Module 4

dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying?

a laboratory experiment

daily diary method

a methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the day at the end of the day

day reconstruction method

a methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the follow day

experience- sampling method

a methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts feelings, and behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day

electronically activated recorder EAR

a methodology where participants wear a small, portable audio recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds around them

When researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable, the study is likely to have high ___________, even though the results may not generalize to a more realistic situation

internal validity

____ refers to the degree to which causal inferences can be made in the study; ____ refers to the degree that the study's findings can be applied to the larger population.

internal validity; external validity

magine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be:

studying online behavior

The ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on smaller ones is known as __________. It requires that the sample under investigation be representative of the larger population from which it was drawn.

generalizability

It is important to design research experiments that are associated with real-world situations in order to ______ findings to a larger population.

generalize

generalize

generalizing in science refers to the ability to arrive at a broad conclusion based on smaller sample of observations

Dr. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable. What does this mean?

her results may not be true for the entire population

The degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has _______

internal validity

ecological momentary assessment

an overaching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants real world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time

ambulatory assessment

an overarching term to describe methodologies that assess the behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings

Dr. Sharma wants to study the extent to which stress is related to suicidal ideation in people who suffer from depression. She gathers information about the level of stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts a set of participants experience the day after they attend the funeral of a loved one. Because this study is assessing people under conditions that are not typical of everyday life, it is lacking in __________ validity.

ecological

the degree to which the effect, or findings, have been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life and daily routines.

ecological validity

internal validity

the degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established

external validity

the degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings

For Lindsey's dissertation, she has e-mails sent out to people 4 times a day for 4 weeks. In these e-mails, she asks about current emotional experiences and activities. What method is she using?

experience sampling

Dr. Tylka is conducting research about the risk of developing eating disorders in adolescent boys. She concludes that her findings apply not only to the sample of high school boys she studied, but to other males in other settings and contexts. In this regard, Dr. Tylka is stating that her findings have high __________ validity

external

As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior (i.e., daily social interactions and activities). Therefore, you decide to use an electronically activated recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:

studying daily behavior

Dr. Fikshunal is interested in how our bodies respond to being excluded from a group. Therefore, she decides to monitor the heart rate and cortisol levels of participants as they engage in their environment and indicate experiences when they felt ostracized. In this scenario, Dr. Fikshunal is:

studying daily physiology

Researchers that study the online behavior of people focus on their:

virtual language behavior