Module 31
As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed?
Working memory
Which of the following questions abt the word depressed would prepare you to remember tom that you had seen the word on today's test?
How well does the word describe you?
You are most likely to automatically encode information about
the sequence of your day's events
Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?
Ebbinghaus
The process of getting information into memory is called
Encoding
The human capacity for storing long term memory is
Essentially unlimited
What type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
Long term memory
Everyday as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does no remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence
Mamie has no paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long term memory.
How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?
Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort
Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect
Repeated quizzing of info increases the chances it will be recalled
By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.
iconic
For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory.
iconic
The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.
iconic
We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of
imagery
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called __________________ memory.
long term
A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.
long-term
A mnemonic device is a
memory aid
Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using
mnemonic device
Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called
mnemonic devices
We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain?
parallel processing
Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of
peg-word system
After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent
rehearsal
Ebbinghaus's retention curve best illustrates the value of:
rehearsal
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.
retention; acquisition
Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of
semantic encoding
Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of
semantic encoding
One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires:
semantic encoding
Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating
semantic encoding
The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new info best illustrates the importance of
semantic encoding
The process by which info is encoded by its meaning is called
semantic encoding
The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of
semantic encoding
The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of
semantic encoding
To remember the information presented in her psych textbook, Susan often related it to her own experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid bc it facilitates
semantic encoding
When asked to recall a list of words included pump and crook people frequently recalled fat criminal kid. this best illustrated the impact of
semantic encoding
When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of
semantic encoding
deep processing is most closely associated with the concept of
semantic encoding
Explicit memory is to long term memory as iconic memory is to ______________ memory.
sensory
Some information in our fleeting ___________ is encoded into short-term memory.
sensory memory
The magical number seven refers to the shortage capacity of
short term memory
After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.
short-term
Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.
short-term
Students often have longer-lasting memories of information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course. This best illustrates the importance of
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study or practice is known as
spacing effect
Herman Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
Chunking refers to
the organization of information into meaningful units
Memory is best defined as
the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information
Which of the following is the best definition of modern memory model connectionism?
the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks
Mnemonic devices such as peg-word system make effective use of
visual imagery
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.
visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.
working
The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of
working memory
Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as
12 seconds
Semantic encoding refers to the processing of
meanings
Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.
7
Which term best describes parallel processing?
Automatic
Students who restudy course material in order to pass a comprehensive examination are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates: a. implicit memory. b. the serial position effect. c. the method of loci. d. the spacing effect. e. chunking.
D. the spacing effect
Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study finds that _____ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.
Short term
Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
Spacing effect
While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Words stored in echoic memory will last 3 to 4 seconds so you can still recall her words
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of
an acronym
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
automatic processing
During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates
automatic processing
Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as
automatic processing
While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of
automatic processing
The effortful processing of information
can become automatic through practice
Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of
chunking
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
chunking
The letters Y, M, O,M,R,E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word MEMORY. This provides an illustration of
chunking
The organization of info into meaningful units is called
chunking
The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of
chunking
A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as
connectionism
effortful processing can occur only with
conscious attention
Automatic processing occurs without
conscious awareness
A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using ____ processing
deep
Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of:
deep processing
For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
echoic
Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.
echoic
Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of info requires...
effortful processing
Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of
encoding
The process of encoding refers to
getting information into memory
The process of retrieval refers to
getting information out of memory storage
When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants
had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters
By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of
hierarchical organization
Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of
hierarchical organization