AP Human Geography Chapter 11

Factory Farm

A farm where animals are bred and fattened using modern industrial methods

Vegetative Agriculture

Reproduction of plants by cutting off a stem and planting it

Truck Farm

Commercial gardening and fruit farming to distant areas through railroads air transport and refrigerated carriers. Agricultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops on a large scale for shipment to distant markets.

Ranching

Commercial grazing, raising animals on a plot of land where they graze. Requires extensive land.

Biorevolution

The rapid transformation or evolution into post humanism

Crop Rotation

The sequence of crops grown on a piece of land over a period of time

Swidden

A cleared plot of new farm land

Cash Crops

A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower

Root crop

A crop thats a root vegetables or other root

Shifting Cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to the other; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a long period

Rectangular Survey System/ Township and Range System

A more systematic approach used after US became independent. Divided land into 6 mile squares called townships. Created square block called townships. Created square block patterns seen in country road systems city streets and layout of farms and fields.

Enclosure Movement

After 500CE individual farmers own their own plots

Extensive Agriculture

Agricultural production system using small inputs of labor, and fertilizers relative to the land being farmed. Ex: wheat, grain

Feedlot

An area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up

Food Desert

An urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good quality fresh food

Biotechnology

Application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants and animals to enhance value. Ex: GMO cloning

Mediterranean Agriculture

Areas where farmers grow a special combination of crops and grapes, olives, citrus fruits, figs, certain vegetables and many wines. These products tend to be popular and command high prices.

Climate Region

Areas with similar climatic characteristics

Open Lot system

Before 500CE farming took place in one community plot that a village shared

Hunting and Gathering

Before agriculture humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers. They were unable to stay in one place for a long time

Agribusiness

Businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

Growing both crops and raising animals most of crops used to feed livestock

Root Crops

Crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants

Monoculture

Cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

Township and Range System

Designed to create a standardized system. Divides land into 36 sq. mi. units called townships. Each township has a township and range designation to define its 36 sq mi area.

Sustainable Yield

Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself

Subsistence Agriculture

Growing only enough food to survive

Large Scale Grain Production

Extensive commercial grain farm where grain is typically grown to be exported somewhere for consumption

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

Farmers cultivate a small plot of land very efficiently to produce food for their families

Slash and Burn Agriculture

Farmers use tools to slash down trees and tall vegetation then burn the vegetation on the ground. A layer of ash settles and helps the soils fertility. (Uses controlled fire)

Agricultural Hearths

Farming practices diffused across the surface of the earth

Seed Agriculture

Farming through planting seeds rather than planting part of parent plant

Von Thunen Model

First effect to analyze the spatial character of economic activity explains why things are more spaced out the crops that're being harvested change

Staple Grains

Food thats eaten regularly and in large quantities to dominate part of the diet

Extractive Industry

Industries involved in activities of prospecting for new renewable energy source getting them exploring them developing them.

Metes Bounds System

Land survey system using natural features to define boundaries between parcels of land. Primarily used during colonial era.

Arable

Land used or suitable for growing crops

Koppen Climate Classification system

Map that classifies the world based on climates

Intensive agriculture

Method of farming where you use as much of the land as possible. EX: growing crops close together animals forced together.

3rd Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution

Occurred in the later half of the 20th century. Included biotechnology and genetic engineering involves increase in chemical fertilizers mass production of agricultural goods.

Global Commons

Parts of the environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility. Ex: water, forests, wildlife.

GMO's

Plants or animals that have been through some type of genetic modification

Seed Crops

Plants that're reproduced by cultivating seeds

Double Cropping

Practice in which more than one crop is grown and harvested at the same time on the same ground. Helps control pests, weeds and diseases

Desertification

Process by which fertile land becomes desert typically result of drought deforestation or inapropriate agriculture

Plan Domestication

Process by which wild plants become adapted to humans and the environment they provide

Dairying

Production of milk based products for marketplace.

Livestock Ranching

Raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and byproducts such as leather and wool

Aquaculture

Raising of plants or animals such as fish in the bottom of the sea, lake ,river.

Agrarian

Relating to cultivated land cultivation of land

Market Gardening

Relatively small scale production of fruits vegetables and flowers as cash crops

Food Chain

Series of organisms each dependent on each other

Luxury Crops

Specialized crops not essential to survival. Ex: tea, coffee, tobacco, and cocoa.

Long lot System

Survey system that creates long, narrow plots narrow plots if land that extend back from a river or road. Usually much longer than they are wide. limited use in US used in areas colonizes by French and Spanish.

Animal Domestication

Taking wild animals and placing them in human environment

Milpa

Temporary field, made by clearing forest and only farmed for a few season

Forestry

The art and science of managing forests and related natural resources

Pastoralism

The breeding and herding of animals to produce food shelter land and clothing

Agriculture

The deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel.

Commercial Agriculture

The farming of products for sale off the farm

Organic Agriculture

The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

1st Agricultural Revolution/ Neolithic Revolution

The transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming

Intertillage

Tillage between rows of crops. Tillage= the preparation of land for growing crops.

2nd Agricultural Revolution

Times when humans first domesticated animals and plants and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Helped to improve food production. Planting in rows became common.

Capital Intensive Farms

Uses a lot of machinery in the farming process

Labor Intensive Farms

Uses mainly human labor in farming process

Plantation Agriculture

When plants are grown on large estates