Minorities

What percent of the cases involved police or judicial officials?

12%

According to Russell Latinos make up ...% of the U.S. population?

14%

When were blacks laws adopted?

1804

Asian Americans account for ....% of the U.S. population?

4%

How many black were lynched between 1882 and 1964 according to U.S. records? Ida B. Wells-Barnett.?

4,745 people Ida B. Wells estimated 2,553 between 1882-1899

In 2005 Whites accounted for what percentage of the total incarcerated population?

69.8%

The 2000 census identified how many mixed-race individuals?

6M

What was the impact of the "Jena Six" case?

A Black student sat under the White tree and the next day, the white student put nooses on the tree. The school would not do anything because it was a prank and the tension lead to a white student being beat up by a black student- the black student being charged with attempted murder. This case gained national attention and nooses were starting to be found all over.

How are the media images of blackness primarily depicted?

A butler, a mammy, chauffer, or entertainer.

What is Russell's position on criminalizing racial hoaxes?

A hoax in which a black person is single out deserves a special legal sanction because racial hoaxes that target Black people create a distinct, more acute social problem than hoaxes that target people of other races Should be recognized as a separate criminal offense subject to a mandatory prison term

What is the Nike Air Native N7?

A shoe specifically designed for Native Americans. The show features feathers and arrowheads.

Individuals from which minority group are most likely to be victims of violent crime?

American Indians

How does Russell describe "media "race-isms"?

An unfair portrayal of race representation today.

What was the one drop rule?

Any person with one drop of African blood was considered Black and could not claim whiteness

According to Russell what percentage of American Indians in the US live on reservations?,

Based on the 2000 census, Native Americans account for .....% of the U.S. population. ¼ of American Indians in the United States live on reservations. Less than 1% of the total U.S. population.

Why are Latinos and other minorities frequently omitted from the "official" record?

Because of persistent focus on relationships between blacks and whites.

Why are racial hoaxes usually successful?

Because they tap into widely held fear

Why is it unrealistic/unhelpful to eliminate race labels imposed on crime?

Because they're already used wide-spread, therefore journalists would just reply more frequently on code words rather than focusing on the real issue.

What are some of the specific fears that Whites have about Blacks? How does this affect what we see in the media?

Black crime, victimization at the hand of a black criminal, the economic component, fear of losing majority status, fear of a black revolt, and cultural fear. The media presents what is actually happening in a contorted form in order to maintain the fear that whites have while also downplaying the fear that blacks have.

How were sex crimes handled under the slave codes?

Black males who had sex with White woman- death

What are the numerous labels for Black crime identified by Russell?

Black offending, black on black crime, or black criminality

According to Russell, how are Black-on-White hoaxes different than White-on-Black ?

Black-on-White always drawn to hate crimes White-on-Black cause greater social harm

To administer lashings in excess of thirty-nine was thought to violate which belief or value during slavery?

Christian tenets

Slaves were not only subject to separate laws, they were also subjected to separate court proceedings. What was the purpose of this separate process?

Codes created separate crimes and punishments for Blacks, but justice was also administered is separate tribunals Purpose- uphold white slaveholders rights

How does Russell define the "Racial Hoax"?

Cynical manipulation of our deepest fears about race and violence

What is "Missing White Woman Syndrome" and what does this indicate about how society views crime?

Emphasis on crime against white women. This disparity indicates that race, gender, and physical features factor into whether a missing persons' story is "news".

Identify Russell's criticisms of Wilson's Thesis?

Even if black crime were reduced to white crime, how would this affect the amount of white racism? There is no theoretical or empirical support for this sweeping assertion.

How does Russell describe the lynching ritual?

Extreme form of vigilante justice- involved a series of well-established ritualized sequences: selection of the victims, killers, method of death, and location and was seen as a sporting event

T/F According to Russell the criminal whiteman is the welcomed result of recent efforts by academics and the media to correct past mistakes made portraying all criminals as black.

F

T/F According to Russell, Blacks commit the majority of the crime in America.

F

T/F According to Russell, only whites visualize crime in Blackface.

F

T/F The majority of lynchings were the result of allegations of sexual assault against White women.

False- accounted for less than 1/3

T/F Slaves could own dogs but not horses during slavery

False- the slave owners was the real owner of all of the animals

Why was Emmett Till allegedly killed?

For speaking to a White woman

What is Bill Cosby's position on "bad" names or the claim of name based discrimination?

