, respectively. a) Change in average level b) Change in trend c) Immediate change in level

a) Change in average level

Calculated by dividing the sample mean difference by the sample standard deviation a) Cohen's d b) Percentage of variance

a) Cohen's d

Measures interrater reliability and corrects for chance agreement a) Cohen's kappa b) Cronbach's alpha c) Kuder-Richardson formula 20 d) Spearman-Brown formula

a) Cohen's kappa

In order to better understand the circumstances under which people will help a stranger, Eve has a confederate approach individuals in a busy shopping mall asking for help carrying an extremely heavy package. a) Contrived b) Naturalistic c) Participant

a) Contrived

Kelly is an observer in a study of how people respond to loud public arguments. To facilitate observations, two actors are hired to argue with each other in public. What method is being used? a) Contrived observation b) Participant observation c) Situational observation d) Naturalistic observation

a) Contrived observation

Barb is observing a child with autism spectrum disorder and records the amount of time the child engages in stimming (for example, spinning objects, flapping his hands, rocking) out of a 30-minute period. a) Duration b) Frequency c) Interval

a) Duration

Niki is observing a child during free-play time. She records a specific behavior during one interval, switches to another behavior in the next interval, another behavior in the next interval, and so on. a) Event sampling b) Individual sampling c) Time sampling

a) Event sampling

There is a bar above each score, and the height of the bar indicates the frequency of the corresponding score. a) Histogram b) Polygon

a) Histogram

Which of the following statements are true with regard to descriptive research? Check all that apply. a) In descriptive research, the focus is on the complex interrelationships among multiple variables. b) Descriptive research involves measuring variables as they exist naturally. c) Descriptive research is particularly useful in the initial stages of research.

a) In descriptive research, the focus is on the complex interrelationships among multiple variables. b) Descriptive research involves measuring variables as they exist naturally. c) Descriptive research is particularly useful in the initial stages of research.

Which of the following statements about the strengths and weaknesses of different survey methods are true? Check all that apply. a) Internet surveys offer control over the sample composition. b) In-person surveys have poor response rates. c) Mail surveys are convenient and anonymous. d) Interviewer bias can be a problem for phone surveys. d) Mail surveys may have problems with nonresponse bias. e) Response rates tend to be high for mail surveys. f) Internet surveys are efficient to administer to a large number of participants.

a) Internet surveys offer control over the sample composition. b) In-person surveys have poor response rates. c) Mail surveys are convenient and anonymous. d) Interviewer bias can be a problem for phone surveys. d) Mail surveys may have problems with nonresponse bias. e) Response rates tend to be high for mail surveys. f) Internet surveys are efficient to administer to a large number of participants.

When the initial baseline phases correspond to two separate behaviors for the same participant, the design is called a: a) Multiple-baseline across behaviors b) Multiple-baseline across situations c) Multiple-baseline across treatments d) Multiple-baseline across subjects

a) Multiple-baseline across behaviors

In a multiple-baseline design, when the initial baseline phases correspond to the same behavior for two separate participants, the design is called a: a) Multiple-baseline across subjects b) Multiple-baseline across behaviors c) Multiple-baseline across situations d) Multiple-baseline across treatments

a) Multiple-baseline across subjects

Having a pet relieves stress. a) Not a descriptive study b) Descriptive study

a) Not a descriptive study

One variable (X) is being used to predict another variable (Y). a) Regression b) Spearman correlation c) Pearson correlation

a) Regression

The statistical process of finding the linear equation that produces the most accurate predicted values for Y using one predictor variable (X) is called: a) Regression b) Normalization c) Transformation d) Correlation

a) Regression

Which of the following statements about the strengths and weaknesses of single-subject designs are true? Check all that apply. a) Single-subject designs generalize well to other subjects and other settings. b) Problems can arise in interpretation if the graphs are ambiguous. c) Single-subject designs tend to be rather rigid. d) Reactivity and sensitization can impact outcomes if participants become aware that they are being observed. e) Single-subject designs are especially suitable for clinical settings.

a) Single-subject designs generalize well to other subjects and other settings. b) Problems can arise in interpretation if the graphs are ambiguous. c) Single-subject designs tend to be rather rigid. d) Reactivity and sensitization can impact outcomes if participants become aware that they are being observed. e) Single-subject designs are especially suitable for clinical settings.

