Module 31 - 36 AP Psych

children's language development stages

babbling to one-word to two-word

retrograde

before

prototype

best example of a concept

category hierarchies

created by dividing broad concepts into increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentation

syntax

putting words into correct order according to grammatical standards of language

retrieval

recall/use previously encoded + stored info

recognition

recognize; multiple choice

storage

retain info in memory

deep processing is most closely associated with the concept of

semantic encoding

the self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

semantic encoding

heuristic

shortcut + sterotypes

phoneme

smallest distinctive sound unit

morpheme

smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word/part of a word

Wolfgang Kohler

Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.

Injury to the left ________ lobe damages the convergent thinking required for successful performance on intelligence tests.

parietal

memory

persistence of learning over time thru encoding storage and retrieval of info

auditory sensory memory

echoic; < 4 seconds

Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires

effortful processing

recall

essay; fill in blank; recall info

Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact.

frontal

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit; explicit

ebbinghaus forgetting curve

randomly selected sample of syllables = practiced them = tested his ability to accurately recall them

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially

rapid and subsequently slows down

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?

recall

relearning

relearn to mastry; time to master shorter every time

which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention

relearning

memories are primed by

retrieval cues

semantics

selecting the correct word to convey intended meaning

research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve

synaptic changes

grammar

system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Availibitlity Heuritistic

tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence

mood-dependent memory

when learning occurs during a particular emotional state, it is most easily recalled when one is again in that emotional state

belief perseverance

an unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong

connectionism

A modern information processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks

anterograde amnesia

after

Elizabeth Loftus

misinformation effect due to wording/verbage

telegraphic speech

during 2-word stage, child speaks using only nouns and verbs

context dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.

state dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

imagination inflation

a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred

representativeness heuristic

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

One effect of long-term potentiation is that

a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase

implicit memory

a retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

insight

aha moment

Noah Chomsky on Grammar

argued language is nature's gift (unlearned human trait); separate from other parts of cognition; theorized built-in predisposition to learn grammar (universal grammar)

flashbulb memory

brain takes picture of exact moment/situation

explicit memory

conscious memory of factual info

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

context effects

short term memory

duration - 20 seconds; capacity 7 bits +/- 2

sensory memory

duration - less than 5 secs (hearing > vision); capacity - very large

long term memory

duration - rest of your life; capacity - unknown = presumed unlimited

encoding

get info into memory

algorithm

guranteed to find solution but may take longer

touch sensory memory

haptic memory; < 2 seconds

the prolonged stress of physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the

hippocampus

Linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf

hypothesis of linguistic determinism proposed that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us - ex: The Hopi have no past tense = can't readily think abt past

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory.

iconic

visual sensory memory

iconic memory; < 0.5 seconds

overlearning

learning something more than once = strengthen memory/learning

At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to

lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates

memory construction

the misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of

memory construction

retroactive interference

newer info blocks recall of older info

proactive interference

older info blocks recall of newer info

exemplar

other examples aside from prototype

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically some with effort

encoding specificity principle

the more closely you can recreate the scenario when you originally encode the info, the easier it will be to retrieve it

linguistic influence

the weaker form of "linguistic relativity"—the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is "relative to" our cultural language)

productive language

their ability to produce words

receptive language

their ability to understand what is said to and about them

Limitations to Whorf's hypothesis

too extreme; we all think abt things for which we have no words; unsymbolized thoughts

to recognize active info processing that occurs in short term memory, researchers have characterized it as _______ memory

working