MODULE 2

consequents

the component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the "then" part of the statement.

deductive argument

an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true rest on necessary reasoning key words - necessarily, "certainly," "absolutely," and "definitely." The meerkat is a member of the mongoose family. All members of the mongoose family are carnivores. Therefore, it necessarily follows that the meerkat is a carnivore

inductive argument

an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true rest on probabilistic reasoning. key words - probably, "improbable," "plausible," "implausible," "likely," "unlikely," and "reasonable to conclude." The meerkat is closely related to the suricat. The suricat thrives on beetle larvae. Therefore, probably the meerkat thrives on beetle larvae

Determine the inductive form being used in the following argument: Every marble I have pulled out of this jar has been orange. So, I bet the rest of the marbles in the jar are orange. Generalization Prediction Argument based on signs Modus Tollens

genralization

Determine the deductive form being used in the following argument: Assuming you study for the test, then you will pass the class. Provided you pass the class, then you will graduate college. Therefore, if you study for the test, then you will pass the class.

pure hypothetical syllogism

Use your knowledge of deduction and induction in general, and of specific deductive and inductive argument forms, to determine which of the following statements are true. Check all that apply.

B. In an inductive argument, the inferential claim is that the conclusion is probably true when the premises are true. C. Geometry and geometric arguments are deductive. E. In a deductive argument, the arguer claims that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

Modus Tollens

If P then Q Not Q Therefore not P If Rita dances, then Ziggy plays Ziggy does not play Thus, Rita does not dance

Modus Ponens

If P then Q P Therefore Q If Marley decides to sing, then Tosh smokes. Marley decided to sing Therefore, Tosh Smokes

Constructive Dilemma

If P then R, and If Q then S Either P or Q Therefore, R or S If Tosh plays bass, then Bob sings; and If Rita dances, then Ziggy busts a beat Either, Tosh plays bass or Rita dances Thus, either Bob sings or Ziggy busts a beat

Determine the antecedent and consequent of the following statement: . Assuming that John sings, it follows that Ringo plays the drums.

John sings -antecedent Ringo plays the drums - consequent

prediction

an inductive argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future

Consider the following argument. Determine if it uses an indicator phrase to signify whether the argument is deductive or inductive. Then determine whether the argument is in fact deductive or inductive. P1:Anne is a trial witness for a criminal case in which Mr. Eddy has been charged with misdemeanor reckless driving. P2:Anne has testified that the defendant, Mr. Eddy, swerved across two lanes of traffic. C:It is reasonable to conclude that Mr. Eddy swerved across two lanes of traffic.

does, inductive

Consider the following argument. It is either a deductive argument or an inductive argument. Indicate whether the conclusion follows from the premises by necessity or by probability and whether the argument is deductive or inductive. Either I drank a cup of lemon tea, or I drank a cup of ginger tea. But it is false that I drank a cup of ginger tea. It follows from this that I drank a cup of lemon tea.

necessity, deductive

general statement

makes a claim about all the members of a class

argument from definition

A deductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion. For example, someone might argue that because Claudia is mendacious, it follows that she tells lies, or that because a certain paragraph is prolix, it follows that it is excessively wordy

Use your knowledge of deduction and induction in general, and of specific deductive and inductive argument forms, to determine which of the following statements are true. Check all that apply.

A. "Necessarily" and "certainly" are typical deductive indicators. B. If an argument uses no indicators whatsoever, then the argument could still be either deductive or inductive. E. In a deductive argument, the arguer claims that it is probable for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. 0.6666 out of 2 pts oops

Determine the deductive form being used in the following argument: All great bands write there own songs. The Lemonheads write their own songs. Thus, the Lemonheads are a great band. Modus Ponens Categorical Syllogism Modus Tollens Pure Hypothetical Syllogism

Categorical Syllogism

Conditional statements are comprised of two components, the antecedent and the consequent. Antecedents are the component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the "if" part of the statement and consequents are the component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the "then" part of the statement. Antecedents are what we call a sufficient condition and consequents are what we call a necessary condition. The English language uses numerous words to indicate "if" and "then." Other ways of saying if: Provided, Assuming, Since, is a sufficient condition, etc. Other ways of saying then: It follows that, only if, is a necessary condition, etc. . Determine the antecedent and consequent of the following statement: . Paul plays bass only if George strums the guitar.