What are the characteristics of single-subject designs? Check all that apply. a) Single-subject studies have methodology that incorporates elements of nonexperimental case studies and time-series designs. b) Data from single-subject designs are graphed as unconnected points in scatterplots. c) To qualify as a true experiment, the graph of a single-subject study must provide convincing evidence that the treatment has caused a change in behavior.

a) Single-subject studies have methodology that incorporates elements of nonexperimental case studies and time-series designs. b) Data from single-subject designs are graphed as unconnected points in scatterplots. c) To qualify as a true experiment, the graph of a single-subject study must provide convincing evidence that the treatment has caused a change in behavior.

Which of the following statements about the strengths and weaknesses of the case study method are true? Check all that apply. a) The level of detail included in a case study is typically limited. b) Case studies are often quite memorable and may therefore have a greater emotional impact than other types of research. c) Case studies typically have weak external validity. d) Case studies are often useful in identifying new variables for experimental investigation. e) Case studies typically have strong internal validity.

a) The level of detail included in a case study is typically limited. b) Case studies are often quite memorable and may therefore have a greater emotional impact than other types of research. c) Case studies typically have weak external validity. d) Case studies are often useful in identifying new variables for experimental investigation. e) Case studies typically have strong internal validity.

______________ exists between the factors when the effects of one factor depend on the different levels of a second factor. a) an interaction b) a conditional effect c) a dependency d) a secondary effect

a) an interaction

By showing that the pattern of behavior in each treatment phase is clearly different from the pattern in each baseline phase, the researcher demonstrates the presence of a ___________________ between the treatment and the behavior change. By demonstrating that the changes in behavior from baseline to treatment and from treatment to baseline are the same for each of the phase-change points in the experiment, the researcher demonstrates the presence of a _____________________ between the treatment and the behavior change. a) casual relationship b) relationship

a) casual relationship, b) relationship

Robb lives in a community that experienced a powerful storm that destroyed a portion of the town. He is interested in how it has affected the ability of the residents to respond effectively to challenging situations. He recruits two groups of participants—those who were not directly affected by the storm and those who were affected, losing their homes and possessions. He has a between-subjects factor of task difficulty with three levels. a) Combined strategy b) Mixed design c) Higher-order factorial

a) combined strategy

______________statistics help organize and summarize data, while ______________statistics are used to test hypotheses and determine what conclusions are justified. a) descriptive b) inferential

a) descriptive, b) inferential

Abraham is conducting behavioral observation in an Internet café. Prior to starting his observations, he begins going to the café in an effort to become part of the scenery. As such, he is seeking to ____________________others to his presence. a) habituate b) sensitize c) arouse d) alert

a) habituate

Frank finds that learning is faster with high-reward conditions than with low-reward conditions. Effect? a) main effect b) interaction

a) main effect

Frank finds that learning is slower with delayed reward than with immediate reward. a) main effect b) interaction

a) main effect

The ____________ is the arithmetic average of a set of scores. a) mean b) range c) median d) mode

a) mean

The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores a) mean b) median c) mode

a) mean

A ______________is a summary value that describes a sample. a) statistic b) parameter c) corollary d) construct

a) statistic

The term ___________ refers to a consistent increase or decrease in the magnitude of behavior across the series of observations. a) trend b) level c) phase d) variance

a) trend

How many treatment conditions are included in a 2 x 3 x 5 design? a) 3 b) 30 c) 9 d) 15

b) 30

Cameron is conducting a two-factor within-subjects design in which he has two levels of one variable and three levels of the other variable (a 2 x 3 factorial). How many measurements will be collected on each subject? a) 2 b) 6 c) 3 d) 5

b) 6

An example of the idiographic approach is: a) A telephone survey b) A case study c) A differential study d) An Internet survey

b) A case study

Which of the following statements regarding factorial design are true? Check all that apply. a) A 2 x 2 factorial and a 3 x 5 factorial are both two-factor designs. b) A factorial design described as 2 x 3 has two variables with three levels each. c) In a factorial design, the independent variables are referred to as factors.

