AP Human Geography Chapter 11
Factory Farm
A farm where animals are bred and fattened using modern industrial methods
Vegetative Agriculture
Reproduction of plants by cutting off a stem and planting it
Truck Farm
Commercial gardening and fruit farming to distant areas through railroads air transport and refrigerated carriers. Agricultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops on a large scale for shipment to distant markets.
Ranching
Commercial grazing, raising animals on a plot of land where they graze. Requires extensive land.
Biorevolution
The rapid transformation or evolution into post humanism
Crop Rotation
The sequence of crops grown on a piece of land over a period of time
Swidden
A cleared plot of new farm land
Cash Crops
A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower
Root crop
A crop thats a root vegetables or other root
Shifting Cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to the other; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a long period
Rectangular Survey System/ Township and Range System
A more systematic approach used after US became independent. Divided land into 6 mile squares called townships. Created square block called townships. Created square block patterns seen in country road systems city streets and layout of farms and fields.
Enclosure Movement
After 500CE individual farmers own their own plots
Extensive Agriculture
Agricultural production system using small inputs of labor, and fertilizers relative to the land being farmed. Ex: wheat, grain
Feedlot
An area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up
Food Desert
An urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good quality fresh food
Biotechnology
Application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants and animals to enhance value. Ex: GMO cloning
Mediterranean Agriculture
Areas where farmers grow a special combination of crops and grapes, olives, citrus fruits, figs, certain vegetables and many wines. These products tend to be popular and command high prices.
Climate Region
Areas with similar climatic characteristics
Open Lot system
Before 500CE farming took place in one community plot that a village shared
Hunting and Gathering
Before agriculture humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers. They were unable to stay in one place for a long time
Agribusiness
Businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Growing both crops and raising animals most of crops used to feed livestock
Root Crops
Crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants
Monoculture
Cultivation of a single crop in a given area.
Township and Range System
Designed to create a standardized system. Divides land into 36 sq. mi. units called townships. Each township has a township and range designation to define its 36 sq mi area.
Sustainable Yield
Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself
Subsistence Agriculture
Growing only enough food to survive
Large Scale Grain Production
Extensive commercial grain farm where grain is typically grown to be exported somewhere for consumption
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Farmers cultivate a small plot of land very efficiently to produce food for their families
Slash and Burn Agriculture
Farmers use tools to slash down trees and tall vegetation then burn the vegetation on the ground. A layer of ash settles and helps the soils fertility. (Uses controlled fire)
Agricultural Hearths
Farming practices diffused across the surface of the earth
Seed Agriculture
Farming through planting seeds rather than planting part of parent plant
Von Thunen Model
First effect to analyze the spatial character of economic activity explains why things are more spaced out the crops that're being harvested change
Staple Grains
Food thats eaten regularly and in large quantities to dominate part of the diet
Extractive Industry
Industries involved in activities of prospecting for new renewable energy source getting them exploring them developing them.
Metes Bounds System
Land survey system using natural features to define boundaries between parcels of land. Primarily used during colonial era.
Arable
Land used or suitable for growing crops
Koppen Climate Classification system
Map that classifies the world based on climates
Intensive agriculture
Method of farming where you use as much of the land as possible. EX: growing crops close together animals forced together.
3rd Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution
Occurred in the later half of the 20th century. Included biotechnology and genetic engineering involves increase in chemical fertilizers mass production of agricultural goods.
Global Commons
Parts of the environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility. Ex: water, forests, wildlife.
GMO's
Plants or animals that have been through some type of genetic modification
Seed Crops
Plants that're reproduced by cultivating seeds
Double Cropping
Practice in which more than one crop is grown and harvested at the same time on the same ground. Helps control pests, weeds and diseases
Desertification
Process by which fertile land becomes desert typically result of drought deforestation or inapropriate agriculture
Plan Domestication
Process by which wild plants become adapted to humans and the environment they provide
Dairying
Production of milk based products for marketplace.
Livestock Ranching
Raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and byproducts such as leather and wool
Aquaculture
Raising of plants or animals such as fish in the bottom of the sea, lake ,river.
Agrarian
Relating to cultivated land cultivation of land
Market Gardening
Relatively small scale production of fruits vegetables and flowers as cash crops
Food Chain
Series of organisms each dependent on each other
Luxury Crops
Specialized crops not essential to survival. Ex: tea, coffee, tobacco, and cocoa.
Long lot System
Survey system that creates long, narrow plots narrow plots if land that extend back from a river or road. Usually much longer than they are wide. limited use in US used in areas colonizes by French and Spanish.
Animal Domestication
Taking wild animals and placing them in human environment
Milpa
Temporary field, made by clearing forest and only farmed for a few season
Forestry
The art and science of managing forests and related natural resources
Pastoralism
The breeding and herding of animals to produce food shelter land and clothing
Agriculture
The deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel.
Commercial Agriculture
The farming of products for sale off the farm
Organic Agriculture
The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers
1st Agricultural Revolution/ Neolithic Revolution
The transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming
Intertillage
Tillage between rows of crops. Tillage= the preparation of land for growing crops.
2nd Agricultural Revolution
Times when humans first domesticated animals and plants and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Helped to improve food production. Planting in rows became common.
Capital Intensive Farms
Uses a lot of machinery in the farming process
Labor Intensive Farms
Uses mainly human labor in farming process
Plantation Agriculture
When plants are grown on large estates