Module 1: Infection Control, Safety & Patient Transfer

The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that cells are more radiosensitive if they are: 1. highly mitotic. 2. primitive and undifferentiated. 3. mature cells. 4. larger in size. 5. nonnucleated.

1 and 2 only

Before helping a patient rise from a wheelchair, you should: 1. position the wheelchair in a convenient place. 2. set the brakes. 3. remove the lap cover. 4. move the foot and leg rests out of the way.

1, 2, 3, and 4

Events that can occur on the cellular level as a result of radiation exposure include: 1. cell death. 2. cellular malfunction. 3. mitotic failure. 4. mitosis resulting in abnormal daughter cells.

1, 2, 3, and 4

When assisting a patient from bed to wheelchair, you should: 1. elevate the head of the bed 2. lower the bed as far as possible. 3. use the face-to-face assist to help the patient stand. 4. assist the patient to pivot with back to wheelchair before sitting down.

1, 2, 3, and 4

After an organism is infected and by the time symptoms of the infectious process manifest, several steps have taken place. These steps consist of: 1. multiplication and spread. 2. encounter and entry. 3. host. 4. damage. 5. reservoir. 6. phagocytosis. 7. outcome.

1, 2, 4, and 7 only

A woman who is 3 months' pregnant has been in a motor vehicle accident. The emergency department physician suspects there is injury to her cervical spine and thus feels justified in ordering an X-ray examination to aid in determining the extent of the patient's injury. Because the patient is pregnant, the radiographer should: 1. select the lowest exposure factors that will produce a diagnostically useful radiograph. 2. adequately and precisely collimate the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest. 3. shield the patient's lower abdomen and pelvic region with a suitable protective contact shield. 4. only perform the lateral projection to minimize radiation dose.

1, 2, and 3

Electrical equipment used on or near patients must 1. be approved for hospital use. 2. have grounded plugs. 3. be inspected regularly and repaired if needed.

1, 2, and 3

The 2015 National Patient Safety Goals include: 1. using at least two ways to identify patients. 2. improving staff communication. 3. using hand hygiene guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control.

1, 2, and 3

Characteristics that are significant in categorizing radiation effects include 1. length of time from exposure to effect. 2. predictability vs. randomness. 3. quantity of dose. 4. type of radiation involved.

1, 2, and 3 only

When you have drained a urinary collection bag, what tasks remain to be completed? 1. Measure the urine and empty the measuring container. 2. Remove your gloves and perform hand hygiene. 3. Chart the amount of urine 4. Reinsert the catheter into the patient.

1, 2, and 3 only

Which of the following observations should cause you to suspect child abuse? 1. Cigarette burn marks 2. Bruises shaped like hands, fingers, or objects, such as a belt 3. Failure to seek prompt treatment for a serious injury 4. Fracture of the radius

1, 2, and 3 only

Which of the following describes the MRI screening procedure recommended in this program? A. Verbal interview and review with the patient B. Written screening form, verbal screening interview, and verification of information by an MRI safety-trained professional C. Written screening form and verbal screening interview D. Written screening form, verbal screening interview, and assessment using a metal detector

B. Written screening form, verbal screening interview, and verification of information by an MRI safety-trained professional

Which individuals must undergo MRI screening before entering the MRI system room? A. security guards B. all individuals and patients entering the MRI system room C. hospital personnel D. visitors and family members

B. all individuals and patients entering the MRI system room

Streptococci and bacilli are classified as what type of microorganisms? A. Viruses B. Bacteria C. Fungi D. Molds

B. bacteria

A patient weighing 260 pounds arrives from an intermediate care facility via wheelchair for an examination of the hip. He is unable to bear weight on either leg. The most appropriate method for placing this patient on the x-ray table is to: A. get as many people as you can find to help. B. call for a hydraulic lift and personnel who are experienced in its use. C. get the strongest coworker you can find and perform a two-person lift. D. send the patient back to the care facility with instructions to return by stretcher.