b) A factorial design described as 2 x 3 has two variables with three levels each. c) In a factorial design, the independent variables are referred to as factors.

What does the experimenter hope to see during the second A phase of an ABAB design? a) Stability of the target behavior b) A return to the baseline levels of the target behavior c) Continued improvement in behavior d) Greatly increased variability in the target behavior

b) A return to the baseline levels of the target behavior

Michael, a 14-year-old who has an autism spectrum disorder, had been mainstreamed for all of his classes, but his behavior seems to be regressing. His support team decides to begin rewarding him for appropriate behaviors in the class where his behavior is worst, but not in the other classes. a) Across behaviors b) Across situations c) Across subjects

b) Across situations

The Spearman correlation is: a) The inverse of the Pearson correlation b) Applied to ordinal data c) Computed with ratio level data d) Used with nominal data

b) Applied to ordinal data

Donna had been doing very well about staying on task at school, averaging more than 15 minutes on task before needing a reminder. Recently, the amount of time she stays on task has been gradually declining. Her teacher provides her with her own timer and teaches her how to set it to 15 minutes. Donna's time on task immediately starts increasing again. a) Change in average level b) Change in trend c) Immediate change in level

b) Change in trend

Kate wants to know whether providing a "patient navigator" (an individual who has been diagnosed with the same disease and helps guide the patient through the medical system) is helpful to individuals who have recently been diagnosed with cancer. She randomly assigns newly diagnosed patients to one of two conditions—having a navigator or not having a navigator. After one month, she asks the patients whether they find working with the cancer-care system frustrating and wants to compare the proportions in the two groups. a) ANOVA b) Chi-square c) Descriptive d) Regression

b) Chi-square

Measures split-half reliability by estimating the average correlation that would be obtained by considering every possible way to split the test in half; can be used when there are more than two response alternatives a) Cohen's kappa b) Cronbach's alpha c) Kuder-Richardson formula 20 d) Spearman-Brown formula

b) Cronbach's alpha

College students are "addicted" to portable electronic devices such as cell phones. a) Not a descriptive study b) Descriptive study

b) Descriptive study

Anna is observing a child's behavior in a group. She counts the number of times the child approaches an adult with a request for help in a 30-minute period. a) Duration b) Frequency c) Interval

b) Frequency

How can factorial designs correctly address specific research issues? Check all that apply. a) If a researcher using a within-subjects design suspects that a particular participant characteristic, like age, may affect the outcome of treatment, that participant characteristic can be used as a factor. b) If a researcher is concerned about treatment order effects, treatment order can be used as a factor.

b) If a researcher is concerned about treatment order effects, treatment order can be used as a factor.

Dean is amused to learn that the silly goat videos making the rounds on social media can actually improve moods in depressed individuals in comparison to other videos, including silly cat videos. He wonders whether the videos would have the same effects on individuals who are not depressed. Which approach would best allow Dean to replicate the original findings while also answering his question? a) Replicate the study twice, in separate experiments: one with depressed individuals and another with nondepressed individuals. b) Include two groups of subjects—depressed and nondepressed—and use the original experimental methods with both groups. c) Use the original experimental methods, but ask the subjects to indicate whether they are depressed. d) Use the original experimental methods, but include only depressed individuals as subjects.

b) Include two groups of subjects—depressed and nondepressed—and use the original experimental methods with both groups.

