Module 2- Ch 4 and 5
when enzymes in the liver act on a drug molecule, the ______ ,or product of the enzyme reaction on the drug, no longer has the same reaction as the drug molecule
Metabolite
____ laws in the United States now protect drugs for 20 years, and after that time the finding is available for use by anyone. x
Patent
In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, the arrival of the acton potential in the presynaptic terminals causes ___ channels to open.
calcium
in the context of the actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems, cocaine and most antidepressants block the transporters of dopamine, norepinphrine, or serotonin by ___.
causing the normally released neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse longer than usual
Match the kinds of names of drugs with their characteristics: -chemical name -generic name
chemical name-typically used only in laboratory settings generic name-official names of drugs in the public domain
Which of the following is a stimulant?
cocaine
a layer of tissue that covers the top and sides of the upper parts of the brain is known as
cortex
If doses of a drug are taken in extremely short intervals, the maximum blood level will increase with each dose and can result in ___ effects.
cumulative
Identify the characteristics of withdrawal syndrome of opioids
diarrhea, cramps, chills, and profuse sweating
Identify an effect of depressant drugs
disinhibition
Capillaries in the brain are different from other capillaries in the body because they ___.
do not contain pores
The most prominent neurochemical theory of drug abuse is based on the idea that all rewarding drugs stimulate __________ neurons in the mesolimbic pathways of the central nervous system
dopamine
Identify the monoamine neurotransmittters that have specific transporters built into their terminals
dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
The effectiveness of a new drug must be done using a ____-____ procedure, which is an experiment in which neither the drug nor the patient knows which drug is being used.
double-blind
When the use of a drug increases the drug's rate of metabolism or excretion, it is referred to as ___ ___ tolerance, or pharmacokinetic tolerance.
drug disposition
Match the mechanisms by which drug tolerance can come about with their definitions: -drug disposition tolerance -behavioral tolerance -pharmacodynamic tolerance
drug disposition - tolerance caused by more rapid elimination of a drug behavioral tolerance - tolerance caused by learned adaptation pharmacodynamic tolerance - tolerance caused by altered nervous system sensitivity
T/F: Nicotine is much more effective when swallowed than when inhaled.
false
Identify a true statement about a drugs brand name
it specifies a particular formulation
identify a true statement about using intramuscular injections to administer drugs
larger volumes of material can be deposited in a muscle than can be injected subcutaneously
In the context of the chemistry of drug molecules, the ____ of a drug is one of the most important consideration that determine the speed of a drug's reaction.
lipid solubility
Identify a true statement about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the central nervous system.
prevents the action potential and thus disrupts the communication between neurons
Glutamate is often referred to as the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter because ___.
stimulation of its receptors makes cells more excitable
Cells from the ______ course together past the hypothalamus and terminate in the striatum to form the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the central nervous system.
substantia nigra
Identify the structures that form part of the limbic system
-amygdala -hippocampus
Identify the drugs commonly administered using the inhalation method
-crack cocaine -nicotine -marijuana
identify the structures of the brian stem that connect larger parts of the brain to the spinal cord
-midbrain -medulla oblongata -pons
Match the ways in which a drug exerts its effects directly on neurotransmitter receptors with their features
An agonist - mimics the action of a neurotransmitter and directly activities its receptor An antagonist - occupies a neurotransmitter receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from activating it
In the context of the life cycle of neurotransmitter, many of the sedative-like effects of barbiturates are dependent on their binding to ___ receptors in the brain.
GABA\/a
Identify an accurate statement about the role of homeostasis in alcohol or drug use.
Homeostatic processes mobilize to counteract some alcohol-related effects.
In the context of the action potential, match the states of neuron with their explanations.
Hyperpolarized = when the membrane potential of a neuron is more negative Depolarized = when the membrane potential of a neuron is less negative
Identify an advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging, or FMRI, technique used for brain imaging.
It gives real-time information about changes in the brain blood flow.
Identify a true statement about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the central nervous system.
It has been proposed to mediate some type of psychotic behavior.
In the context of dose-response relationships, the therapeutic index (TI) is defined as ____.