Paul plays bass. = consequent WRONG antecedent George strums the guitar. = antecedent WRONG consequent

hypothetical syllogism

a syllogism having a conditional ("if ... then") statement for one or both of its premises. such arguments are usually best taken as deductive. Examples: If estate taxes are abolished, then wealth will accumulate disproportionately. If wealth accumulates disproportionately, then democracy will be threatened. Therefore, if estate taxes are abolished, then democracy will be threatened. If Fox News is a propaganda machine, then it misleads its viewers. Fox News is a propaganda machine. Therefore, Fox News misleads its viewers.

disjunctive syllogism

a syllogism having a disjunctive ("either ... or ...") statement. such arguments are usually best taken as deductive. Example: Either global warming will be arrested, or hurricanes will become more intense. Global warming will not be arrested. Therefore, hurricanes will become more intense.

categorical syllogism

a syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words "all," "no," or "some." Arguments such as these are nearly always best treated as deductive. Example: All ancient forests are sources of wonder. Some ancient forests are targets of the timber industry. Therefore, some sources of wonder are targets of the timber industry

Determine the inductive form being used in the following argument: Dr. Honeycutt who is an expert in writing claims that one should make use of the serial comma. Thus, you should make use of the serial comma when writing essays. a. Argument from Authority b. Argument based on signs c. Generalization d. Argument based on analogy

a. argument from authority

argument based on mathematics

an deductive argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement. For example, a shopper might place two apples and three oranges into a paper bag and then conclude that the bag contains five pieces of fruit. Or a surveyor might measure a square piece of land and, after determining that it is 100 feet on each side, conclude that it contains 10,000 square feet.

argument from authority

an inductive argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is. For example, a person might argue that earnings for Hewlett-Packard Corporation will be up in the coming quarter because of a statement to that effect by an investment counselor. Or a lawyer might argue that Mack the Knife committed the murder because an eyewitness testified to that effect under oath. Because the investment counselor and the eyewitness could be either mistaken or lying, such arguments are essentially probabilistic

argument from analogy

an inductive argument that depends on the existence of an analogy, or similarity, between two things or states of affairs. Because of the existence of this analogy, a certain condition that affects the better-known thing or situation is concluded to affect the similar, lesser-known thing or situation. For example, someone might argue that because Christina's Porsche is a great-handling car, it follows that Angela's Porsche must also be a great-handling car. The argument depends on the existence of a similarity, or analogy, between the two cars. The certitude attending such an inference is probabilistic at best.

causal inference

an inductive argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or, conversely, from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause. For example, from the knowledge that a bottle of wine had been accidentally left in the freezer overnight, someone might conclude that it had frozen (cause to effect). Conversely, after tasting a piece of chicken and finding it dry and tough, one might conclude that it had been overcooked (effect to cause).

argument based on signs

an inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes. The word "sign," as it is used here, means any kind of message (usually visual) produced by an intelligent being. For example, when driving on an unfamiliar highway one might see a sign indicating that the road makes several sharp turns one mile ahead. Based on this information, one might argue that the road does indeed make several sharp turns one mile ahead. Because the sign might be misplaced or in error about the turns, the conclusion is only probable.

generalization

an inductive that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group. Because the members of the sample have a certain characteristic, it is argued that all the members of the group have that same characteristic. For example, one might argue that because three oranges selected from a certain crate were especially tasty and juicy, all the oranges from that crate are especially tasty and juicy.