Kathy is observing the interactions among a six-member sibling group. She observes one child during the first interval, another during the second interval, another during the third interval, and so on. a) Event sampling b) Individual sampling c) Time sampling

b) Individual sampling

Melinda simply does not like her job as a telephone interviewer, and her tone of voice when asking questions is flat and emotionless. What type of bias is Melinda most likely to be introducing into the survey? a) Instrumentation b) Interviewer c) Nonresponse d) Assignment

b) Interviewer

Consider a study with a single group of participants with one score per participant. The scores are ordinal. What is the most appropriate descriptive statistic? a) Mean b) Median c) Any measure of central tendency d) Mode

b) Median

People tend to be happiest on the weekends. a) Descriptive study b) Not a descriptive study

b) Not a descriptive study

Texting while driving reduces reaction time to driving emergencies. a) Descriptive study b) Not a descriptive study

b) Not a descriptive study

Barbara is an interviewer for a survey of people who access mental health services. One of the items on the survey is "Please describe your initial contact with the provider." What type of question is this? a) Observational b) Open-ended c) Restricted d) Rating scale

b) Open-ended

Descriptive statistics are best described as methods that help researchers: a) Generalize from their sample to larger populations b) Organize, summarize, and simplify their results c) Come to conclusions about causality d) Fit their results into prevailing theories

b) Organize, summarize, and simplify their results

Calculated by measuring the percentage of variance for one variable that can be predicted by knowing a second variable a) Cohen's d b) Percentage of variance

b) Percentage of variance

Consider a study with two or more groups of scores with each score a measurement of the same variable. Numerical scores are available for one variable, and two values are available for the second (a dichotomous variable coded as 0 and 1). Which test is best to measure the strength of the relationship? a) ANOVA b) Point-biserial correlation c) Chi-square d) Pearson correlation

b) Point-biserial correlation

There is a point above each score, with the height of the point indicating the frequency of the corresponding scores. The points are connected by lines. a) Histogram b) Polygon

b) Polygon

Barbara is an interviewer for a survey of people who access mental health services. In Barbara's survey, a series of questions asks respondents to indicate their satisfaction with various aspects of the services (for example, promptness, courtesy, professionalism, and so on) from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied). What type of items are these? a) Restricted b) Rating scale c) Open-ended d) Observational

b) Rating scale

The value computed using research data to estimate the population parameter a) alpha b) Sample statistic c) Standard error d) Test statistic

b) Sample statistic

The measures being related are on an ordinal scale. a) Regression b) Spearman correlation c) Pearson correlation

b) Spearman correlation

A ________________error occurs when sample data do not show evidence of a significant effect when, in fact, a real effect does exist in the population. a) measurement b) Type I c) sampling d) Type II

b) Type I

A key weakness of ____________ survey is the inability to control the composition of the sample. a) an in-person b) an internet c) a mail d) a telephone

b) an internet

Ann is studying children's social networks and how they develop. Her experiment has two factors: the children's typical sociability levels (low, medium or high), a quasi-independent variable, and presence or absence of adults, a within-subjects factor. Ann's design is best described as ___________. a) mixed b) combined c) within d) between

b) combined

Sam is a research assistant in an observational study, and he is simply counting the number of times people engage in a specific behavior during a set amount of time. What method is Sam using? a) Duration b) Frequency c) Exception d) Interval

b) frequency

Frank finds that delay of reward has a far greater effect on learning in the low-reward condition than in the high-reward condition. a) main effect b) interaction

b) interaction

The score at the midpoint of the distribution when the scores are arranged in order of magnitude a) mean b) median c) mode

b) median

Rhonda is studying the effects of hunger on academic performance. She uses hunger as a within-subjects factor, starting her subjects out with a very small breakfast and testing them at two-hour intervals throughout the day without any additional meals or snacks. She has a between-subjects factor of task difficulty, with three levels: easy, medium, and hard. a) Combined strategy b) Mixed design c) Higher-order factorial