LD50/ED50
__________ (MRI) is a technique that uses powerful magnets to determine the amount of hydrogen atoms at different locations of the body.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Match the kinds of effects of a drug with their features: -specific effects -nonspecific effects
Specific effects - depend on the presence of the chemical at certain concentrations in the target tissuenon specific effects - derived from a user's unique background and particular perception of the world
Match the components of the autonomic nervous system, or ANS, with their characteristics
Sympathetic Branch = flight or fight reactions parasympathetic branch = associated with a relaxed physiological state
identify a true statement about the process of uptake of a neurotransmitter
The cell expends energy to bring the precursors from which the neurotransmitter will be made into a cell
According to the monoamine theory of mood, match the amounts of activities of the monoamine neurotransmitters (in the left column) with their effects (in the right column).
Too little activity = causes depressionToo much activity = causes manic states
in the context of the notions of ancient times about behavior patterns, match the dispositions on behavior by the Chinese with their descriptions
Yin- the moon, representing the cool, passive, and feminine natureYang- the sun, representing the warm, active, and masculine nature
the neurotransmitter at neuromuscular functions in the somatic system is __________ which acts on receptors that excite the muscle
acetylcholine
Drugs can alter the availability of a neurotransmitter in the synapse by ___.
acting on synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, or metabolism of neurotransmitters
Match the psychotherapeutic drugs with their features: -antipsychotics -antidepressants
antipsychotics- help people control hallucinations and illogical thoughts antidepressants- help people recover from depressed mood states
Match the conditions that occur when the drug increases from the low end with their descriptions: -ataxia -comatose
ataxia-people stagger or become unable to walk straight comatose-people pass out and cannot be arouse
the ___ are subcortical brain structures that control muscle tone
basal ganglia
Creation of the ___- ___ barrier, which is a semipermeable structure that protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals in the blood, is an important function of glia.
blood-brain
Identify a true statement about the relationship between the dose and the effect of a drug.
further additions of a drug have no effect at the point where the response system shows maximal response
In positron-emission tomography, or PET, technique used for brain imaging, the radioactive chemical used is usually a form of ______ or a drug that binds to specific neurotransmitter receptors.
glucose
In the context of the transportation of a drug through the blood, alcohol exists in the bloodstream primarily in the unbound form because it ___.
has a low affinity for binding with plasma protein in the blood
According to studies, acetylcholine blockers in the central nervous system typically __.
impair memory
Studies with monkeys have found that low levels of sertonin metabolites are associated with ___.
impulsive aggression
Psychoactive drugs alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by ___.
increasing or decreasing the transmitter chemical's rate of synthesis
identify a true statement about the hypothalamus in the brain
it is a link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland
Identify a true statement about the cell membrane of a neuron.
it is semipermeable
identify a features of functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, technique used for brain imaging
it measures a persons blood oxygen level dependent signal
identify a true statement about nicotine
it seems to have some relaxant properties of a depressant
____ Is a disease that results from a loss of myelin wrappings of neurons
multiple sclerosis
The drug-metabolizing activity of the CYP450 enzymes in the liver typically returns to normal when the induced drug is ___.
no longer taken
it is likely that stimulant drugs use ____ pathways in the central nervous system to induce wakefulness
norepinephrine
in the context of routes of drug administration, insufflation ensures quick access of a drug to the general blood circulation by ___.
passing through blood vessels lining the nasal cavity
Most of the drugs in use 50 years ago originally came from ___.
plants
The ___ of a drug refers to the amount of drug required to obtain a particular response.
potency
Drugs that are inactive in the original form and become active only after they are altered by the liver enzymes are known as ___.
produgs
Pathways containing serotonin arise from the ___.
raphe nuclei
Neurons contain ________, which are recognition mechanisms that respond to specific chemical signals.
receptors
interfering with normal GABA or Y amino butyric acid, inhibition can lead to
seizures resembling those see in epilepsy
In the context of drugs on the brain, an equilibrium develops quickly for most drugs because ___.
the brain is well supplied with blood
A disadvantage of using intravenous, or IV, injection of administer drugs is that ___.
the vein wall loses some of its strength in the area around the injection site
In most of the cases, drugs have their effects on the brain because ___.
their molecular structure is similar to that of a neurotransmitter chemical
identify a feature of endorphins
they are known to play a role in pain relief
Identify a limitation of brain imaging techniques.
they involve many assumptions and complicated statistical analysis that are not standardized
Identify a true statement about synthetic enzymes involved in the process of synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules.
they recognize, get attached, and hold the precursor molecule from which a neurotransmitter will be made
Brand names of commercially available compounds are copyrighted and protected by __ laws.
trademark
T/F There are specific receptors for each each neurotransmitter, and most neurotransmitters have more than one type of receptor in the brain.
true
T/F: Topical application of some drugs to the skin can provide a slow, steady absorption over many hours.
true