He agreed with Levitt and Dubner (giving them bad names sets them up to fail)

Regarding White-on-Black and Black-on-White hoaxes, which is the public more willing to believe and why?

Hoaxes that involve interracial crime, a White person is much more likely to be believed

What is the biggest concern with using racial labels when talking about crime?

Implication that there is something about crime that is race specific; Blackness somehow explains criminality.

What are the code words for black crime?

Inner-city crime

What is the relationship between the "skin game" and the operation of the CJS according to Russell?

It affects what offenses are labeled more serious and how harsh the penalties will be/ end result is highly punitive and racially skewed ccj. Skin game in which race is the game and Black is the card that no one wants

What is the primary media talk about Native Americans according to Russell?

It centers on gambling casinos or the issue of using Indian names and symbols for athletic teams and mascots.

What has been suggested about why white-collar crime is not focused on by society/criminology?

It is downplayed because criminologists do not view it as a real crime.

What is the model "minority myth"

It states that Asian Americans are hard working smart and respectful of authority. The portrayal of men is more likely to fit within the myth than women.

Which ethnic group is second in line as the face of the feared American criminal?

Latinos

What can be learned from slave codes, Black laws and Jim Crow?

Laws applied in a discriminatory manner and race discrimination working in many ways

What Were Black Codes? When were they adopted?

Laws that governed the movements and actions of black people in non-slave holdings states Fees, taxes, license requirements and little benefit

What were Jim Crow laws? What were the rules of racial etiquette required under Jim Crow?

Laws that mandates separate public facilities for Blacks and Whites

What are the recommended legal sanctions, moral sanctions, and reporting requirements for racial hoaxes suggested by Russell?

Legal- should be a felony offense because it is a serious crime and has ramifications beyond any one particular case Penalty imposed so other people won't commit the crime Should be required to pay restitution Moral- required to publicly apologize for playing on racial stereotypes Reporting requirements- should be required to be reported in detail (same as hate crimes)

How much academic attention has been devoted to racial hoaxes?

Little

Difference between micro and macro aggression?

Micro- subtle, stunning, often non-verbal exchanges that amount to "put downs" of Blacks b Whites Macro- group offenses (attacks or assaults) and also include nonverbal communication/ may be directed at one specific person but eventually becomes a group offense (example- noose incident)

How many Black newspapers are there today according to Russell?

More than seventy-five

Who is Bill Richardson?

New Mexico governor and 2008 democratic presidential candidate.

According to Russell does the First Amendment pose a barrier to making the racial hoax a crime?

No

What was plantation justice?

Owners private enforcement authority- judge & jury Forms of justice- lashes, cutting off body parts, hanging Animals protected against cruelty but not slaves

What are the two kinds of hate-crime statutes discussed by Russell?

Penalty enhancement- crimes motivated by bias (federal government had enacted penalty-enhancement legislation)' Pure bias- some statutes treat hate crime as independent criminal offenses

How does Russell describe the progress that the media has made in it portrayal of people of color?

People of color are regularly featured on television, in sitcoms, dramas, movies, and commercials. Though, there isn't as much progress as one might imagine in not in as diverse way as we might think.

What did researchers Levitt and Dubner conclude about name -based discrimination?

People with black sounding names should just change their name

What do the aforementioned startling statistics tell us about the CJS?

Race matters in the CJS (especially Blackness)

What was the most important variable in determining punishment under the slave codes?

Race was the most important but gender and socioeconomic status of the offenders and victims play a role

What is racial ambiguity and how/why has it been used in today's media?

Racial ambiguity is a physical description that is, the person appears to be racially "mixed". The presence of such characters provides some much needed color; it is just not clear what exactly to make of it. It is a cynical attempt to check off diversity by adding an exotic flair to the cast.

What is the relationship between rap hip hop and blackness?,

Rap provides keen insights into how blackness is shaped presented, and consumed.

What is the most common criminal hoax played on Black men?

Rape

How does Russell define the term "Redskin"?

Redskin refers to the early practice of hunting and killing Indians and offering their scalps as proof for the payment of a bounty.

What is the myth of the criminalblackman?

Regardless of race, the person most people fear is a young black man.

What is the main reason White-on-Black hoaxes are created? What are some of the other reasons?

Shift criminal responsibility, attention, benefit in mundane ways

What were slave codes? What were their goals?

