Module 2- Ch 4 and 5

when enzymes in the liver act on a drug molecule, the ______ ,or product of the enzyme reaction on the drug, no longer has the same reaction as the drug molecule

Metabolite

____ laws in the United States now protect drugs for 20 years, and after that time the finding is available for use by anyone. x

Patent

In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, the arrival of the acton potential in the presynaptic terminals causes ___ channels to open.

calcium

in the context of the actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems, cocaine and most antidepressants block the transporters of dopamine, norepinphrine, or serotonin by ___.

causing the normally released neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse longer than usual

Match the kinds of names of drugs with their characteristics: -chemical name -generic name

chemical name-typically used only in laboratory settings generic name-official names of drugs in the public domain

Which of the following is a stimulant?

cocaine

a layer of tissue that covers the top and sides of the upper parts of the brain is known as

cortex

If doses of a drug are taken in extremely short intervals, the maximum blood level will increase with each dose and can result in ___ effects.

cumulative

Identify the characteristics of withdrawal syndrome of opioids

diarrhea, cramps, chills, and profuse sweating

Identify an effect of depressant drugs

disinhibition

Capillaries in the brain are different from other capillaries in the body because they ___.

do not contain pores

The most prominent neurochemical theory of drug abuse is based on the idea that all rewarding drugs stimulate __________ neurons in the mesolimbic pathways of the central nervous system

dopamine

Identify the monoamine neurotransmittters that have specific transporters built into their terminals

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

The effectiveness of a new drug must be done using a ____-____ procedure, which is an experiment in which neither the drug nor the patient knows which drug is being used.

double-blind

When the use of a drug increases the drug's rate of metabolism or excretion, it is referred to as ___ ___ tolerance, or pharmacokinetic tolerance.

drug disposition

Match the mechanisms by which drug tolerance can come about with their definitions: -drug disposition tolerance -behavioral tolerance -pharmacodynamic tolerance

drug disposition - tolerance caused by more rapid elimination of a drug behavioral tolerance - tolerance caused by learned adaptation pharmacodynamic tolerance - tolerance caused by altered nervous system sensitivity

T/F: Nicotine is much more effective when swallowed than when inhaled.

false

Identify a true statement about a drugs brand name

it specifies a particular formulation

identify a true statement about using intramuscular injections to administer drugs

larger volumes of material can be deposited in a muscle than can be injected subcutaneously

In the context of the chemistry of drug molecules, the ____ of a drug is one of the most important consideration that determine the speed of a drug's reaction.

lipid solubility

Identify a true statement about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the central nervous system.

prevents the action potential and thus disrupts the communication between neurons

Glutamate is often referred to as the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter because ___.

stimulation of its receptors makes cells more excitable

Cells from the ______ course together past the hypothalamus and terminate in the striatum to form the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the central nervous system.

substantia nigra

Identify the structures that form part of the limbic system

-amygdala -hippocampus

Identify the drugs commonly administered using the inhalation method

-crack cocaine -nicotine -marijuana

identify the structures of the brian stem that connect larger parts of the brain to the spinal cord

-midbrain -medulla oblongata -pons

Match the ways in which a drug exerts its effects directly on neurotransmitter receptors with their features

An agonist - mimics the action of a neurotransmitter and directly activities its receptor An antagonist - occupies a neurotransmitter receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from activating it

In the context of the life cycle of neurotransmitter, many of the sedative-like effects of barbiturates are dependent on their binding to ___ receptors in the brain.

GABA\/a

Identify an accurate statement about the role of homeostasis in alcohol or drug use.

Homeostatic processes mobilize to counteract some alcohol-related effects.

In the context of the action potential, match the states of neuron with their explanations.

Hyperpolarized = when the membrane potential of a neuron is more negative Depolarized = when the membrane potential of a neuron is less negative

Identify an advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging, or FMRI, technique used for brain imaging.

It gives real-time information about changes in the brain blood flow.

Identify a true statement about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the central nervous system.

It has been proposed to mediate some type of psychotic behavior.

In the context of dose-response relationships, the therapeutic index (TI) is defined as ____.