Determine the deductive form being used in the following argument: If Johnny runs fast, then Johnny will win the race. Johnny ran fast. Thus, Johnny will win the race. a. Modus Tollens b. Modus Ponens c. Constructive Dilemma d. Disjunctive Syllogism

b. Modus Ponens

Determine the inductive form being used in the following argument: The cover the book says Beyond Good and Evil by Friedrich Nietzsche. Hence, it is nearly certain that Nietzsche is the author of the book. a. Generalization b. Argument from analogy c. Argument based on signs d. Prediction

c. Argument based on signs

he following argument uses deductive indicator words. Locate the indicator word used and type it in the space provided. P:Mt. Lyell is 53 feet taller than Mt. Dana, and Mt. Dana peaks at an elevation of 13,053 feet. C:Therefore, it certainly follows that Mt. Lyell is 13,106 feet in elevation.

certainly

Determine the deductive form being used in the following argument: If the Beastie Boys have a license to ill, then Ice Cube is straight out of Compton. If Desmond Dekker sings 007, then Peter Tosh plays with Marley. As it turns out, either the Beastie Boys have a license to ill or Desmond Dekker sings 007. Thus, either Ice Cube is straight out of Compton or Peter Tosh plays with Marley. a. Affirming the Consequent b. Disjunctive Syllogism c. Pure Hypothetical Syllogism d. Constructive Dilemma

d. Constructive Dilemma

Determine whether the following argument is deductive or inductive No swimmers fear water. Some bathers are swimmers. Therefore, some bathers do not fear water.

deductive

If the university had built another parking lot, then a grove of ancient redwood trees would have been cut down. Since it was prohibited for the grove of ancient redwood trees to be cut down, it follows that the university did not build another parking lot.

deductive

Determine whether the following argument is deductive or inductive An expert in the field of theoretical physics claims that string theory is inaccurate. Based on her expertise, we can conclude that string theory is indeed inaccurate.

deductive WRONG - its inductive

Consider the following argument. Determine if it uses an indicator phrase to signify whether the argument is deductive or inductive. Then determine whether the argument is in fact deductive or inductive. P1:A homeowner has a severe fight with a neighbor. P2:The next day, the homeowner discovers that the tires on his automobile are all flat. C:The neighbor has deflated the home owner's tires.

does not use indicator words, inductive

Use your knowledge of deductive argument forms and inductive argument forms to determine whether the following argument is deductive or inductive For the past 20 years, a publishing company has released a new edition of its most popular textbook every 3 years. Based on this steady trend, we can reliably claim that the publishing company will release another edition of the textbook within the next 3 years.

inductive

Determine the deductive form being used in the following argument: If it rains outside, then it is wet. It is not wet. Thus, it did not rain outside. Modus Ponens Disjunctive Syllogism Modus Tollens Affirming the Consequent

modus tollens

The following argument uses deductive indicator words. Locate the indicator word used and type it in the space provided. P:Exit polls in Massachusetts indicate that Ted Kennedy will likely win reelection. C:Therefore, it necessarily follows that Kennedy will win reelection.

necessarily

onsider the following argument. It is either a deductive argument or an inductive argument. Indicate whether the conclusion follows from the premises by necessity or by probability and whether the argument is deductive or inductive. Neither the San Francisco 49ers nor the Oakland Raiders won the Super Bowl. From this, it follows that the 49ers did not win the Super Bowl and that the Raiders did not win the Super Bowl.

necessity, deductive

particular statement

one that makes a claim about one or more particular members of a class

A random survey of 5,000 residents of a certain town indicated that 75% of the 5,000 were graduates of the local university. Based upon this survey, it follows that most of the town's residents are graduates of the local university.

probability, inductive

Consider the following argument. It is either a deductive argument or an inductive argument. Indicate whether the conclusion follows from the premises by necessity or by probability and whether the argument is deductive or inductive. New Year's Day and the Fourth of July are similar holidays. Since Dianne does not have to work on New Year's Day, it follows that she will not have to work on the Fourth of July either.

probability, inductive

Antecedents

the component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the "if" part of the statement