Module 31

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed?

Working memory

Which of the following questions abt the word depressed would prepare you to remember tom that you had seen the word on today's test?

How well does the word describe you?

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

the sequence of your day's events

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

Ebbinghaus

The process of getting information into memory is called

Encoding

The human capacity for storing long term memory is

Essentially unlimited

What type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

Long term memory

Everyday as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does no remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence

Mamie has no paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long term memory.

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort

Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect

Repeated quizzing of info increases the chances it will be recalled

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

iconic

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory.

iconic

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.

iconic

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

imagery

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called __________________ memory.

long term

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

long-term

A mnemonic device is a

memory aid

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using

mnemonic device

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called

mnemonic devices

We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain?

parallel processing

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of

peg-word system

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

rehearsal

Ebbinghaus's retention curve best illustrates the value of:

rehearsal

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

retention; acquisition

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of

semantic encoding

Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of

semantic encoding

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires:

semantic encoding

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating

semantic encoding

The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new info best illustrates the importance of

semantic encoding

The process by which info is encoded by its meaning is called

semantic encoding

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

semantic encoding

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of

semantic encoding

To remember the information presented in her psych textbook, Susan often related it to her own experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid bc it facilitates

semantic encoding

When asked to recall a list of words included pump and crook people frequently recalled fat criminal kid. this best illustrated the impact of

semantic encoding

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of

semantic encoding

deep processing is most closely associated with the concept of

semantic encoding

Explicit memory is to long term memory as iconic memory is to ______________ memory.

sensory

Some information in our fleeting ___________ is encoded into short-term memory.

sensory memory

The magical number seven refers to the shortage capacity of

short term memory

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

short-term

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

short-term

Students often have longer-lasting memories of information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course. This best illustrates the importance of

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study or practice is known as

spacing effect

Herman Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

Chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units

Memory is best defined as

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

Which of the following is the best definition of modern memory model connectionism?

the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks

Mnemonic devices such as peg-word system make effective use of

visual imagery

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.

working

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

working memory

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as

12 seconds

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of

meanings

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

7

Which term best describes parallel processing?

Automatic

Students who restudy course material in order to pass a comprehensive examination are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates: a. implicit memory. b. the serial position effect. c. the method of loci. d. the spacing effect. e. chunking.

D. the spacing effect

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study finds that _____ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

Short term

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

Spacing effect

While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Words stored in echoic memory will last 3 to 4 seconds so you can still recall her words

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of

an acronym

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

automatic processing

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates

automatic processing

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as

automatic processing

While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of

automatic processing

The effortful processing of information

can become automatic through practice

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of

chunking

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as

chunking

The letters Y, M, O,M,R,E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word MEMORY. This provides an illustration of

chunking

The organization of info into meaningful units is called

chunking

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

chunking

A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as

connectionism

effortful processing can occur only with

conscious attention

Automatic processing occurs without

conscious awareness

A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using ____ processing

deep

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of:

deep processing

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

echoic

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.

echoic

Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of info requires...

effortful processing

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of

encoding

The process of encoding refers to

getting information into memory

The process of retrieval refers to

getting information out of memory storage

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants

had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of

hierarchical organization

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of

hierarchical organization