B. call for a hydraulic lift and personnel who are experienced in its use.

_____________ is the typical cryogen used in a superconducting magnet of an MRI system. A. Nitrogen gas B. Liquid fluoride C. Liquid Helium D. Liquid Cadmium

C. Liquid Helium

The dose equivalent limits for radiation workers are based on the radiation received from what source(s)? A. Background radiation B. Medical and dental radiography C. Occupational exposure D. Radiation fallout

C. Occupational exposure

Which of the following items are not an essential part of a "spill kit"? A. Kitty litter B. Heavy plastic bags C. Rags and sponges D. Broom and dustpan

C. Rags and sponges

As you enter a patient's room to perform a portable examination, you notice the patient sleeping on her side with one leg over the other with the knees bent. This patient is in the _____ position. A. Fowler B. recumbent C. Sims D. None of the above are correct.

C. Sims

All of the following apply to the correct use of a fire extinguisher, except: A. Pull the pin and squeeze the handle. B. The nozzle pointed at the base of the fire C. Steadily aim at the hottest area of the fire. D. Use a side-to-side sweeping motion.

C. Steadily aim at the hottest area of the fire.

What is a rad? A. The British system unit for measuring ionization in air B. A factor that quantifies the relative health risks of various types of radiation C. The British system unit used to measure patient radiation dose D. The SI system unit used to measure equivalent dose for occupational exposure

C. The British system unit used to measure patient radiation dose

In the language of body mechanics, the base of support refers to A. the floor. B. the bottom of an object being lifted. C. a line between the points of contact with a horizontal surface. D. a perpendicular line through the center of gravity.

C. a line between the points of contact with a horizontal surface.

Passive immunity is immunity that occurs as a result of: A. intact skin and mucous membranes. B. lysozyme in human tears. C. an injection of preformed antibodies. D. an infection with a specific organism.

C. an injection of preformed antibodies.

All of the following are true of radiology department biosafety except: A. washing hands before and after an interventional procedure. B. wearing gloves while handling an emesis basin with vomitus. C. cleaning up a biospill area using a commercial soap solution. D. using a resuscitation mask or bag during CPR.

C. cleaning up a biospill area using a commercial soap solution.

Establishing a rapport with a patient contributes greatly to a successful immobilization exercise. To establish patient rapport, the imaging professional should: A. explain to the patient how important it is hold still and that you will use restraints to ensure this as part of the exam. B. pull out all your immobilization tools in front of the patient to show you know what you are doing. C. gently tell the patient what you need to accomplish and how you would like to move forward with the examination. D. ask for two or three other technologists to come into the room as you begin the positioning.

C. gently tell the patient what you need to accomplish and how you would like to move forward with the examination.

The chain of infection consists of: A. Fomite, vector, reservoir, and breachment. B. bacteria, virus, protozoa, and fungi. C. host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, and reservoir. D. encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, and outcome.

C. host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, and reservoir.

All of the following are related except: A. assisted standing pivot. B. standby assist. C. log roll assist. D. hydraulic lift.

C. log roll assist.

Any microorganism that causes disease is: A. prokaryotic. B. idiopathic C. pathogenic. D. iatrogenic.

C. pathogenic

Joan Gordon, 72, has dentures, glasses, and a hearing aid. You should: A. instruct her to leave them with her clothes in the dressing room. B. carefully place them in the department office. C. place them in a container in the x-ray room and inform her of their location. D. tell her to leave them at home next time.

C. place them in a container in the x-ray room and inform her of their location.

When performing a lumbar spine series on an elderly patient,: A. move quickly and deliberately from one position to the next to demonstrate your proficiency. B. increase the thickness of the radiolucent table pad to improve image quality. C. provide a wedge sponge, placed under the knees. D. provide a warm blanket for comfort and remove it for each exposure.

C. provide a wedge sponge, placed under the knees.

Any warm, moist place, such as the human body, where microorganisms can grow and reproduce is called a: A. portal of entry. B. susceptible host. C. reservoir of infection. D. carrier of the pathogen.

C. reservoir of infection

What is an Sv? A. A radiation unit in the SI system that is determined by measuring ionization of air B. A device containing a crystal that absorbs radiation energy and discharges it in the form of light when heated C. A radiation unit in the British system used to measure patient dose D. A radiation unit in the SI system used to measure equivalent dose for occupational exposure

D. A radiation unit in the SI system used to measure equivalent dose for occupational exposure

If a quench occurs, you must ____________ A. Avoid being exposed to the escaping cryogen gas. B. Evacuate the MRI system room as soon as possible and never touch or stand in liquids that may appear near venting pipes or on the floor. C. Walk slowly out of the MRI system room to avoid alarming others or causing them to panic. D. Answers A and B above.

