Module 3
In the year _______, the Great Schism permanently divided the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches when Pope Leo IX's envoy and the patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other. 1054 1066 1077 1096 1122
1054
In _______, the king of England ordered a survey and census of the country popularly called Domesday. 1060 1076 1086 1096 1100
1086
The Inquisition, a court of papal inquisitors established by the Fourth Lateran Council, became permanent in the year ________, 1135 1215 1233 1250 1309
1233
What was the new financial structure of Italian families in the post-Carolingian era? Patrilineal families, passing property and titles to the firstborn son Property and titles passed to the firstborn child, male or female A type of economic corporation in which all male members shared the profits of the family's inheritance, while women were excluded Extended families with real estate held in common and cash managed by a professional consorteria
A type of economic corporation in which all male members shared the profits of the family's inheritance, while women were excluded
By 929, ____________ had grown powerful enough to take the title of caliph, thereby establishing the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031. Ubayd Allah Abd al-Rahman I Al-Kwarazmi Abd al-Rahman III Ibn Sina (Avincenna)
Abd al-Rahman III
Which of the following statements about Abelard is false? Abelard wrote an autobiography called Sic et Non. Abelard became the tutor and lover of Heloise. Abelard's book on the Trinity was condemned at the Council of Soissons in 1121, and he was forced to burn it. Abelard's marriage was kept secret because it would have compromised his career if it had been made public.
Abelard wrote an autobiography called Sic et Non.
What happened to the Slavic ruling class as a result of the Northern Crusades? They were decimated and completely replaced by a Germanic aristocracy. They were supplanted by the church, which permanently confiscated their lands in the name of the pope. After surrendering their lands and converting to Christianity, they were reinstated as vassals of Christian rulers and found wealth and status by taking part in crusades farther east. Impoverished, they formed a substantial minority within the population and instigated popular revolts lasting to the thirteenth century.
After surrendering their lands and converting to Christianity, they were reinstated as vassals of Christian rulers and found wealth and status by taking part in crusades farther east.
The mathematician ______________ introduced algebra and the placeholder zero, making it possible to manipulate large numbers in a way that was impossible with Roman numerals. Ubayd Allah Abd al-Rahman I Al-Kwarazmi Abd al-Rahman III Ibn Sina (Avincenna)
Al-Kwarazmi
Which scholastic scholar made contributions to the natural sciences, such as botany and physics, in addition to being an accomplished theologian? Thomas Aquinas Peter Abelard John Duns Scotus Albertus Magnus
Albertus Magnus
Dualists who believed that the world was torn between the forces of good and evil, the ____________ renounced the material world and challenged the legitimacy of the church hierarchy. Waldensians Ghibellines Mendicants Beguines Albigensians
Albigensians
Who brought the traditions of Anglo-Saxon scholarship to Charlemagne's court? Bede Alcuin Benedict Biscop Einhard
Alcuin
In 1188, King _____________ became the first monarch on record to summon townsmen to a representative assembly. Philip the Fair Alfonso IX Alfonso X Edward I Louis IX
Alfonso IX
What was Domesday? A book containing the names of William the Conqueror's enemies A compilation of English canon law An extensive inventory of England's resources, including land, livestock, taxes, and population St. Anselm's record of the Norman conquest and its aftermath
An extensive inventory of England's resources, including land, livestock, taxes, and population
A low point for the papacy occurred in 1303 when the king of France sent agents to _________ in an attempt to arrest Pope Boniface VIII and bring him to France for trial. Rome Avignon Piacenza Anagni Albi
Anagni
Which of the following was a fundamental difference between ancient and medieval cities? Ancient cities were much larger and more numerous than medieval cities. Ancient cities were built on hilltops and heavily fortified, whereas medieval cities were located by rivers and offered easy access. Ancient cities' primary functions were religious, social, and political; medieval cities were primarily centers of production and commerce. Ancient cities were centers of government; medieval cities were centers for religious districts.
Ancient cities' primary functions were religious, social, and political; medieval cities were primarily centers of production and commerce.
What Greek philosopher became widely studied in European universities by the end of the twelfth century? Socrates Plato Aristotle Augustine
Aristotle
How was the Investiture Conflict resolved? At the Council of Reims, it was decided that the pope had the ultimate authority in church matters. Through the Council of Clermont, the emperor agreed to yield the authority to appoint bishops, while the pope agreed to choose only candidates acceptable to the emperor. At the Concordat of Worms, the investiture ceremony was divided into two parts: one using spiritual symbols and carried out by a churchman, and one using secular symbols and carried out by the emperor or his representative. The victory of imperial forces in the resulting civil war affirmed the emperor's role in church matters.
At the Concordat of Worms, the investiture ceremony was divided into two parts: one using spiritual symbols and carried out by a churchman, and one using secular symbols and carried out by the emperor or his representative.
Which city was the center of power for the Abbasid caliphate? Mecca Ctesiphon Baghdad Damascus
Baghdad
After the capture of Constantinople in 1204, the crusaders placed _____________ on the Byzantine throne. Stephen of Blois Frederick Barbarossa Baldwin of Flanders Geoffrey of Anjou Henry the Lion
Baldwin of Flanders
Reviving classical intellectual pursuits, Emperor ____________ presided over the beginning of the Macedonian renaissance. Basil I Basil II Constantine VII Nicephorus I Nicephorus Phocas
Basil I
Who subjected the Bulgarian region to Byzantine rule and forced its ruler to accept the Byzantine form of Christianity? Nicephorus I Basil I Basil II Nicephorus Phocas
Basil II
What do the Gothic sculptures at Chartres cathedral have in common with Dante's Divine Comedy? Both are examples of disorder and the limits of the medieval synthesis. Both tell the story of the soul's pilgrimage from the suffering of this world to eternal life. Both were products of the flowering of the Middle Ages in France. Both were commissioned by the papacy.
Both tell the story of the soul's pilgrimage from the suffering of this world to eternal life.
How did the First Crusade contribute to the growth of papal leadership? By leading an army to the Holy Land, Urban II transformed the papacy into a military office. By calling for the crusade and offering an indulgence to crusaders, Urban II increased papal leadership in the military arena. By condemning the crusaders for their violent acts, Urban II enhanced the moral leadership of the papacy. By sanctioning the so-called People's (or Peasants') Crusade, the pope claimed to be "first among equals" in a democratic church.
By calling for the crusade and offering an indulgence to crusaders, Urban II increased papal leadership in the military arena.
After being excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII, the Emperor Henry IV met him at _______________, where he begged the pope for forgiveness. Rome Clermont Worms Canossa Reims
Canossa
Which of the following statements is not true regarding Charlemagne? Charlemagne was hesitant about taking the title of emperor. Charlemagne expanded the Franks' territory. Charlemagne ruled at the local level through counts and other military men faithful to him. Charlemagne used his knowledge of Latin and Greek to rewrite parts of the Vulgate.
