Module 2 Skeletal System Anatomy

What are the three roles of calcium in the body?

- important in blood clot formation - a component of bony matrix - plays a role in muscle contraction

Mature bone cells are called

osteocytes

What are bone cells called?

osteocytes

The bones of the head, neck, and trunk are part of the skeleton, and bones of the limbs are part of the skeleton.

Blank 1: axial Blank 2: appendicular

Cells called dissolve bony matrix, while cells called deposit new matrix.

Blank 1: osteoclasts Blank 2: osteoblasts

After bones have formed via intramembranous or endochondral ossification, what happens to the bone?

Bone is continually remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Which arrow is pointing to the periosteum?

D

What are the characteristics of an epiphyseal plate?

It separates the diaphysis and the epiphysis of long bones. It is responsible for the growth in length of long bones. It consists of cartilaginous cells.

What term is used to indicate the process of blood cell formation?

hematopoiesis

What is a function of the skeletal system?

house blood-producing cells

The extracellular matrix of bone tissue includes collagen as well as abundant inorganic salts which are found in the form of a mineral called ______.

hydroxyapatite

Bone is hard due to ______ but resilient due to ______.

inorganic salts; collagen

Flat bones, such as bones of the skull, that develop from sheetlike layers of connective tissue, are called ______.

intramembranous bones

Some bones develop within sheetlike layers of connective tissue, and they are called ______ bones. Other bones develop from a model of hyaline cartilage and are called ______ bones.

intramembranous; endochondral

Bone remodeling occurs continually as ______ reabsorb bone tissue and ______ replace the bone. The total mass of bone remains nearly constant.

osteoclasts; osteoblasts

What is ossification?

process of bone formation

The formation of blood cells occurs in the bone marrow found in bone.

red

The total mass of bone tissue in a healthy adult skeleton ______.

remains nearly constant

What is hydroxyapatite?

small crystals of calcium phosphate salts

Osteoblasts function to ______, while osteoclasts ______.

deposit bony matrix; dissolve bony matrix

Choose the two major portions of the skeleton.

axial and appendicular

In addition to providing support, movement, and protection, bones also function in the formation of cells and the storage of minerals.

blood

What structure is protected by the skull?

brain

Which component gives bone its strength and resilience?

collagen

What are the two main components of the extracellular matrix of bone?

collagen fibers inorganic salts

Most bones have both types of bone tissue. The more superficial one is bone which overlies bone.

compact, spongy

Place the layers of the epiphyseal plate in order, starting with the zone closest to the epiphysis at the top.

1. Zone of resting cartilage. 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage. 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage. 4. Zone of calcified cartilage.

Although the number may vary due to the presence of sutural and sesamoid bones, it is typically thought that there are (number) bones in the body.

206

How many distinct layers form an epiphyseal plate?

4 layers

On this diagram of a long bone, match each arrow with the bone structure it identifies.

A diaphysis B epiphysis C endosteum D periosteum E epiphyseal plate (line)

Where is the spongy bone typically found?

deep to compact bone

Match the layers of the epiphyseal plate with the appropriate description.

Zone of resting cartilage ---> Layer closest to the epiphysis Zone of proliferating ------> Young cells undergoing mitosis Zone of hypertrophic cartilage ------> Cartilage cells enlarging while osteoblasts deposit bone matrix Zone of calcified cartilage -------> Composed of dead cartilage cells encased in bone matrix.

What are the categories of bones according to their shape?

long short irregular flat