Module 4 Exam (ch 14,15,16,17)

Defensins are PHAGOCYTIC PARTS of the first line of defense True/False

Antimicrobial peptides

The surface cells of the epidermis of the skin are ALIVE. True/False

Dead

ELISA has basically replaced immunoblotting True/False

False

It is standard to attenuate killed virus vaccines True/False

False

Passive immunotherapy provides more prolonged immunity than active immunization True/False

False

Secretion of antibodies by activated B-cells is a form of *cell-mediated* immunity. True/False

False; antibody

MHC class II molecules are found on *T cells* True/False

False; antigen-presenting cells

Lymphoctyes with CD8 glycoprotein are *helper* T cells True/False

False; cytotoxic

*Cytotoxic T cells* secrete immunoglobulin True/False

False; plasma cells

*Apoptosis* is the term used to describe cellular suicide. True/False

True

Acute and chronic inflammation exhibit SIMILAR signs and symptoms True/False

True

ELISA is very easily automated True/False

True

MONOCYTES are immature macrophages True/False

True

NETs are webs produced by NEUTROPHILS to trap microbes. True/False

True

One single serological test is inadequate for an accurate diagnosis of HIV infection True/False

True

PHAGOCYTES exhibit chemotaxis toward a pathogen. True/False

True

The HYPOTHALAMUS of the brain controls body temperature True/False

True

The surface cells of mucous membranes are ALIVE True/False

True

Wandering macrophages experience DIAPEDESIS. True/False

True

An ELISA uses which of the following reagents? a. An enzyme-labeled anti-antibody b. A radioactive anti-antibody c.A source of complement d. enzyme-labeled antigen

a. An enzyme-labeled anti-antibody

Induces good cell-mediated immunity a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence

a. Attenuated viral vaccine

Uses attenuated microbes a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence

a. Attenuated viral vaccine

Antimicrobial peptides a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

a. First line of defense

Dendritic cells a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

a. First line of defense

Epidermis a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

a. First line of defense

Goblet cells a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

a. First line of defense

Lysozyme a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

a. First line of defense

Mucous membrane of the digestive tract a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

a. First line of defense

Sebum a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

a. First line of defense

Eosinophil a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms

Dendritic cell a. MHC II molecule b. Interleukin 4 c. Perforin and granzyme d. Immunoglobulin

a. MHC II molecule

Tc cells recognize epitopes only when the latter are held by a. MHC proteins b. B cells c. interleukin 2 d. granzyme

a. MHC proteins

Naturally acquired active immunity a. Production of IgE in response to pollen b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk c. Administration of tetanus toxoid d. Administration of antitoxin

a. Production of IgE in response to pollen

Which of the following lymphocytes predominates in blood? a. T cells b. B cells c. plasma cells d. memory cells e. All are about equally prevalent

a. T cells

When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they typically a. become virulent b. produce endotoxin c. absorb endotoxin d. increase in virulence

a. become virulent

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act to a. bind microbial proteins and polysaccharides b. induce phagocytosis c. cause phagocytic chemotaxis d. destroy microbial cells

a. bind microbial proteins and polysaccharides

The alternative complement activation pathway involves a. factors B, D, and P b. the cleavage of C5 to form C9 c. binding to mannose sugar d. recognition of antigens bound to specific antibodies

a. factors B, D, and P

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases? a. incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence b. incubation, decline, prodromal period, illness, convalescence c. prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline, convalescence d. convalescence, prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline

a. incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction? a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. pathogenesis

a. mutualism

Attenuation is a. the process of reducing virulence b. a necessary step in vaccine manufacture c. a form of variolation d. similar to an adjuvant

a. the process of reducing virulence

The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is a. the respiratory tract b. the skin c. the conjunctiva d. a cut or wound

a. the respiratory tract

Naturally acquired passive immunity a. Production of IgE in response to pollen b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk c. Administration of tetanus toxoid d. Administration of antitoxin

b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk

Increases antigenicity a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence

b. Adjuvant

Which of the following is false concerning microbial contaminants? a. Contaminants may become opportunistic pathogens b. Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm c. Contaminants may be a part of the transient microbiota d. Contaminants may be introduced by a mosquito bite

b. Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm

Alveolar macrophage a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

b. Phagocytic cell in lungs

Alpha interferon a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

b. Second line of defense

Fever a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

b. Second line of defense

Inflammation a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

b. Second line of defense

Lactoferrin a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

b. Second line of defense

Monocytes a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

b. Second line of defense

Neutrophils a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

b. Second line of defense

Phagocytes a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

b. Second line of defense

Which of the following phrases describes a contagious disease? a. a disease arising from fomites b. a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols c. a disease that arises from opportunistic members of the normal microbiome d. both a and b