b) mixed design

A ___________ is a summary value that describes a population. a) statistic b) parameter c) corollary d) construct

b) parameter

A higher-order factorial design is best described as having: a) At least nine treatment conditions b) Three or more factors c) At least one factor with three or more levels d) At least two factors with three or more levels

b) three or more factors

Like ___________________research, the single-subject approach typically involves a series of observations made over time. a) differential b) time-series c) cross-sectional d) correlational

b) time-series

Baseline observations are identified by the symbol: a) B b) α c) A d) ß

c) A

Because two students in a self-contained classroom have similar tantrum triggers, the staff decide to test an intervention with one of the students but not the other. a) Across behaviors b) Across situations c) Across subjects

c) Across subjects

A design is described as a 3 x 2 design. This means it has: a) Three independent and two dependent variables b) Three dependent and two independent variables c) An independent variable with three levels and an independent variable with two levels d) Three independent variables with two levels each

c) An independent variable with three levels and an independent variable with two levels

Historically, most-single subject designs have been used by: a) Psychometricians demonstrating the reliability and validity of their instruments b) Psychotherapists examining psychodynamic processes c) Behaviorists examining operant conditioning d) Clinicians examining the effects of medication

c) Behaviorists examining operant conditioning

Case studies: a) Have very high internal validity b) Are rarely convincing or compelling c) Describe, but cannot identify, causality d) Have excellent external validity

c) Describe, but cannot identify, causality

Following a terrible car accident involving a large group of teens who had been drinking, Leslie surveys the community to identify interest in various alcohol-free activities. a) ANOVA b) Chi-square c) Descriptive d) Regression

c) Descriptive

A good way to deal with nonresponse bias in mail surveys is to: a) Mail multiple copies of the survey b) Pay people to complete the survey c) Explain to people why the survey is important d) Repeat the same questions several times

c) Explain to people why the survey is important

Willa has a history of becoming physically aggressive when classmates will not yield toys to her. The support team decides that Willa should be immediately removed from the group when she shows the first hint of aggressive behavior. Willa had an average of 15.6 episodes of aggression per day (range = 12 to 18) during the five days prior to the start of the intervention. On the day the intervention is implemented, she has 4 episodes of aggressive behavior and in the four subsequent days has 3 or fewer episodes each day. a) Change in average level b) Change in trend c) Immediate change in level

c) Immediate change in level

In order to be considered an experiment, a single-subject design must: a) Have a basis in a recognized theory b) Use two or more independent observers c) Include independent variable manipulation d) Have at least two outcome measures

c) Include independent variable manipulation

Don is observing a child in a classroom. Every minute, he records whether the child was attending to the teacher during that period. a) Duration b) Frequency c) Interval

c) Interval

Estimates the average of all the possible split-half correlations; can only be used with questions that have two possible responses a) Cohen's kappa b) Cronbach's alpha c) Kuder-Richardson formula 20 d) Spearman-Brown formula

c) Kuder-Richardson formula 20

The most convincing evidence for a difference between phases occurs when the data show: a) Gradual, stepwise change b) Decrease in variability c) Large, immediate change d) Increase in variability

c) Large, immediate change

In a single-subject study, what term is used for the magnitude of the subject's response? a) Value b) Trend c) Level d) Amount

c) Level

To better understand altruistic motivations, Trent volunteers with a group going to an area that was devastated by a tsunami. He works alongside everyone while listening to them share about their motivations and experiences. a) Contrived b) Naturalistic c) Participant

c) Participant

The measures being related are on an interval or ratio scale. a) Regression b) Spearman correlation c) Pearson correlation

c) Pearson correlation

A measure of the average distance from the population parameter a) alpha b) Sample statistic c) Standard error d) Test statistic

c) Standard error

Jerry is observing the classroom behavior of one particular child. He observes the child for an interval, uses the next interval to record his observations, then returns to observing the child, and so on. a) Event sampling b) Individual sampling c) Time sampling