Charlemagne used his knowledge of Latin and Greek to rewrite parts of the Vulgate.
In 732, who defeated an invading army of Muslims from al-Andalus near Poitiers? Charlemagne Pippin III Charles Martel Louis the Pious
Charles Martel
The cathedral at ___________ is known for summing up in stone key features of the Middle Ages. Cluny Chartres Paris Reims Montpellier
Chartres
By the early eleventh century, the Danes had extended their rule over England under King __________. Rollo Cnut Otto Oleg Stephen
Cnut
All of the following contended for the English throne after the death of Edward the Confessor except Harold, earl of Wessex. Cnut, king of Anglia. Harald Hardrada, king of Norway. William, duke of Normandy.
Cnut, king of Anglia.
The Investiture Conflict was finally resolved with the ___________ in 1122, which distinguished the spiritual part of church office from the secular. Council of Clermont Council of Soissons Concordat of Worms Synod of Whitby Concordat of Rome
Concordat of Worms
Following the condemnation of his work at the ______________, Abelard was forced to burn his book. Council of Clermont Council of Soissons Concordat of Worms Synod of Whitby Concordat of Rome
Council of Soissons
In 876, Vikings settled in northeast England and established a region under their own laws called the __________. Danemark Dynatoi Danelaw Demesne Danegold
Danelaw
The Commedia by ____________ described an imaginary journey from Hell to Purgatory and then to Paradise and presented the scholastics' harmonious and optimistic vision of the universe in a way that was accessible to ordinary people. John Duns Scotus Dante Alighieri Jean de Meun Guillaume de Lorris Anthony of Padua
Dante Alighieri
The county of _____________ was the first crusader state established in the Holy Land. Aquitaine Edessa Seljuk Templar Byzantium
Edessa
The reconquista refers to the campaign to convert non-Christians in _____________. Henry, count of Anjou and duke of Normandy Emperor Conrad III Simon Templar Eleanor of Aquitaine Eugenius III
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Which of the following was not true of the sacraments? Eleventh-century church reformers downplayed their importance. The Eucharist or holy communion was regarded as the most important sacrament. The sacraments were the means by which God's heavenly grace was expressed. Marriage became a sacrament after the twelfth century.
Eleventh-century church reformers downplayed their importance.
Which of the following best describes England after the Norman conquest? England was isolated from the continent by the English Channel and thus evolved independently of western European influences. England was tied inextricably to the language, politics, institutions, and culture of the continent. The Norman conquest had so ravaged the English countryside that the agricultural system, and therefore the economy, did not recover until the thirteenth century. The English were taxed heavily by the Norman kings but were otherwise left to govern themselves.
England was tied inextricably to the language, politics, institutions, and culture of the continent.
What happened to the Islamic state after the death of the caliph Harun al-Rashid? Facing financial ruin, the Muslims sought the riches of conquest and renewed their attacks on Byzantium. The Byzantine Empire and Kievan Russia combined to attack the Islamic state, reducing its size and weakening it financially. The Mamluks gained the caliphate, notably favoring Sunni Muslims for official positions. Ex-soldiers, seeking better pay, recognized different caliphs and fought for them in savage civil wars.
Ex-soldiers, seeking better pay, recognized different caliphs and fought for them in savage civil wars.
Felons
Faithless lords and faithless vassals
After 1000, how did inheritance patterns change? Families handed down their entire estates to one son, usually the eldest. Fiefs became properties that could be passed on to heirs. Families began to split their holdings equally among their male and female children. Aristocratic families were required to give 10 percent of each child's inheritance to the church.
Families handed down their entire estates to one son, usually the eldest.
Feudalism
Feudalism concerns the peculiar association of vassalage with fief holding that was developed in the Carolingian Empire and then spread to other parts of Europe Feudalism based on fief (military benefice or fief was the remuneration pay to a vassal for rendering special service), homage and fealty
Which of the following was not a problem faced by the German emperors after the Investiture Conflict? Balancing the conflicting interests of the empire and the German princes Contending with the increasing influence of the papacy Dealing with powerful Italian communes Fighting the peoples of eastern Europe
Fighting the peoples of eastern Europe
Which of the following is false regarding the new markets and fairs that appeared in the eleventh and twelfth centuries? They often developed with the support of local lords and monasteries. They grew fastest in regions along key waterways. In some cases, markets were housed by permanent structures. Foreigners and non-Christians were not allowed in these markets.
Foreigners and non-Christians were not allowed in these markets.
In his Art of Measurable Song, ______________ invented a system that became the basis of modern musical notation. Franco of Cologne Dante Alighieri Jean de Meun Giotto Anthony of Padua
Franco of Cologne
Which of the following eyewitnesses of the First Crusade left a written account of the experience that has proven useful to historians? Peter the Hermit Peter Bartholomew Fulcher of Chartres An unnamed crusader and his wife
Fulcher of Chartres
Which of the following regions of Europe was most affected by the Investiture Conflict? France England Spain Germany
Germany
Which artist changed the emphasis of painting from symbolic and intellectual to naturalistic and emotional? Franco of Cologne Jean de Meun Giotto Nicola Pisano
Giotto
_____________ was a Florentine artist who changed the emphasis in painting from the predominantly symbolic and intellectual to the more naturalistic and emotional. Franco of Cologne Dante Alighieri Nicola Pisano Giotto Guillaume de Lorris
Giotto
In his landmark work, the Decretum, _____________ clarified church law by synthesizing thousands of passages from the decrees of popes and councils with writings from the church fathers to show their essential agreement. Abelard Anselm Gregory VII Orderic Vitalis Gratian
Gratian
Which of the following was not a trading partner of Muslim merchants in the tenth and eleventh centuries? England Russia Greenland Timbuktu
Greenland
How did Louis IX of France view the power of the church? He imposed royal power over all aspects of life within his lands, including church matters. He respected the authority of the church and always accepted its leadership in temporal matters. Although respecting religion in the abstract, he challenged the authority of the church hierarchy and attempted to tax the clergy. He believed that royal and ecclesiastical power should work side by side, neither subservient to the other.
He believed that royal and ecclesiastical power should work side by side, neither subservient to the other.
Which of the following is not one of the traits of a chivalric hero? He followed a code of refinement. He commanded a vast army of foot soldiers in battle. He was pious. He was committed to fair play.
He commanded a vast army of foot soldiers in battle.
Which of the following has not been identified by historians as a possible motive for Pope Urban II calling the First Crusade? He wanted Christian control of the Holy Land. He sought to fulfill the goals of the Truce of God. He envisioned converting Eastern Orthodox Christians to Roman Catholicism. He wanted to strengthen the leadership of the papacy.