b. a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols

An Autoantigen is a. an antigen from normal microbiota b. a normal body component c. an artificial antigen d. any carbohydrate antigen e. a nucleic acid

b. a normal body component

Which of the following types of epidemiologists is most like a detective? a. descriptive epidemiologist b. analytical epidemiologist c. experimental epidemiologist d. reservoir epidemiologist

b. analytical epidemiologist

An axenic environment is one that a. exists in the human mouth b. contains only one species c. exists in the human colon d. both a and c

b. contains only one species

Which of the following is not targeted by a Toll-like receptor? a. lipid A b. eukaryotic flagellar protein c. cause phagocytic chemotaxis d. destroy microbial cells

b. eukaryotic flagellar protein

Antibodies function to a. directly destroy foreign organ grafts b. mark invading organisms for destruction c. kill intracellular viruses d. directly promote cytokine synthesis e. stimulate T cell growth

b. mark invading organisms for destruction

Which of the following viruses was widely used in living vaccines? a. coronavirus b. poliovirus c. influenzavirus d. retrovirus

b. poliovirus

The complement system involves a. the production of antigens and antibodies b. serum proteins involved in nonspecific defense c. a set of genes that distinguish foreign cells from body cells d. the elimination of undigested remnants of microorganisms

b. serum proteins involved in nonspecific defense

A direct fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect the presence of a. hemagglutination b. specific antigens c. antibodies d. complement

b. specific antigens

Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease? a. it normally occurs in a given geographic area b. it is a disease that occurs more frequently than usual for a geographical area or group of people c. it occurs frequently at no predictable time scattered over a large area of population d. it is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time

d. it is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time

Artificially acquired active immunity a. Production of IgE in response to pollen b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk c. Administration of tetanus toxoid d. Administration of antitoxin

c. Administration of tetanus toxoid

The major class of immunoglobulin found on the surfaces of the walls of the intestines and airways is secretory a. IgG b. IgM c. IgA d. IgE e. IgD

c. IgA

Cytotoxic T cell a. MHC II molecule b. Interleukin 4 c. Perforin and granzyme d. Immunoglobulin

c. Perforin and granzyme

Cell from sebacceous gland a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

c. Secretes sebum

Induces mainly an antibody response a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence

c. Subunit vaccine

Uses antigen fragments a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence

c. Subunit vaccine

T lymphocytes a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense

c. Third line of defense

A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n) a. subacute disease b. acute disease c. chronic disease d. latent disease

d. latent disease

The nature of bacterial capsules a. causes widespread blood clotting b. allows phagocytes to readily engulf these bacteria c. affects the virulence of these bacteria d. has no effect on the virulence of bacteria

c. affects the virulence of these bacteria

The study of antibody-antigen interaction in the blood is a. attenuation b. agglutination c. precipitation d. serology

d. serology

An anti-antibody is used when a. an antigen is not precipitating b. an antibody is not agglutinating c. an antibody does not activate complement d. the antigen is an antibody

d. the antigen is an antibody

An antiserum is: a. an anti-antibody b. an inactivated vaccine c. formed of monoclonal antibodies d. the liquid portion of blood used fo immunization

d. the liquid portion of blood used fo immunization

When antigen and antibodies combine, maximal precipitation occurs when a. antigen is in excess b. antibody is in excess c. antigen and antibody are at equivalent concentrations d. antigen is added to the antibody

c. antigen and antibody are at equivalent concentrations

Which of the following vaccine types is commonly given with an adjuvant? a. attenuated vaccine b. modified live vaccine c. chemically killed vaccine d. immunoglobulin

c. chemically killed vaccine

Anti-human antibody antibodies are: a. found in immunocompromised individuals b. used in direct fluorescent antibody tests c. formed by animals reacting to humans immunoglobulins d. an alternative method in ELISA

c. formed by animals reacting to humans immunoglobulins

The type of interferon present late in an infection is a. alpha interferon b. beta interferon c. gamma interferon d. delta interferon

c. gamma interferon

Consider the following case. An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector? a. animal b. virus c. mosquito d. person

c. mosquito

Artificially acquired passive immunotherapy a. Production of IgE in response to pollen b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk c. Administration of tetanus toxoid d. Administration of antitoxin

d. Administration of antitoxin

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are called

zoonoses

Dendritic cell a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

d. Devours pathogens in epidermis

Induces rapid onset of immunity a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence

d. Immunoglobulin

Plasma cells a. MHC II molecule b. Interleukin 4 c. Perforin and granzyme d. Immunoglobulin

d. Immunoglobulin

The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to sells is a. infection b. contamination c. disease d. adhesion

d. adhesion

Which cells express MHC class I molecules in a patient? a. red blood cells b. antigen-presenting cells only c. neutrophils only d. all nucleated cells e. dendritic cells only

d. all nucleated cells

Interferons a. do not protect the cell that secretes them b. stimulate the activity of macrophages c. cause muscle aches, chills, and fever d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Monoclonal antibodies a. are produced by hybridomas b. are secreted by clone cells c. can be used for passive immunizaiton d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Mucus-secreting membranes are found in a. the urinary system b. the digestive cavity c. the respiratory passages d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the complement fragments is inflammatory? a. C3a b. C4a c. C5a d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following binds iron? a. lactoferrin b. siderophores c. transferrin d. all of the above

d. all of the above

A direct fluorescent antibody test requires which of the following? a. heat-inactivated serum b. fluorescent serum c. immune complexes d. antibodies against the antigen

d. antibodies against the antigen

Among the key molecules that control cell-mediated cytotoxicity are a. perofrin b. immunoglobulins c. complement d. cytokines e. interferons

d. cytokines

Phagocytes of the epidermis are called a. microglia b. goblet cells c. alveolar macrophages d. dendritic cells

d. dendritic cells

Which of the following is a good test to detect rabies virus in the brain of a dog? a. agglutination b. hemagglutination c. virus neutralization d. direct fluorescent antibody

d. direct fluorescent antibody

A patient contracted athlete's foot after long-term use of a medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. Such infections are termed a. healthcare-associated infections b. exogenous infections c. iatrogenic infections d. endogenous infections

d. endogenous infections

Which of the following are most likely to cause disease? a. opportunistic pathogens in a weakened host b. pathogens lacking the enzyme kinase c. pathogens lacking the enzyme collagenase d. highly virulent organisms

d. highly virulent organisms

The many different proteins in serum can be analyzed by a(n) a. anti-antibody test b. complement fixation test c. precipitation test d. immunodiffusion test

d. immunodiffusion test

To obtain immediate immunity against tetanus, a patient should receive a. an attenuated vaccine of Clostridium tetani b. a modified live vaccine of C. tetani c. tetanus toxoid d. immunoglobulin against tetanus toxin (antitoxin)

d. immunoglobulin against tetanus toxin (antitoxin)

____ infections are those acquired by patients or staff while in health care facilities

Nosocomial

In phagocytosis, adhesion involves the binding between complementary chemicals on a phagocyte and on the membrane of a BODY CELL True/False

Pathogen

A membrane attack complex drills circular holes in a MACROPHAGE True/False

Pathogen's cytoplasmic membrane

Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes form PEROXISOMES True/False

Phagolysosomes

Infections that may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms are called ___ infections

asymptomatic or subclinical

The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within population is

epidemiology

The study of the cause of a disease is

etiology

Microglia a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system

Nonliving reservoirs of disease, such as a toothbrush, drinking glass, and needle, are called ____

fomites

Stem cell a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

g. Generative cell with many types of offspring

Bone marrow stem cell a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

h. Develops into formed elements of blood

Wandering macrophage a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

i. Intercellular scavenger

Goblet cell a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

j. Secretes mucus

Endotoxin, also known as _______, is part of the outer (wall) membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Lipid A

A microbe that causes disease is called a ___.

pathogen

The total number of cases of a disease in a given area is its

prevalence

Rubor, calor, swelling, and dolor are associated with FEVER. True/False

Inflammation

OPSONIZATION occurs when a phagocyte's pseudopods surround a microbe and fuse to form a sac. True/False

Ingestion

LYMPHOCYTES are large agranulocytes True/False

Monocytes

An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a ___ vector

biological

Lysozyme a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus

e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall

Rejection of a foreign skin graft is an example of a. destruction of virus-infected cells b. tolerance c. antibody-mediated immunity d. a secondary immune response e. a cell-mediated immune response

e. a cell-mediated immune response

In which of the following sites in the body can B cells be found? a. lymph nodes b. spleen c. red bone marrow d. intestinal wall e. all of the above

e. all of the above

MHC class II molecules bind to ___ and trigger ___ a. endogenous antigens, cytotoxic T cells b. exogenous antigens, cytotoxic T cells c. antibodies, B cells d. endogenous antigens, helper T cells e. exogenous antigens, helper T cells

e. exogenous antigens, helper T cells