LD50/ED50

__________ (MRI) is a technique that uses powerful magnets to determine the amount of hydrogen atoms at different locations of the body.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Match the kinds of effects of a drug with their features: -specific effects -nonspecific effects

Specific effects - depend on the presence of the chemical at certain concentrations in the target tissuenon specific effects - derived from a user's unique background and particular perception of the world

Match the components of the autonomic nervous system, or ANS, with their characteristics

Sympathetic Branch = flight or fight reactions parasympathetic branch = associated with a relaxed physiological state

identify a true statement about the process of uptake of a neurotransmitter

The cell expends energy to bring the precursors from which the neurotransmitter will be made into a cell

According to the monoamine theory of mood, match the amounts of activities of the monoamine neurotransmitters (in the left column) with their effects (in the right column).

Too little activity = causes depressionToo much activity = causes manic states

in the context of the notions of ancient times about behavior patterns, match the dispositions on behavior by the Chinese with their descriptions

Yin- the moon, representing the cool, passive, and feminine natureYang- the sun, representing the warm, active, and masculine nature

the neurotransmitter at neuromuscular functions in the somatic system is __________ which acts on receptors that excite the muscle

acetylcholine

Drugs can alter the availability of a neurotransmitter in the synapse by ___.

acting on synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, or metabolism of neurotransmitters

Match the psychotherapeutic drugs with their features: -antipsychotics -antidepressants

antipsychotics- help people control hallucinations and illogical thoughts antidepressants- help people recover from depressed mood states

Match the conditions that occur when the drug increases from the low end with their descriptions: -ataxia -comatose

ataxia-people stagger or become unable to walk straight comatose-people pass out and cannot be arouse

the ___ are subcortical brain structures that control muscle tone

basal ganglia

Creation of the ___- ___ barrier, which is a semipermeable structure that protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals in the blood, is an important function of glia.

blood-brain

Identify a true statement about the relationship between the dose and the effect of a drug.

further additions of a drug have no effect at the point where the response system shows maximal response

In positron-emission tomography, or PET, technique used for brain imaging, the radioactive chemical used is usually a form of ______ or a drug that binds to specific neurotransmitter receptors.

glucose

In the context of the transportation of a drug through the blood, alcohol exists in the bloodstream primarily in the unbound form because it ___.

has a low affinity for binding with plasma protein in the blood

According to studies, acetylcholine blockers in the central nervous system typically __.

impair memory

Studies with monkeys have found that low levels of sertonin metabolites are associated with ___.

impulsive aggression

Psychoactive drugs alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by ___.

increasing or decreasing the transmitter chemical's rate of synthesis

identify a true statement about the hypothalamus in the brain

it is a link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland

Identify a true statement about the cell membrane of a neuron.

it is semipermeable

identify a features of functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, technique used for brain imaging

it measures a persons blood oxygen level dependent signal

identify a true statement about nicotine

it seems to have some relaxant properties of a depressant

____ Is a disease that results from a loss of myelin wrappings of neurons

multiple sclerosis

The drug-metabolizing activity of the CYP450 enzymes in the liver typically returns to normal when the induced drug is ___.

no longer taken

it is likely that stimulant drugs use ____ pathways in the central nervous system to induce wakefulness

norepinephrine

in the context of routes of drug administration, insufflation ensures quick access of a drug to the general blood circulation by ___.

passing through blood vessels lining the nasal cavity

Most of the drugs in use 50 years ago originally came from ___.

plants

The ___ of a drug refers to the amount of drug required to obtain a particular response.

potency

Drugs that are inactive in the original form and become active only after they are altered by the liver enzymes are known as ___.

produgs

Pathways containing serotonin arise from the ___.

raphe nuclei

Neurons contain ________, which are recognition mechanisms that respond to specific chemical signals.

receptors

interfering with normal GABA or Y amino butyric acid, inhibition can lead to

seizures resembling those see in epilepsy

In the context of drugs on the brain, an equilibrium develops quickly for most drugs because ___.

the brain is well supplied with blood

A disadvantage of using intravenous, or IV, injection of administer drugs is that ___.

the vein wall loses some of its strength in the area around the injection site

In most of the cases, drugs have their effects on the brain because ___.

their molecular structure is similar to that of a neurotransmitter chemical

identify a feature of endorphins

they are known to play a role in pain relief

Identify a limitation of brain imaging techniques.

they involve many assumptions and complicated statistical analysis that are not standardized

Identify a true statement about synthetic enzymes involved in the process of synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules.

they recognize, get attached, and hold the precursor molecule from which a neurotransmitter will be made

Brand names of commercially available compounds are copyrighted and protected by __ laws.

trademark

T/F There are specific receptors for each each neurotransmitter, and most neurotransmitters have more than one type of receptor in the brain.

true

T/F: Topical application of some drugs to the skin can provide a slow, steady absorption over many hours.

true