He envisioned converting Eastern Orthodox Christians to Roman Catholicism.
Which of the following is not true of Peter Abelard? He is considered one of the greatest thinkers of the twelfth century. He wrote his famous text on logic, Sic et Non, for his students. He gave up his career in order to marry Heloise. Fulbert, Heloise's uncle, had Abelard castrated.
He gave up his career in order to marry Heloise.
Which of the following is not true of Emperor Nicephorus I? He was killed by Khagan Krum and his forces. He fought the Slavs of Greece and set up a new Christian diocese and a new military theme in the Peloponnesus. He invaded the infant state of Serbia. He captured the chief Bulgarian city of Pliska, plundered it, and burned it to the ground.
He invaded the infant state of Serbia.
When the English King _____________ died in 1135 without a male heir, the throne was fought over by two French counts: one married to the late king's daughter and the other to his sister. Henry I Henry II Stephen I William I William II
Henry I
With the death of the last of the Carolingian kings in Germany (911), the most powerful dukes elected ___________ as king. Otto I Lothar Henry I Hugh Capet Otto III
Henry I
Which eleventh-century emperor denounced simony and refused to accept money or gifts when appointing bishops? Gregory VII Henry III Alexander II Alexius I
Henry III
Which of the following statements regarding the reign of Henry III is not true? During the first sixteen years of Henry's reign, England was governed by a council consisting of a few barons, professional administrators, and a papal legate. Discontented with his rule, the English barons threatened to rebel, forcing some major concessions from Henry in 1258. Simon de Montfort captured Henry in 1264, briefly becoming England's de facto ruler and convening a parliament that included representatives from the towns. Henry III taxed the clergy in order to finance his efforts against Philip the Fair of France; the tax precipitated a conflict with Pope Boniface VIII.
Henry III taxed the clergy in order to finance his efforts against Philip the Fair of France; the tax precipitated a conflict with Pope Boniface VIII.
_____________ was ruler of Germany and Italy when the Investiture Conflict was finally resolved in 1122. Louix VI Lothan III William the Conqueror Henry V Henry IV
Henry V
Which of the following did not result from the disagreements between Gregory VII and Henry IV? A civil war ravaged Germany from 1077 until 1122. Henry and his supporters elected an antipope. Gregory excommunicated Henry but had to receive him back into the church when Henry presented himself as a penitent. Henry and all the German bishops boycotted Gregory's council at Reims.
Henry and all the German bishops boycotted Gregory's council at Reims.
The Danish King Valdemar I and __________ led the first phase of the Northern Crusades against the Slavs. Richard I Philip II Baldwin of Flanders Geoffrey of Anjou Henry the Lion
Henry the Lion
All of the following were writers of troubadour poetry except Duke William IX of Aquitaine. the Contessa de Dia. Richard I of England. Henry the Lion of Saxony.
Henry the Lion of Saxony.
Which statement regarding Eleanor of Aquitaine is false? She married Henry II and brought the duchy of Aquitaine to the English crown. She was the queen of France, wife of Louis VII. She accompanied her husband on the Second Crusade. Her loyalty to her husband provided a model of female virtue in her day.
Her loyalty to her husband provided a model of female virtue in her day.
What was the biggest mistake Frederick made in trying to rule Italy? His use of bishops as royal governors His use of generals to rule the Italian cities His use of German officials as magistrates His appointment of Guelfs as mayors in Ghibelline cities
His use of German officials as magistrates
In 987, who was elected to replace the last Carolingian king? Pippin III Otto II Hugh Capet Henry I
Hugh Capet
In order to prevent a civil war, powerful Frankish lords and bishops elected ___________ to replace the last Carolingian king of France. Louis the German Lothar Louis the Pious Charles the Bald Hugh Capet
Hugh Capet
Although Russia was closely tied to Byzantium, Russian leader ____________ sought to cement relations with central and western Europe through marriage ties. Oleg Cyril Methodius Vladimir Iaroslav the Wise
Iaroslave the Wise
In his Canon of Medicine, _______________ systematized earlier treatises on medicine and reconciled them with his own experience as a physician. Ubayd Allah Abd al-Rahman I Al-Kwarazmi Abd al-Rahman III Ibn Sina (Avincenna)
Ibn Sina (Avincenna)
How did the First Crusade begin? In response to new Muslim invasions, the Byzantine emperor asked for military help from the pope, who instead issued a general call to arms to conquer the Holy Land. In order to defuse the German civil wars, the German emperor issued a call to arms to invade the Holy Land and liberate Jerusalem. After losing the Byzantine Empire to the Greek church as a result of the schism between the eastern and western churches, the pope sought to expand his influence by conquering and converting the Islamic world. Rooted in trade disputes between Muslim and Christian states, the First Crusade began when the Byzantine emperor led a Christian force to the Holy Land to strike at the Turks' largest trade base.
In response to new Muslim invasions, the Byzantine emperor asked for military help from the pope, who instead issued a general call to arms to conquer the Holy Land.
What was the original significance of Magna Carta? It strengthened the Angevin dynasty, uniting England and Wales. It provided the king with a guarantee that the English barons would not declare war against him. It implied that the king was not above the law and confirmed the rights of the nobility. It granted rights to the common people of England.
It implied that the king was not above the law and confirmed the rights of the nobility.
Which of the following does not describe Gregorian chant? It consists of melodies sung in unison. It lacks a regular rhythm. Its melodies range from simple to highly ornate and embellished. It is accompanied by musical instruments.
It is accompanied by musical instruments.
What was the significance of the battle of Legnano in 1176? It marked the defeat of the French counts, who had tried to keep Philip Augustus weak. It marked the zenith of Frederick I by bringing Italy back under his control. It marked the loss of most of King John of England's continental lands to Philip Augustus. It marked the defeat of imperial power in Italy and saw Frederick I withdraw most of his forces from the peninsula.
It marked the defeat of imperial power in Italy and saw Frederick I withdraw most of his forces from the peninsula.
What does transubstantiation mean? It refers to the extension of the pope's authority over secular matters in papal lands. It means that during the Eucharist the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. It is the justification or evidence upon which the church founded its doctrine. It refers to the transition from death to the afterlife in the Mass for the dead.
It means that during the Eucharist the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ.
Which of the following was achieved during the Macedonian renaissance? It spread Islam to many of the non-Arabs living under Muslim control. It postponed the breakup of the Bulgar state for approximately sixty years. It restored the independence of the ancient Macedonian kingdom. It permanently integrated classical forms into Byzantine political and religious life.
It permanently integrated classical forms into Byzantine political and religious life.
Which of the following is not true of the Donation of Constantine? It revoked the earlier Donation of Pippin. Popes used it to claim supreme power in Rome, Italy, and regions of the West. It named the pope as the recipient of the emperor Constantine's crown, cloak, and military rank. It was later proved to be a forgery.