D. Answers A and B above.

Which term denotes short-term somatic effects of radiation exposure? A. Stochastic effects B. Acute radiation syndrome C. Genetic effects D. Deterministic effects

D. Deterministic effects

By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes? A. Vector B. Vehicle C. Direct contact D. Droplet

D. Droplet

The acronym RACE stands for A. Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Execute. B. Rescue, Announce, Contain, Evacuate. C. Rescue, Alarm, Calm, Execute. D. Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Evacuate.

D. Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Evacuate.

Which one of the following is CORRECT regarding the static magnetic field of an MRI system? A. Staff members and patients do not need to take special precautions as long as the MRI system is not imaging a patient B. The static magnetic field is only "ON" during the MRI examination. C. It is easy to turn the magnetic field "ON" and "OFF" if a magnetic object gets stuck on the scanner. D. Safety issues associated with the static magnetic field are always present.

D. Safety issues associated with the static magnetic field are always present.

What is a rem? A. The SI system radiation unit for measuring ionization of air B. A device containing a crystal that absorbs radiation energy and discharges it in the form of light when heated C. A factor that quantifies the relative health risks of various types of radiation D. The British system used to measure equivalent dose for occupational exposure

D. The British system used to measure equivalent dose for occupational exposure

Which of the following is a principle of the ALARA concept? A. All diagnostic X-ray exposure is low energy and of little concern. B. The radiographer should hold a standard number of patients per year as long as it is below the allowable limits. C. X-ray doses can increase progressively to allowable limits on older patients. D. The radiographer's occupational exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable and the concept of "permissible dose" is no longer recognized.

D. The radiographer's occupational exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable and the concept of "permissible dose" is no longer recognized.

According to the "zone" method described by the American College of Radiology, the area that contains the MRI system (i.e., the potentially most dangerous area) is designated by which zone? A. Zone 1 B. Zone 2 C. Zone 3 D. Zone 4

D. Zone 4

Patients who have back injuries are more comfortable moving to a supine position from: A. a sitting position. B. a prone position. C. a standing position. D. a lateral recumbent position.

D. a lateral recumbent position.

Lyme disease is a condition caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks. The tick bite may cause fever, fatigue, and other associated symptoms. This is an example of transmission of an infection by: A. droplet contact. B. a vehicle. C. the airborne route. D. a vector.

D. a vector

Fear and anxiety cause many patients to suffer from a dry mouth. When a patient complains of thirst, you should: A. offer a drink of water with a straw. B. provide a cup of ice chips within reach. C. offer a choice of fruit juice, water, or ice chips. D. check the chart before offering anything.

D. check the chart before offering anything.

Pathogenic organisms have the ability to: A. cause cellular and tissue damage. B. replicate and cause blockages to the flow of fluids and gases. C. secrete endotoxins. D. do all of the above.

D. do all of the above

If an irritating chemical has splashed in your eye, you should: A. go to the emergency department. B. cover the eye with an eye patch. C. go immediately to the eyewash station in the laboratory at the opposite end of the building. D. flood the eye with running water from the most convenient source.

D. flood the eye with running water from the most convenient source.

All of the following are microorganisms, except: A. bacteria. B. viruses. C. protozoa. D. fomites.

D. fomites

When lifting patients, it is important to: A. lift with your back and save your leg strength. B. twist at the waist to improve your center of gravity. C. use the strong muscles of your upper arms to improve lifting ergonomics. D. keep your back stationary and lift with your legs.

D. keep your back stationary and lift with your legs.

The photon interaction that results in the highest patient exposure is _____ interactions. A. bremsstrahlung B. Compton C. classical scattering D. photoelectric

D. photoelectric

In a slide board transfer, the patient is helped to: A. slide to his or her feet at the side of the bed. B. turn over in bed. C. lie directly on the board and then slide across to the stretcher. D. slide on a draw sheet across the board to another surface.