c) Time sampling

A _____________________ is a technique for estimating the magnitude of an unknown population value by providing a range of values centered around the sample statistic. a) interquartile range b) variance range percentage c) confidence interval d) Cohen's d

c) confidence interval

Robin is interested in learning and is conducting an experiment with three different between-subjects factors—reward magnitude, reward delay, and task difficulty. a) Combined strategy b) Mixed design c) Higher-order factorial

c) higher-order factorial

A ________________ shows a bar above each score so that the height of the bar indicates the frequency of occurrence for that particular score. a) scatter plot b) pie chart c) histogram d) polygon

c) histogram

Vicky is participating in a study of children with autism spectrum disorder. She watches each child for 30 minutes and, every minute, records whether the child engaged in "stimming" behavior (hand flapping, spinning, and so on) during that minute. What method is Vicky using? a) Duration b) Exception c) Interval d) Frequency

c) interval

The mean differences among the levels of a single factor are called: a) Primary effects b) Difference scores c) Main effects d) Interactions

c) main effects

The __________ identifies the score that divides a distribution in half. a) mean b) range c) median d) mode

c) median

Aaron is studying the relationship between reward magnitude and how quickly children learn to open a complicated puzzle box. The children receive either a high reward or a low reward, and each child gets 10 trials. The outcome measure is the amount of time it takes the child to open the box on each trial. What type of design is this? a) within b) combined c) mixed d) between

c) mixed

The most frequently occurring score a) mean b) median c) mode

c) mode

The _________________________specifies what the population parameter(s) should be if nothing happened. a) experimental corollary b) experimental hypothesis c) null hypothesis d) null corollary

c) null hypothesis

The ________________describes the variability of the scores by measuring the distance between each score and the mean. a) range b) variance c) standard deviation d) error

c) standard deviation

Susan is working on the design of a between-subjects study in which she has three levels of two different variables (a 3 x 3 factorial). If she has 20 subjects in each group, how many subjects will she need? a) 120 b) 260 c) 90 d) 180

d) 180

If the data are unstable in a single-subject study, the experimenter may: a) Return to the pretreatment baseline until the data are stable b) Add an additional anonymous subject c) Increase the magnitude of the experimental treatment d) Average two or more sets of observations

d) Average two or more sets of observations

When the initial baseline phases correspond to the same behavior in two separate situations, the design is called a: a) Multiple-baseline across behaviors b) Multiple-baseline across subjects c) Multiple-baseline across treatments d) Multiple-baseline across situations

d) Multiple-baseline across situations

Jody is studying the culture of the working poor who subsist on minimum wage jobs by actually living on a minimum wage job herself. What method is Jody using? a) Contrived observation b) Naturalistic observation c) Situational observation d) Participant observation

d) Participant observation

Adam is constructing a survey. As part of this process, he should: a) Use formal scientific language b) Incorporate demographics at the beginning to get them out of the way c) Scatter questions that address the same topic to give more variety d) Place sensitive or embarrassing questions in the middle

d) Place sensitive or embarrassing questions in the middle

Steve wants to know whether playing a musical instrument translates into other types of physical coordination and dexterity. He asks musicians to report the number of hours spent in practice each week and uses that to predict performance on a test of coordination and dexterity. a) ANOVA b) Chi-square c) Descriptive d) Regression

d) Regression

Peter is conducting a single-subject study involving treatment of an individual with such severe obsessive-compulsive disorder that his hands are raw and infected from frequent washing. Peter establishes a baseline for hand-washing behavior, then tries a treatment, B, which has virtually no effect, and then tries a second treatment, C, that is effective. How can Peter determine whether the improvement was associated with treatment C or whether it was associated with a combination of treatment B and treatment C? a) Start with a new subject and switch the order of treatments. b) Make an estimate because the subject is already familiar with treatments B and C. c) Return to baseline (A) and then to treatment C followed by treatment B. d) Return to baseline (A) and then back to treatment C.

d) Return to baseline (A) and then back to treatment C.