It revoked the earlier Donation of Pippin.
Which of the following is true of vassalage? It was both an alternative to public power and a way to strengthen what little public power there was. Only men could be vassals. All vassals shared the same socioeconomic status. It was made possible by western Europe's flourishing economy.
It was both an alternative to public power and a way to strengthen what little public power there was.
Because of their proximity to Byzantine and Islamic ports, the _______________ could easily take up long-distance trade. Spanish Normans Italians Flemish Anglo-Saxons
Italians
One of the canons of the Fourth Lateran Council stipulated that ____________ wear a special marker to distinguish them from the rest of Christian society. heretics Muslims pagans Jews Albigensians
Jews
Who was a Franciscan missionary in China at the end of the thirteenth century? Marco Polo John of Monte Corvino Abbot Suger Nicola Pisano
John of Monte Corvino
How was the relationship between Kievan Russia and Byzantium sustained? Conquest brought Russia under the control of Byzantium, which protected it from Viking marauders. Increasing commercial ties bound the two together until Viking raids disrupted trade routes. Kievan Russia converted to the Byzantine form of Christianity, so Russia also became heir to Byzantium and its customs, art, and political ideology. The two powers formed a military alliance against the Muslims inhabiting the coast of the Black Sea.
Kievan Russia converted to the Byzantine form of Christianity, so Russia also became heir to Byzantium and its customs, art, and political ideology.
Which of the following rulers was not involved in the Third Crusade? Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa Saladin King John of England Leopold of Austria
King John of England
In 800, Pope _____________ crowned Charlemagne to reward him for his protection and to establish himself as "emperor maker." Zachary Leo III Stephen Hadrian I Sylvester II
Leo III
Of all the groups in the Baltic region attacked during the Northern Crusade, only the ______________ successfully resisted Western conquest and conversion. Lithuanians Livs Slavs Prussians Estonians
Lithuanians
Which of the following successfully resisted western conquest, settlement, and conversion during the Northern Crusades? Livs Prussians Estonians Lithuanians
Lithuanians
Which of the liberal arts excited the most intense interest in the twelfth century? Astronomy Rhetoric Logic Music
Logic
When Frederick I attempted to enforce his rule over Italy, many of the cities of northern Italy formed the __________ with the pope to oppose him. Roman League Italian Federation Anti-Imperial Alliance Lombard League League of Milan
Lombard League
At the division of the Charlemagne's empire (843), ___________ was given the middle kingdom and the imperial title. Louis the German Lothar Louis the Pious Charles the Bald Hugh Capet
Lothar
The French King _____________ was revered as a judge, an administrator, a "just father" of his people, and he was eventually canonized as a saint. Philip Augustus Philip the Fair Louis IX Henry II Louis XII
Louis IX
What is meant by the term courtly love? Love between persons who live or work at court Love that common people feel toward their king Love for a beautiful married noblewoman who is unattainable to the poet The nobility's love for the people they rule
Love for a beautiful married noblewoman who is unattainable to the poet
Which leader of the Polanians accepted baptism in 966 to forestall an attack that the Germans were mounting against the pagan Slavs? Boleslaw the Brave Mieszko I Vaclav Stephen I
Mieszko I
Which of the following defines reliefs? Money that the king's vassals paid him upon inheriting a fief Military aid that vassals sent to their king Legal assistance that lords gave their vassals The forgiving of debts owed by serfs to their lords
Money that the king's vassals paid him upon inheriting a fief
What is polyphony? The practice of singing a text in several languages simultaneously The combination of different instruments to accompany a song Another name for plainchant or Gregorian chant Music that consists of two or more melodies performed simultaneously
Music that consists of two or more melodies performed simultaneously
The Byzantine Emperor _____________ launched an attack against the Bulgarians and burned their chief city to the ground, but he was killed in battle in 811. Basil I Basil II Constantine VII Nicephorus I Nicephorus Phocas
Nicephorus I
Who were the Berbers? Muslim scholars who traveled into northern Europe Elite soldiers who fought for Saladin North African Muslims who invaded al-Andalus Portuguese Christians who lived under Muslim rule
North African Muslims who invaded al-Andalus
What language did the troubadours compose in? German Italian Occitan Arabic
Occitan
Other than Latin, the most important literary language in ninth- and tenth-century Europe was Spanish French German Old English
Old English
The Dnieper Valley Chief _____________ began a tribal association that became the nucleus of Kievan Russia. Oleg Cyril Methodius Vladimir Iaroslav the Wise
Oleg
Which statement regarding the Inquisition is false? It was started by the thirteenth-century church to combat heresy. Its judges assigned relatively lenient penalties to heretics who quickly recanted. Only a few carefully selected people were questioned. The church believed that heresy threatened the salvation not just of the heretic but of all.
Only a few carefully selected people were questioned.
One of the most famous couples of the twelfth century was ______________. Peter the Chanter and Heloise Peter Abelard and Heloise William of Champeaux and Astrolabe Francis and Clare Francis and Heloise
Peter Abelard and Heloise
Who was the first king of the Carolingian dynasty? Pippin III Charles Martel Charlemagne Hugh Capet
Pippin III
In 1215, ____________ called the Fourth Lateran Council, which sought to regulate all aspects of Christian life. Frederick Barbarossa Pope Innocent III Pope Boniface VIII Louis IX Albertus Magnus
Pope Innocent III
How did the work of thirteenth-century scholastics differ from that of Abelard? Rather than leave the summa's arguments open, they provided clear conclusions. They recognized the importance of logic and minimized the impact of faith. They recognized the importance of faith and minimized the impact of logic. Unafraid of the outcome, they wrote on more complex and controversial topics.
Rather than leave the summa's arguments open, they provided clear conclusions.
Following a dispute during the Third Crusade, Leopold of Austria captured __________ on his way home from the Holy Land and held him for ransom. Frederick Barbarossa Philip Augustus Henry II John Richard I (the Lion-Hearted)
Richard I (the Lion-Hearted)
Art historians describe the heavy, serious, and solid churches erected during the building boom of the eleventh century as __________; these churches typically had massive stone walls and brightly decorated interiors. Gothic Gregorian Cluniac Cistercian Romanesque
Romanesque
What is the term for the architectural style of the church buildings at Cluny and other structures built or rebuilt around 1100? Byzantine Classical Romanesque Gothic
Romanesque
Where did the Mongol invasions have the most lasting impact? Hungary Poland Russia Germany
Russia
The Gothic revolution in architecture had its beginnings in the remodeling of the church of Sainte-Chapelle. Padua. Saint-Denis. Cologne.
Saint-Denis.