D. slide on a draw sheet across the board to another surface.

Checking transportation equipment for safety is the responsibility of: A. the hospital safety committee. B. the nursing service. C. the head of the department to which the equipment is assigned. D. the person transporting the patient.

D. the person transporting the patient.

When a patient who has not stood or walked since an accident, stroke, or surgery must be taken to the imaging department, the best method is to: A. walk with the patient and take the elevator, not the stairs. B. use a wheelchair, and assist the patient when standing and getting onto the table. C. use a wheelchair but do not let the patient stand; use a two-person lift. D. use a stretcher.

D. use a stretcher.

The simplest and least expensive means of preventing problems associated with acoustic noise is to _______________. A. deny the MRI exam to patients with known hearing loss. B. turn down the volume of the scanner. C. use only spin echo pulse sequences. D. use disposable foam earplugs.

D. use disposable foam earplugs.

If a technologist stands 2 m from an X-ray tube and receives an exposure rate of 4 mR/h, the exposure rate would be _____ mR/h if the person stands 4 m from the X-ray tube. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

A. 1

All of the following are true of the Pigg-O-Stat infant immobilizer except: A. it is radiolucent and produces no image. B. its design provides for lead protection over the child's gonads. C. it is made of contour-shaped, clear acrylic restraining forms. D. the patient can be rotated 360 degrees for various oblique projections.

A. it is radiolucent and produces no image.

Thterm-62e material commonly used for shielding against radiation exposure in protective aprons and gloves is: A. lead. B. barium impregnated vinyl. C. bismuth. D. titanium.

A. lead.

At the conclusion of an interventional radiographic examination, the examination room is cleaned, and major components are wiped down with chemical disinfectants. By performing this important task, the radiographer is practicing: A. medical asepsis. B. sterilization. C. surgical asepsis. D. fomite asepsis.

A. medical asepsis

The portal of entry describes the: A. method by which the pathogen enters the body. B. method by which the pathogen exits the body. C. reservoir or place where the pathogen resides. D. carrier of the pathogen.

A. method by which the pathogen enters the body.

The radiation a person receives from the sun (cosmic radiation) is categorized as: A. natural background radiation. B. medical background radiation. C. atmospheric radiation. D. radioactivity.

A. natural background radiation.

Immunity that is passed from mother to child in the mother's milk is: A. passive immunity. B. acquired resistance. C. natural resistance. D. active immunity.

A. passive immunity

The first step you should follow in assisting a patient from a wheelchair to the x-ray table is to: A. position the wheelchair parallel to the table and lock the brakes. B. fold up the footrests. C. lower the table to chair height. D. assist the patient to a standing position.

A. position the wheelchair parallel to the table and lock the brakes.

Subcellular organisms that are among the smallest known disease-causing microorganisms are called: A. prions. B. bacteria. C. viruses. D. fungi.

A. prions

When obtaining cervical spine images on a patient with a cervical collar, complete: A. the AP and lateral projections with the cervical collar in place. B. the lateral projection and then remove the collar. C. the AP projection and then remove the collar. D. all spine projections with the collar removed and replaced with a head clamp.

A. the AP and lateral projections with the cervical collar in place.

The ALARA principle states that occupational radiation exposure should be limited to: A. the least amount that is reasonably achievable, not to exceed ED limits. B. 0.05 Sv per year. C. 0.05 Sv for the 9 months of pregnancy. D. that needed for the worker's healthcare.

A. the least amount that is reasonably achievable, not to exceed ED limits.

When using a sheet to "mummify" an infant, the sheet should first be formed into a: A. triangle. B. square. C. rolled tube. D. rectangle the size of pillowcase.

A. triangle.

Properties of pathogens that distinguish them from normal flora are called: A. virulence factors. B. endospores. C. capsids. D. vectors.

A. virulence factors

All of the following are examples of simple immobilization techniques except: A. wrapping a child in a sheet (mummy wrap). B. using a positioning sponge. C. laying a sandbag across the patient's anatomy. D. using a Velcro strap to stabilize the anatomy.