Slave codes embodied the criminal law and procedures applied against African slaves. They were to regulate life cradle to grave

What are some of the reasons Black-on-White hoaxes are created?

Sordid details: hoaxes created with great attention to detail, bordering on a malevolent fantasy White people criminalize the Black man

What are half-facts about crime?

Statements or propositions about crime that are discussed in a vacuum, divorced from their contexts.

How does the media usually portray Asian American males and females?

Stereotypical subservient roles. Females are usually drawn as exotic objects of sexual desire, petite, sexually aggressive, and docile. Men are typically portrayed as smart, techno-savvy geeks.

Who are Susan Smith and Charles Stuart?

Susan Smith is a white women who claimed her car was high jacked by a black male with her two sons inside. Later discovered that she had murdered her sons and ran the car into the lake. Charles Stuart is a white man that claimed that he and his pregnant wife were attacked by a black man but later came out that he murdered his wife to collect her life insurance policy

What are fairness principles as defined by Russell? What is their purpose?

Systems of punishment are object lessons in how not to structure a racially fair CJS Provide a useful test for measuring the racial equity of a criminal justice system

How does Russell- Brown define linguistic profiling?

The act of discriminating against a person who sounds Black or Latino

What are the major assumptions underlying James Q. Wilson's hypothesis on the relationship between white-fear and black crime?

The best way to reduce racism, real or imagined is to reduce the black crime rate to equal the white crime rate.

According to Russell, what are the continuing harms of the racial hoax

The harms of racial hoax is not limited to reinforcing deviant, century-old images of Blacks. Also create these images for younger people Link race and crime - racial malaise

What did researchers Onwuachi-Willig and Barnes conclude about name -based discrimination?

The law falls silent and fails to protect employees adequately from name-based racial discrimination and although one's name may be viewed as a signal of other characteristics such as socioeconomic state, it is the perceived race attached to the name that drives the assessment

What does Russell mean by her statement that "Asian American" has a monolithic meaning?

The one-box-fits-all category reduces Asians to one massive group and obscures the fact that in addition to China, Japan, and Korea, there are numerous Asian countries.

What factors have converged to create the criminalblackman?

The perception that crime is violent, black, and male

How are Tiger Woods and Keanu Reeves similar according to Russell?

They are both one-half Asian, though in order for someone to represent a particular racial group, there race has to be known

According to Russell what were the startling statistics on America-Indians reported by the 2004 Justice Department study report?

They are more likely to be victims of violent crime than African Americans, and the most likely to be victims of interracial crime.

What did the 2003 study mentioned by Russell find about job applicants with "black sounding" names?

They are much less likely to be called in for an interview

Why is it both the best and worst of times for Blacks in mainstream media?

Though the media representations of African Americans have grown more divers, blacks are still the face of crime in America.

What was the purpose of black laws during the period of slavery in which slave codes existed?

To govern the movement of Blacks in frees states

What function did Slave patrollers or patrols serve during slavery?

To keep a tight rein on slave activity (monitor the rebellion)

What was the stated rationale for lynching?

To safeguard White womanhood from Black brute

T/F Racism comes in many shapes and sizes which may be direct indirect personal or subtle

True

What are racial sensors and how do they impact our everyday life?

Used in everyday life from school to employment and have damaging effects on the system

According to Russell what is the legal status of the proposed New Jersey state law to punish racial hoaxes?

Was not signed but offers a look into how racial hoax law might be framed

What problems emerge when a racial group is not allowed to shape its own public image?

When a group is not allowed to shape its own public image, it will then be shaped by other groups.

What did the review of Lexis/Nexis database reveal about usage of the term white-crime?

When discussing rate and crime, journalists have a hard time seeing white crime. The virtual absence of articles on white crime suggests that in our individual collective minds, white and crime simply do not go together.

What are the conditions under which a racial hoax takes place?

When someone fabricates a crime and blames it on another person because of their race When an actual crimes has been committed and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of his race

How does Russell define "racial ventriloquism?

When whites portray actors of color.

Who were the majority of people arrested for hate crimes in 2006?

Whites made up 58% of all hate crime offenders in 2006.

Which Asian sex is more prevalent in the media according to Russell?

Women

What are some suggestions for fixing the issue of race labels imposed on crime?

You can use "rural area" crime to refer to white crime.

Were some Whites punished for violence against slaves? Why?

yes, because they interfered with the property rights of slave owners