At the Battle of Lewes in 1264, __________________ captured King Henry III and became England's de facto ruler. Henry the Lion Philip of Swabia Otto of Brunswick Philip IV Simon de Montfort
Simon de Montfort
The reconquista refers to the campaign to convert non-Christians in _____________. the Baltic Spain the Holy Land the Rhineland the Seljuk dominions
Spain
In return for the assistance of German knights and monks to consolidate his power, Magyar ruler ___________ converted to Roman Christianity at the end of the tenth century. Stephen I Mieszko Vaclav Boleslaw Oleg
Stephen I
As Louis VI struggled to consolidate his rule in France, his chronicler and propagandist, ______________, portrayed Louis as a righteous hero and ruler for all society. Bernard of Clairvaux Peter Abelard Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis Peter the Hermit Bruno of Cologne
Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis
Which of the following did Thomas Aquinas write? Sic et Non Stupor Mundi Summa Theologiae On the Length and Shortness of Life
Summa Theologiae
Although Russia was politically fragmented, autocratic rulers constructed ____________, the nucleus of the later Muscovite state. Suzdal Kiev Latvia Lithuania Prussia
Suzdal
In 999, the former tutor of the German Otto III ascended the papal throne as ____________ and became an important patron of learning. Zachary Leo III Stephen Hadrian I Sylvester II
Sylvester II
What did most thirteenth-century scholastics believe about reason and faith? That knowledge obtained through the senses or through logical reasoning was deceptive That God's divine revelation was the source of all true knowledge That knowledge gained through reason was compatible with knowledge derived from faith and revelation That only the senses and logic could provide evidence for faith and the doctrines of the church
That knowledge gained through reason was compatible with knowledge derived from faith and revelation
What group of Shi'ite Muslims declared themselves rulers of Egypt in 969? The Abbasids The Umayyads The Fatimids The Córdobans
The Fatimids
What new dynasty was elected to the German monarchy in 1273, taking on the title Holy Roman Emperor? The Angevin dynasty The Habsburg dynasty The Staufer dynasty The Castilian dynasty
The Habsburg dynasty
Which two noble families led the opposing sides in the German civil war? The Barbarossa and Glanvill clans The Staufer (or Hohenstaufen) and Welf clans The Capetian and Blois families The Ghibellines and the Guelphs
The Staufer (or Hohenstaufen) and Welf clans
What happened to the caliphate of Córdoba in 1031? Half of its population was killed by a terrible epidemic The Christian kingdoms in the north of Spain united to overthrow the Muslims. The caliphate broke up, as rulers of taifas (small, independent regions) took power. It united with the Fatimid dynasty in North Africa.
The caliphate broke up, as rulers of taifas (small, independent regions) took power.
Which of the following is true of the relationship between the crusaders and the Byzantine Empire? The crusaders from western Europe cooperated fully with the Byzantines, submitting to the leadership of the emperor Alexius Comnenus. The crusaders squabbled with Alexius Comnenus and failed to return any of the territories they conquered to the Byzantine Empire. The crusaders captured Nicaea and handed it over to the Byzantines, but they kept other territories for themselves, founding crusader states such as the county of Edessa. The overwhelming victory of the Turks forced the crusaders and the Byzantines to enter into a long-term alliance.
The crusaders captured Nicaea and handed it over to the Byzantines, but they kept other territories for themselves, founding crusader states such as the county of Edessa.
Which of the following best describes the long-term impact of the crusades? Victory in the First Crusade marked the beginning of lasting European dominance in the Middle East. The crusades sustained the commercial revolution. The crusades caused Islamic disunity. The crusades influenced European attitudes, becoming a sort of myth that shaped the imagination of the West.
The crusades influenced European attitudes, becoming a sort of myth that shaped the imagination of the West.
Who founded the monastery at Cluny? King Louis the Fat Pope Gregory VII The duke and duchess of Aquitaine William the Conqueror
The duke and duchess of Aquitaine
Which of the following precipitated the schism between the eastern and western churches? The envoy sent to Constantinople by Leo IX to argue on behalf of the pope's claims to power excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople, who then excommunicated Humbert. As the Roman church reformed and strengthened its position against clerical marriage, the patriarch of Constantinople refused to meet with representatives from the pope. The Greek Orthodox church recognized the Byzantine emperor's role in church government, but the Roman Catholic church was determined to expel secular rulers from its affairs. Byzantine emperor Alexius I appealed for the pope's help in defending his lands against the Muslims, but Pope Urban II refused to comply unless the patriarch of Constantinople acknowledged the pope's supremacy.
The envoy sent to Constantinople by Leo IX to argue on behalf of the pope's claims to power excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople, who then excommunicated Humbert.
Which of the following best explains why the Second Crusade failed? The leaders of the crusaders fought among themselves. The crusaders were greatly outnumbered by the Turkish army. The papacy did not endorse the crusade. Plague and famine weakened the crusader army.
The leaders of the crusaders fought among themselves.
Which of the following was true of politics in eastern Europe? King Béla of Hungary built an enduring state on a western European model. Grand Prince Vsevolod III waged a lengthy war against King Béla. The pattern was for states to form under the leadership of one strong leader but then fragment under his successors. Rule in the Byzantine Empire became increasingly bureaucratic.
The pattern was for states to form under the leadership of one strong leader but then fragment under his successors.
Which best describes the response of political leaders to the Great Famine? Kings took the lead in dispensing charity to those affected. Monarchs deferred to the church, which was effective in ameliorating the worst suffering of the people. The policies of rulers—imposing taxes, requisitioning grain for troops, and engaging in warfare—actually added to the problems of many people. Kings interpreted the famine as God's punishment for sin; therefore, they felt it was their duty as Christian leaders not to interfere.
The policies of rulers—imposing taxes, requisitioning grain for troops, and engaging in warfare—actually added to the problems of many people.
Which statement about the crusades is false? The crusades to the Holy Land marginally stimulated the European economy. Both the Third and the Fourth crusades initially had the retaking of Jerusalem as their primary goal. The popes never called a crusade again after the Fourth Crusade ended in 1204. The crusades lost out to new values, which dictated that rulers remain in their kingdoms and care for their subjects.
The popes never called a crusade again after the Fourth Crusade ended in 1204.
After the death of Prince Iaroslav the Wise (r. 1019-1054), what happened to his kingdom? It was increasingly influenced by central and western Europe. The unity he had achieved was shredded by civil wars and invasions. Muslim aggression initiated the kingdom's fragmentation. Vikings from Scandinavia invaded and subjugated the kingdom.
The unity he had achieved was shredded by civil wars and invasions.
Which of the following is not true of western European rulers at the end of the twelfth century? They were regarded as kings of a territory rather than kings of a people. Their political power depended primarily upon personal ties. They hired salaried professionals to help administer their kingdoms. Renewed interest in Roman law helped support strong, central rule.
Their political power depended primarily upon personal ties.