A. wrapping a child in a sheet (mummy wrap).

When immobilizing neonates and young infants,: A. communication with the patient is vitally important. B. using a sheet for mummification can prove to be very effective. C. having a fellow radiographer hold the patient should be your first strategy. D. patient motion is generally not a concern because the infant is typically sleeping.

B. Answer using a sheet for mummification can prove to be very effective.

Which of the following statements does not apply to the Rules of Body Mechanics? A. Use a wide base of support. B. Keep your load out beyond the front of your body. C. Bend your knees when you lift heavy objects. D. Avoid pulling or lifting heavy objects.

B. Keep your load out beyond the front of your body.

In which of the following X-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon completely absorbed? A. Compton scattering B. Photoelectric absorption C. Bremsstrahlung interactions D. Characteristic interactions

B. Photoelectric absorption

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding cleaning of the MRI system room? A. Untrained custodial personnel may enter the MRI system room B. Qualified MRI personnel should train staff members and oversee the cleaning C. Only MRI technologists are allowed to clean the MRI system room D. There are no special procedures for cleaning the MRI system room

B. Qualified MRI personnel should train staff members and oversee the cleaning

A position in which the patient is on his or her back with the head lower than the feet is termed: A. supine. B. Trendelenburg. C. Sims. D. prone.

B. Trendelenburg.

Which of the following is NOT a method to help control access to the MRI environment? A. Post appropriate signage in around the MRI setting, especially at the entrance to the MRI system room B. Use a flashing yellow "warning" sign C. Implement the "zone" method described by the American College of Radiology D. Use a ferromagnetic detection system

B. Use a flashing yellow "warning" sign

A device that is commonly used to locate and measure the intensity of a radioactive material in an area is a(n) A. film badge. B. flat panel TFT detector. C. Geiger-Müller counter. D. OSL dosimeter.

C. Geiger-Müller counter.

Which of the following is the most effective method for achieving medical asepsis? A. Frequent hand washing B. Having most medical employees in perfect health C. Changing linen after every patient D. Cleaning the radiographic table between patients

A. frequent hand washing

One rad of radiation dose is equal to which of the following doses in SI units? A. 1 Gy B. 1 cGy C. 1 Sv D. 1 mSv

B. 1 cGy

A pathogen that requires contact precautions is: A. MRSA. B. tuberculosis. C. rubeola. D. rhinovirus.

A. MRSA

When positioning or transporting a patient who has undergone hip replacement via the anterior surgical approach, which of the following movements is usually well tolerated? A. Flexion to no more than 90 degrees B. Abduction C. Rotation D. Hyperextension

A. Flexion to no more than 90 degrees

Which two of the following are involved in the body's first line of defense against infection? (Select all that apply.) A. Intact skin and mucous membranes B. Upper respiratory tract cilia C. Inflammatory response D. Vaccines

A. Intact skin and mucous membranes B. Upper respiratory tract cilia

When an infection causes the body to produce an inflammatory response, white blood cells engulf microorganisms in a process called: A. phagocytosis. B. endospore production. C. vehicle transmission. D. enveloped viruses.

A. Phagocytosis

Which of the following statements is true? A. When lifting stand as close as possible to whatever you are lifting. B. Keep your feet very wide apart and your back arched when lifting. C. Urinary catheters should be clamped before moving patients, to prevent retrograde flow of urine. D. When lifting patients, keep your back flexible and let your strong arm muscles carry the load.

A. When lifting stand as close as possible to whatever you are lifting.

When positioning a patient in a rolling motion transfer,: A. always move the patient toward you. B. ask the patient which way he or she wants to be rolled. C. roll the patient toward his or her weak side. D. never roll a patient because it creates postural hypotension

A. always move the patient toward you.

A conscious patient whose hands are moist and trembling is most likely suffering from: A. anxiety. B. shock. C. fever. D. acute illness.

A. anxiety.

A gait belt is used to: A. assist a weak patient to stand and walk. B. hold a patient securely in a wheelchair. C. maneuver a slider board. D. provide safety on a stretcher.

A. assist a weak patient to stand and walk

The most common cause of back strain is A. bending and twisting while lifting. B. lifting more than 30 pounds. C. lifting while keeping the back straight. D. pushing heavy equipment on wheels.

