Module 16

802.15.4 (ZigBee)

standard has a low data rate and complexity. The specification used in this standard is ZigBee, transmits long-distance data through a mesh network. The specification handles applications with a low data rate of 250 Kbps, but its use increases battery life.

Association

It refers to the process of connecting a wireless device to an AP.

802.15.5

This standard deploys itself on a full-mesh or half-mesh topology. It includes network initialization, addressing, and unicasting.

802.15.1 (Bluetooth)

Bluetooth is mainly used for exchanging data over short distances on fixed or mobile devices. This standard works on the 2.4 GHz band. Module

802.15

It defines the standards for a wireless personal area network (WPAN) and describes the specifications for wireless connectivity with fixed or portable devices.

Hotspot

These are places where wireless networks are available for public use. They refer to areas with Wi-Fi availability, where users can enable Wi-Fi on their devices and connect to the Internet.

802.11i

standard improves WLAN security by implementing new encryption protocols such as the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).

802.11d

An enhanced version of 802.11a and 802.11b that supports regulatory domains. The specifications of this standard can be set in the media access control (MAC) layer.

802.11b

Created in 1999, this standard operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and supports bandwidths up to 11 Mbps using direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation.

Bandwidth

It describes the amount of information that may be broadcast over a connection. Usually, it refers to the data transfer rate and is measured in bits (amount of data) per second (bps).

Industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band

This band is a set of frequencies used by the international industrial, scientific, and medical communities.

802.11

Wi-Fi standard that applies to WLANs and uses FHSS or DSSS as the frequency-hopping spectrum. It allows an electronic device to establish a wireless connection in any network.

802.11ah

Also called Wi-Fi HaLow, uses 900 MHz bands for extended-range Wi-Fi networks and supports Internet of Things (IoT) communication with higher data rates and wider coverage range than the previous standards.

Service set identifiers (SSID)

Is a 32-alphanumeric-character unique identifier given to a wireless local area network (WLAN) that acts as a wireless identifier of the network. It permits connections to the desired network among available independent networks. Devices connecting to the same WLAN should use the same SSID to establish connections.

802.11n

is a revision that enhances the 802.11g standard with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas. It works in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. Furthermore, it is an IEEE industry standard for Wi-Fi wireless local network transportation. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and WLAN use OFDM.

802.11ad

standard includes a new physical layer for 802.11 networks and works on the 60 GHz spectrum. The data propagation speed in this standard is much higher from those of standards operating on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, such as 802.11n.

802.16

standard is a wireless communications standard designed to provide multiple physical layer (PHY) and MAC options. It is also known as WiMax. This standard is a specification for fixed broadband wireless metropolitan access networks (MANs) that use a point-to-multipoint architecture.

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

Is a method of digital modulation of data in which a signal, at a chosen frequency, is split into multiple carrier frequencies that are orthogonal (occurring at right angles) to each other. It maps information on the changes in the carrier phase, frequency, amplitude, or a combination of these and shares bandwidth with other independent channels. It produces a transmission scheme that supports higher bit rates than parallel channel operation. It is also a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies.

Multiple input, multiple output-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM)

It influences the spectral efficiency of 4g and 5g wireless communication services. Adopting it reduces interference and increases the channel robustness.

Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)

It is a spread spectrum technique that multiples the original data signal with a pseudo-random noise-spreading code. Also referred to as a data transmission scheme or modulation scheme, the technique protects signals against interference or jamming.

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

It is a universal system used for mobile data transmission in wireless networks worldwide.

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

It is also known as frequency-hopping code-division multiple access (FH-CDMA), is a method of transmission radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels. It decreases the efficiency of unauthorized interception or jamming of telecommunications. In it, a transmitter hops between available frequencies using a specified algorithm in a pseudorandom sequence known to both the sender and receiver.

802.11g

It is an extension of 802.11 and supports maximum bandwidth of 54 Mbps using OFDM technology. It uses the same 2.4 GHz band as 802.11b. The standard defines high-speed extensions to 802.11b and is combatable with the 802.11b standard, which means 802.11b can directly work with its AP.

802.11a

It is the first amendment to the original 802.11 standard. It operates in the 5 GHz frequency band and supports bandwidths up to 54 Mbps using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). It has a high maximum speed but is relatively more sensitive to walls and other obstacles.

Basic service set identifier (BSSID)

It is the media access control (MAC) address of an access point (AP) or base station that has set up a basic service set (BSS). Generally, users are unaware of the BSS to which they belong. When a user moves a device, the BSS used by the device could change because of a variation in the range covered by the AP, but this change may not affect the connectivity of the wireless device.

IEEE 802.11e

It is used for real-time applications such as voice, VoIP, and video. To ensure that these time-sensitive applications have the network resources they need. It defines mechanisms to ensure qualify of service (QoS) to Layer 2 of the reference model, which is the MAC layer.

Access point (AP)

It is used to connect wireless devices to a wireless/wired network. It allows wireless communication devices to connect to a wireless network through wireless standards such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. It serves as a switch or hub between a wired LAN and wireless network.

802.11ac

It provides a high-throughput network at a frequency of 5 GHz. It is faster and more reliable than the 802.11n standard. Moreover, it involves Gigabit networking, which provides an instantaneous data-transfer experience.

802.12

Media utilization is dominated by this standard because it works on the demand priority protocol. The Ethernet speed with this standard is 100 Mbps. Furthermore, it is compatible with the 802.3 and 802.5 standards. Users currently on those standards can directly upgrade to the 802.12 standard.