What subject was the University of Paris most renowned for? Theology Medicine Law Astronomy
Theology
Which statement best describes thirteenth-century scholastics? They believed they could take Plato's philosophy one step further with the benefit of Christ's revelations. They decided that faith took precedence over reason. There was some disagreement about how to reconcile faith and reason. They were pessimistic about the future.
There was some disagreement about how to reconcile faith and reason.
Which of the following was not true of Jews in Europe? Those in Italy and Spain had been involved in commerce since Roman times. Those in northern Europe were driven off their land during the tenth century. Some became scholars, doctors, pawnbrokers, and moneylenders. They became citizens of the towns and cities in which they resided.
They became citizens of the towns and cities in which they resided.
In 863, what did the brothers Cyril and Methodius accomplish with their work among the Slavs? They devised an alphabet for Slavic based on Greek forms. They peacefully united the Slavic lands under the leadership of Byzantium. They converted the Bulgarian khagan to the Byzantine form of Christianity. They converted the peoples of Kievan Russia to Christianity, baptizing them en masse in the Dnieper River.
They devised an alphabet for Slavic based on Greek forms.
Which of the following is true of the Knights Templar? They devoted themselves to warfare. They held fast to their vows of poverty in spite of their many opportunities to accumulate wealth. They were founded during the First Crusade by Eleanor of Aquitaine. They were sent by the pope to organize the First Crusade.
They devoted themselves to warfare.
Which of the following is not true about European Jews in the thirteenth century? European rulers claimed Jews as serfs and seized their property. They were often subject to new and arbitrary taxes. Some became usurers, or moneylenders. They formed their own guilds.
They formed their own guilds.
How did inquisitors typically begin their work when they first arrived at a community? They immediately arrested anyone they suspected of heresy. They gave a sermon in which they promised clemency to anyone who immediately confessed their heresy. They put on a show of force by burning unrepentant heretics convicted in other communities. They sent spies to heretical gatherings.
They gave a sermon in which they promised clemency to anyone who immediately confessed their heresy.
Why did petitioners and litigants resent the papal curia in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries? They were unhappy with the rigidity of the reformed Roman hierarchy. They had to pay high fees to have the papal government hear their cases. They preferred having their cases heard by their local archbishops. Many papal officials took bribes, making a fair judgment nearly impossible.
They had to pay high fees to have the papal government hear their cases.
Why did members of the People's Crusade head to the Holy Land via the Rhineland? It was easier to travel overland across Europe rather than by boat across the Mediterranean Sea. They hoped to recruit additional crusaders in the Rhineland cities of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz. They planned to begin their crusade against non-Christians by attacking Jews in the Rhineland. They believed erroneously that Muslims had invaded the Rhineland.
They planned to begin their crusade against non-Christians by attacking Jews in the Rhineland.
Which of the following best describes the Beguines? They were heretics, excommunicated by the church. They were cloistered nuns in northern Europe who followed the Benedictine order. They were laywomen who lived together in informal pious communities. They were an orthodox order of monks founded at the end of the twelfth century.
They were laywomen who lived together in informal pious communities.
Which of the following is not true regarding the Vikings? Their travels brought them to the coast of North America. They were only interested in plundering the lands they invaded and never settled there. They were independent bands rather than a united group. For a time, one of their leaders ruled England.
They were only interested in plundering the lands they invaded and never settled there.
Which of the following best describes guilds? They evolved into charitable organizations of people in the same line of trade. They were groups of dues-paying members who shared equal status within their guild. They were the fundamental unit of organization for medieval industries. They were the forerunners of modern business corporations.
They were the fundamental unit of organization for medieval industries.
Why did Philip IV convene an assembly of representatives of the clergy, nobles, and townspeople in 1302? To raise taxes for his war with England's King Edward I To recruit an army for a new crusade against heretics in Languedoc To gain approval for moving the papacy to Avignon To make his case against Pope Boniface VIII
To make his case against Pope Boniface VIII
____________ claimed not only to be the true imam, a descendant of Ali, but also the madhi, ("divinely guided"). Ubayd Allah Abd al-Rahman I Al-Kwarazmi Abd al-Rahman III Ibn Sina (Avincenna)
Ubayd Allah
Which of the following statements about early universities is false? Students and masters were subject to church courts rather than secular ones. Universities were attended by both men and women. Masters and students were generally considered clerics. Many universities were granted generous privileges from popes and kings.
Universities were attended by both men and women.
Which pagan figure from antiquity guided Dante through Hell and Purgatory? Aristotle Plato Ovid Virgil
Virgil
The _____________ clan in Germany stood for the papal side of the Investiture Conflict. Welf Blois Hohenstaufen Anjou Ghibellines
Welf
Which of the following best describes French kings in the twelfth century? While less powerful than their English counterparts, they took part in the monarchical revival and laid the groundwork for the extension of royal power in France. They were relatively powerless and despised by the people, who gave them nicknames such as "Louis the Fat." They sought to expand their power by minimizing that of the church. They felt inferior to rulers in other countries.
While less powerful than their English counterparts, they took part in the monarchical revival and laid the groundwork for the extension of royal power in France.
Who defeated whom at the battle of Hastings in 1066? William of Normandy defeated Edward the Confessor. Harold of Wessex defeated Harald Hardrada of Norway. William of Normandy defeated Harold of Wessex. Harald Hardrada of Norway defeated Harold of Wessex.
William of Normandy defeated Harold of Wessex.
Which of the following occurred after the death of William the Conqueror? William's son Henry eventually inherited the throne of England, but civil war broke out when Henry died without a male heir. Anglo-Saxon nobility regained the throne of England and drove out the Normans. William's descendants continued to rule England in a dynasty that lasted over three hundred years. Danes invaded England again and captured the throne.
William's son Henry eventually inherited the throne of England, but civil war broke out when Henry died without a male heir.
Which of the following best describes the portrayal of women in troubadour poetry? Women had power in their relationships with men. Women were subordinate to men. Women were seldom portrayed at all because these poems were about war. Women were idealized as spiritually pure.
Women had power in their relationships with men.
Chrétien de Troyes was a poet who wrote an epic about the Trojan War. a poet who wrote a romance about the legend of King Arthur. an advocate of strict separation between religion and popular culture. an advocate of holy relics.
a poet who wrote a romance about the legend of King Arthur.
What type of economy arose in Europe in the late eleventh century? a gift economy a barter economy a profit-based economy a military economy
a profit-based economy
All of the following encouraged Italians to take up long-distance trade except the proximity of Italy to Byzantine and Islamic ports. a weak agricultural economy that drove them to seek revenue elsewhere. the many opportunities for plunder and trade on the high seas. the fact that urban traditions were never entirely extinguished in Italy.
a weak agricultural economy that drove them to seek revenue elsewhere.