A. bending and twisting while lifting.

A patient arrives at the medical imaging department for a facial bones series after being hit in the head by a softball. The patient comes to you with a cervical collar, but it is apparent that the collar may not be needed because the patient is turning his head to converse with you as the examination starts. A professional imaging technologist would: A. remove the cervical collar because it appears to be unnecessary. B. complete the facial bone images with the collar in place using the positioning flexibility of your equipment. C. call the emergency department nurse and ask her to remove the cervical collar. D. immobilize the patient's head and then remove the cervical collar so it's not in the image.

B. complete the facial bone images with the collar in place using the positioning flexibility of your equipment.

All of the following are true of good lifting mechanics except: A. do most of the lifting with your legs and keep your back stationary. B. extend your reach beyond the center of gravity to broaden your arm coverage. C. stand with your feet far apart to broaden your base of support. D. ensure your center of gravity is over your base of support.

B. extend your reach beyond the center of gravity to broaden your arm coverage.

Which microorganisms occur as yeasts or molds and can infect the skin, nail beds, and scalp? A. Protozoa B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Viruses

B. fungi

Two bloodborne pathogens of particular importance to hospital personnel are: A. pneumonia and tuberculosis. B. hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. C. papillomavirus and rhinovirus. D. Clostridium and Bacillus.

B. hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV.

With regard to the ALARA principle, the responsibility of the radiographer is to: A. obtain high-quality radiographs in an efficient manner. B. keep radiation exposures at the lowest levels possible. C. assess image quality as a function of dose. D. determine the risk-to-benefit relationship between ordered examinations and dose.

B. keep radiation exposures at the lowest levels possible.

When moving a patient to or from a stretcher,: A. have the patient hold the stretcher from moving. B. lock the stretcher securely against the examination table. C. raise the head-end of the stretcher to prevent orthostatic hypotension. D. protect the stretcher with positioning sponges.

B. lock the stretcher securely against the examination table.

The term recumbent refers to a position in which the patient is: A. seated. B. lying down. C. upright. D. supine with the head elevated.

B. lying down.

When using sandbags as an immobilization device,: A. refill any sand that leaks out of the bag before the examination begins. B. make a note for the radiologist, as the sandbag is radiopaque and may leave an artifact. C. place the sandbag over the area of interest, so the radiologist knows you used one. D. weigh the sandbag before using it, to ensure it is not too heavy on the patient.

B. make a note for the radiologist, as the sandbag is radiopaque and may leave an artifact.

The portal of exit describes the: A. method by which the pathogen enters the body. B. method by which the pathogen exits the body. C. reservoir or place where the pathogen resides. D. carrier of the pathogen.

B. method by which the pathogen exits the body.

Mobility muscles differ from stability muscles in that: A. stability muscles are located in the knees and ankles. B. mobility muscles are located in the arms and legs. C. stability muscles are involved in digestion and body homeostasis. D. mobility muscles provide postural support.

B. mobility muscles are located in the arms and legs.

The radiographic beam should be restricted so that it is _____ the image receptor. A. slightly larger than B. no larger than C. twice as large as D. four times as large as

B. no larger than

When a physician orders NPO for a patient, this means that: A. the patient is on bed rest. B. nothing is to be given by mouth. C. all urine must be saved. D. only water and ice chips can be given by mouth.

B. nothing is to be given by mouth.

The single greatest measure that can be done to prevent the spread of infection is: A. proper discarding of all refuse in sharps containers. B. proper hand washing technique. C. proper disinfection of radiographic cassettes. D. discarding lead aprons that have been contaminated.

B. proper hand washing technique

The "missile effect" during which a ferromagnetic object may become a projectile, is related to the ________ field of the MRI system. A. gradient magnetic B. static magnetic C. radiofrequency D. electrical

B. static magnetic

The acronym PASS is a helpful way to remember: A. the basic principles of body mechanics. B. the steps for using a fire extinguisher. C. the steps in preparing a patient for transport. D. the steps involved cleaning up a hazardous spill.

B. the steps for using a fire extinguisher.

All of the following are viral infections except: A. cold sores. B. tinea pedis. C. common cold. D. warts.

B. tinea pedis