In the ABAB design, the transition from treatment back to baseline is called the: a) Reversion b) Inversion c) Return d) Reversal

d) Reversal

The naturally occurring difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter is called: a) Range b) Deviation c) Variance d) Sampling error

d) Sampling error

Used as an adjustment in split-half reliability; computed as R= 2r/1 + r a) Cohen's kappa b) Cronbach's alpha c) Kuder-Richardson formula 20 d) Spearman-Brown formula

d) Spearman-Brown formula

A mathematical technique for comparing the sample statistic with the null hypothesis a) alpha b) Sample statistic c) Standard error d) Test statistic

d) Test statistic

In behavioral observation, it is essential that: a) Informed consent be obtained before observations are made b) The observer is someone new to the area c) The observer is clearly identified as such d) The behaviors not be disrupted by the observer

d) The behaviors not be disrupted by the observer

A ____________ error occurs when a researcher finds evidence for a significant result when, in fact, there is no effect (no relationship) in the population. a) measurement b) Type I c) sampling d) Type II

d) Type II

When are baseline observations typically made? a) During treatment, when behavior has stabilized b) Just after treatment has begun c) At any point during treatment d) When no treatment is being given

d) When no treatment is being given

Lawrence studies the history of psychiatric care and is thrilled when he is allowed access to the diaries of individuals who were nurses at state hospitals during the early 1900s. What method of study is Lawrence most likely to be using? a) Content analysis b) Event analysis c) Inferential observation d) Archival research

d) archival research

Samuel is being trained to do behavioral observation at a daycare. He is instructed to identify and record the occurrence of one particular behavior in the first observation interval, another behavior during the second interval, and so on. Samuel is being trained in _______________ sampling. a) time b) individual c) stimulus d) event

d) event

When two or more independent variables are included in an experiment, they are commonly called: a) features b) elements c) facets d) factors

d) factors

The ___________ is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution. a) mean b) range c) median d) mode

d) mode

When the scores in the second treatment are influenced by participation in the first treatment, ___________ effects are said to occur. a) interdependence b) series c) sequencing d) order

d) order

A ____________shows a point above each score so that the height of the point indicates the frequency. a) scatter plot b) pie chart c) histogram d) polygon

d) polygon

The _________________ is a measure of the average, or standard, distance between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter. a) test statistic b) test error c) sample statistic d) standard error

d) standard error

A _______________ is a mathematical technique for comparing the sample statistic with the null hypothesis, using the standard error as a baseline. a) sample statistic b) test error c) standard error d) test statistic

d) test statistic

Kristina is interested in the intellectual differences associated with a very rare chromosomal abnormality. What approach is probably best for her to use? a) A case history b) A correlational study c) Participant observation d) A within-subjects design

a) A case history

The standard practice for the analysis of a factorial design involves using the appropriate: a) ANOVA b) Nonparametric test c) Correlation coefficient d) t-test series

a) ANOVA

Students ages 8-18 average 7.5 hours of total media use each day. a) Descriptive study b) Not a descriptive study

a) Descriptive study

Descriptive research typically involves: a) Measuring variables as they exist naturally b) Using computer simulations of the "real" world c) Multiple, complex interactions d) Complex statistical modeling

a) Measuring variables as they exist naturally

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) affects 5% of Americans. a) Not a descriptive study b) Descriptive study

b) Descriptive study

Roxie observes children playing on the playground from an unobtrusive park bench nearby. a) Contrived b) Naturalistic c) Participant

b) Naturalistic

Which test is a measure of interrater agreement that attempts to correct for chance? a) Cronbach's alpha b) Wilcoxin ranking c) Kuder-Richardson formula 20 d) Cohen's kappa

d) Cohen's kappa

A design is described as A-B-C-A-C-B-A-BC. At how many points are baseline observations made? a) Five b) One c) Eight d) Three

d) Three