The Fourth Lateran Council required Jews to attend regular sermons on Jesus and Christianity. pay a special tax to the pope. advertise their religion by some outward sign. live apart from Christians in special areas of their town or city.
advertise their religion by some outward sign.
The Fatimids controlled all of the following at one time or another except al-Andalus. North Africa. Syria. Arabia.
al-Andalus.
The "Peace of God" was a(n) ritual associated with the coronation of Capetian kings. antiviolence movement during the tenth and eleventh centuries. oath that a vassal swore to his lord. truce between Charlemagne and the Lombards.
antiviolence movement during the tenth and eleventh centuries.
All of the following were part of the trivium of the liberal arts except logic grammar rhetoric arithmetic
arithmetic
After numerous Arab incursions, Byzantium became the aggressor and started recapturing some of its lost territory around 750 around 850 around 950 around 1025
around 850
Tagmata were able to move aggressively outward, expanding the Byzantine Empire, because themes took care of attacks on Byzantine territory but the immense costs of their military victories strained the imperial coffers to the breaking point. because they were an army of eunuchs unfettered by family ties and devoted to a life of service. as a result of the new cultural vitality created by the Macedonian renaissance.
because themes took care of attacks on Byzantine territory
European control of Constantinople began with the sacking of the city by western crusaders in 1204 and lasted until 1261. began when western forces retreated from the Holy Land and sacked Constantinople in 1202. began in 1192 when John II, the crusader king of Jerusalem, went north and took the Byzantine throne. lasted as long as the Angevin dynasty reigned, from 1164 until the early fifteenth century.
began with the sacking of the city by western crusaders in 1204 and lasted until 1261.
All of the following were roles that vassals fulfilled for their king except mustering troops. collecting taxes from the region. building public facilities, such as roads and bathhouses. administering justice to the local inhabitants.
building public facilities, such as roads and bathhouses.
Vladimir, the grand prince of Kiev and all Russia, did not cement relations with central and western Europe through the marriages of his sons. build strong ties to Byzantium by adopting the Byzantine form of Christianity. take a variant of the name of Basil in honor of the Byzantine emperor. marry Anna, the sister of the Byzantine emperor.
cement relations with central and western Europe through the marriages of his sons.
Collective movements for urban self-government were called communes consuls consortiums castellans
communes
Town institutions of self-government were called _____________, which were sworn associations of citizens who formed a legal corporate body. councils consuls communes compagnias contandos
communes
In northern and central Italy, long-term trading ventures could be financed by ________________, in which everyone bore joint liability for all losses and debts. commune contado compagnia consul council
compagnia
All of the following thirteenth-century crusades were against heresy or paganism except the Spanish reconquista. fight against the Albigensians in France. conquest of Zara. campaigns of Henry the Lion near the Baltic.
conquest of Zara.
In Milan, the leading men called themselves ____________, a title that evoked the ancient Roman republic. councils consuls tribunes patricians senators
consuls
Oftentimes in Italy, the rule of urban leaders extended into the _____________, or the outlying countryside. candida canossa commune compagnia contado
contado
_________ refers to courtesy, the refinement of people living at court, and to their struggle to achieve an ideal of virtue. cortesia courtly love trouveres chansons de geste chivalry
cortesia
The armies of the First Crusade were led by _____________. Alexius Comnenus Fulcher of Chartres Peter the Hermit peasants for the most part different nobles and other individuals
different nobles and other individuals
Christian moneylenders circumvented the church's ban on usury (profiting from loans) by keeping their activities secret from the clergy. bribing church officials to ignore their activities. disguising the interest derived from a loan as a penalty for late payment. collecting flat fees when they lent the money.
disguising the interest derived from a loan as a penalty for late payment.
The Treaty of Verdun divided the Frankish kingdom into three regions, each ruled by a grandson of Charlemagne. divided western Europe into four regions, each ruled by a different Carolingian dynasty. ended the Carolingian dynasty and replaced it with the family of Hugh Capet. created the kingdom of Normandy, settled by Vikings in northern France.
divided the Frankish kingdom into three regions, each ruled by a grandson of Charlemagne.
The Byzantine emperors entrusted ____________, castrated men who could not pose a threat to the imperial line, with some of the highest posts in government. tagmata dynatoi eunuchs themes khagans
eunuchs
Pope Innocent III did all of the following except endorse the Franciscans as a new religious order. preside over the Fourth Lateran Council. call the Fourth Crusade. forge a lifelong alliance with Otto of Brunswick.
forge a lifelong alliance with Otto of Brunswick.
Vassal
genteel man and a warrior, who pledged as such to support his lord on the battle field and in other ways to become a vassal : These included appearing before his future lord (A) and rendering him service technically called homage and fealty. In this act the man (B) knelt, placed his hand between those of the lord (A) and acknowledged himself the lord's man pledging entire faith as a vassal to his lord against all men. Then, the Lord accepted the man's homage, raised him to his feet and kissed him. Finally, the man swore on the Holy Gospel or relics to confirm his promise
The seven liberal arts consisted of ______________. grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy literature, history, mathematics, science, fine arts, theology, and architecture grammar, rhetoric, logic, history, theology, astronomy, and astrology theology, logic, calculus, painting, music, architecture, and history logic, arithmetic, geometry, calculus, physics, astronomy, and geology
grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy
Partnerships and contracts were created with the purpose of establishing modern capitalism. had the purpose of bringing people together to pool resources and finance larger initiatives. replaced family businesses. took place in the absence of loans.
had the purpose of bringing people together to pool resources and finance larger initiatives.
The monastery at Cluny played an important role in church reform because it linked its program of internal monastic and external worldly reform to the papacy. it was founded by the duke and duchess of Aquitaine. it set itself up as a rival to the papacy. it advocated marriage for priests.
it linked its program of internal monastic and external worldly reform to the papacy.
Arabic helped to unify the regions of the Islamic world because all Muslims were Arabs. it was the language of the Qur'an and of commerce and government. Islam forbade the use of other languages. the Abbasid caliphate introduced Arabic throughout their empire.
it was the language of the Qur'an and of commerce and government.
The Waldensians were dualists. lived in communities without taking vows as monks did. lived in poverty and preached, quoting the Gospels in the vernacular. were not perceived as a threat by the church and were left unharmed.
lived in poverty and preached, quoting the Gospels in the vernacular.
Chansons de geste were humorous songs sung in taverns. religious songs sung in monasteries. long poems about heroic deeds. peasant poems about the hardship of daily life.
long poems about heroic deeds.
Philip II of France did not greatly extend his lands. have his decrees written down and stored in permanent repositories. lose the battle of Bouvines. rely on members of the lesser nobility to collect taxes and oversee royal estates.
lose the battle of Bouvines.
The most common topic of lyric poetry was ______________. yearning for the battlefield heroic deeds love religious devotion sexual desire
love
Twelfth-century nobles and knights developed a common class identity for all the following reasons except the expanding authority of the king threatened their own power. many of them moved to cities, where they lived in close proximity to each other. mercenary infantrymen challenged their superiority on the battlefield. the commercial revolution made merchants wealthier than the nobility.
many of them moved to cities, where they lived in close proximity to each other.
The missi dominici were given the responsibility of overseeing the regional governors on the king's behalf. translating religious texts into the vernacular. rendering military service to the king. traveling with the king and offering advice.
overseeing the regional governors on the king's behalf.
Islamic scholars made learning more widely available through their use of the printing press algebra paper a new numbering system
paper
Tertiaries were secular rulers who studied religion. clerics who served in the office of the Inquisition. women who withdrew from traditional family life. people who adopted Franciscan practices but continued the normal tasks of daily life.
people who adopted Franciscan practices but continued the normal tasks of daily life.
Each of the following was a cause of the Great Famine except population decline heavy rains crop failures death of farm animals
population decline
The flourishing of manuscript illuminations during the Macedonian renaissance was a consequence of iconoclasm. shows the merging of classical and Christian traditions. rejected past artistic models. reflects a decline in literacy, as pictures surpassed written texts in importance.
shows the merging of classical and Christian traditions.
Nobles and knights looked to vernacular narrative poems for a code of behavior because they sought to define themselves in contrast to rich merchants and mercenary infantrymen. had lost faith in the teachings of an increasingly wealthy and violent church. were impressed with the sophistication of the Muslim cultures they had encountered. wanted an ethical renewal to compensate for their failures in the crusades.
sought to define themselves in contrast to rich merchants and mercenary infantrymen.
As part of his strategy to achieve domination over Italy, the emperor Frederick II sought to enter Italy through Lombardy. consolidated his control of Germany. yielded control of Sicily to Byzantium. forged a close bond with the papacy.
sought to enter Italy through Lombardy.
The Albigensian Crusade, which lasted from 1209 to 1229, was fought in ______________. England northern Italy southern Spain Consantinople southern France
southern France
The troubadours' songs originated in ______________. northern France southern France England Italy Germany
southern France
Preachers made the Christian message appeal to laypeople by telling legends and stories such as the Quest of the Holy Grail. using scholastic reasoning that they learned in the universities. citing the authority of the pope. speaking in the vernacular and applying their message to daily life.
speaking in the vernacular and applying their message to daily life.
All of the following technological advances were developed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries except water mill-powered machines to help produce cloth. improved forging techniques that made possible the widespread use of iron for agricultural tools and plows. new, deep-mining technology that provided hitherto untapped sources of metals. stirrups and horseshoes that made mounted warriors more effective.
stirrups and horseshoes that made mounted warriors more effective.
The Comnenian dynasty strengthened the Byzantine Empire during the twelfth century. defeated the Seljuk Turks at the battle of Manzikert. maintained the largest standing army in the Mediterranean world. ruled the county of Edessa, one of the first crusader states.
strengthened the Byzantine Empire during the twelfth century.
Laypeople who adopted the practices of the mendicant orders but continued otherwise normal lives were known as _______________. friars Dominicans pilgrims Beguines tertiaries
tertiaries
In 750, the caliphate was taken over by the Umayyads. the Mamluks. the Abbasids. the Fatimids.
the Abbasids.
The regions of the Islamic world were principally united by the Arabic language and trade networks. their political and religious views. foreign policies and their treatment of non-Muslims. common laws and their suspicion of Christians.
the Arabic language and trade networks.
Eleventh-century church reformers at first concentrated on two breaches of canon law: clerical marriage and simony, the latter of which was the buying of church offices. the appointment of relatives to church offices. doubting the absolute authority of papal power. conducting business with non-Christians.
the buying of church offices.
The stiffest opposition to Henry II's extension of royal courts came from the church the baronial class the peasantry the mercantile class and other townspeople
the church
The decisive turning point for the Christians in the reconquista was the defeat of the Berbers at Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. the defeat of the al-Andalus Muslims at Lisbon in 1147. the unification of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1234. the enlistment of the pope in the effort during the Fourth Crusade.
the defeat of the Berbers at Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.
The growing involvement of popes in military enterprises is best exemplified by Humbert of Silva Candida's mission to Constantinople. Leo IX's calling of the Council of Reims in 1049. the granting in 1063 of a papal indulgence to all who would fight in the Christian reconquista of Spain. papal journeys to France and Germany to condemn bishops guilty of simony.
the granting in 1063 of a papal indulgence to all who would fight in the Christian reconquista of Spain.
Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis and biographer of Louis VI, portrayed the king in all of the following ways except as a lord with rights over the French nobles, who were his vassals. the head of the church. a pious and active defender of the faith. a righteous hero.
the head of the church.
The real overall theme of courtly literature is overwhelming love for a beautiful and unattainable married noblewoman. sexual conquests. the power of women. equality between lovers.
the power of women.
All of the following were factors in the crusades except the tradition of pilgrimages to the Holy Land. the history of holy wars blessed by church leaders. European overseas expansion. the request of the Seljuk Turks for aid against the Byzantine Empire.
the request of the Seljuk Turks for aid against the Byzantine Empire.
For laypeople, the most important canons of the Fourth Lateran Council concerned theology the sacraments illegitimate births Jews
the sacraments
When historians speak of the "medieval synthesis," they are referring to new industries that made manufactured goods more accessible. the social mixture of different religious and ethnic groups. the search for order and unity in the world. the combination of varied elements in a work of art.
the search for order and unity in the world.
The term feudalism refers to the social and economic system created by the relationship among vassals, lords, and fiefs. the antagonism that built up between aristocrats and peasants. the system of obligations between monarchs and bishops called "fideles." the code of honor upheld by knights fighting in the service of a lord or king.
the social and economic system created by the relationship among vassals, lords, and fiefs.
The tithe was a tax owed to a landlord by serfs. by lords and ladies to the king. to the church by villagers. to the king by villages in the royal demesne.
to the church by villagers.
In 1301, Philip the Fair of France arrested the bishop of Pamiers on a charge of treason embezzlement heresy sexual perversion
treason
Lyric poets who wrote in Occitan were known as ______________. cortesia jongleurs Beguines troubadours musicians
troubadours
Charlemagne sought to restore the Roman Empire of Julius Caesar. unite the traditions of the Roman and Germanic worlds with Christianity. convert the Abbasid caliphate to Christianity. have the pope crown him emperor.
unite the traditions of the Roman and Germanic worlds with Christianity.
The most important way in which students in the early university system learned was through books. via experiments. via lectures. through debates.
via lectures.
A gynaeceum was a school for aristocratic youths in their lord's court. field where young men practiced military skills. public bathhouse for urban dwellers. women's workshop at a lord's house.
women's workshop at a lord's house.