Module 4 Exam (ch 14,15,16,17)
Defensins are PHAGOCYTIC PARTS of the first line of defense True/False
Antimicrobial peptides
The surface cells of the epidermis of the skin are ALIVE. True/False
Dead
ELISA has basically replaced immunoblotting True/False
False
It is standard to attenuate killed virus vaccines True/False
False
Passive immunotherapy provides more prolonged immunity than active immunization True/False
False
Secretion of antibodies by activated B-cells is a form of *cell-mediated* immunity. True/False
False; antibody
MHC class II molecules are found on *T cells* True/False
False; antigen-presenting cells
Lymphoctyes with CD8 glycoprotein are *helper* T cells True/False
False; cytotoxic
*Cytotoxic T cells* secrete immunoglobulin True/False
False; plasma cells
*Apoptosis* is the term used to describe cellular suicide. True/False
True
Acute and chronic inflammation exhibit SIMILAR signs and symptoms True/False
True
ELISA is very easily automated True/False
True
MONOCYTES are immature macrophages True/False
True
NETs are webs produced by NEUTROPHILS to trap microbes. True/False
True
One single serological test is inadequate for an accurate diagnosis of HIV infection True/False
True
PHAGOCYTES exhibit chemotaxis toward a pathogen. True/False
True
The HYPOTHALAMUS of the brain controls body temperature True/False
True
The surface cells of mucous membranes are ALIVE True/False
True
Wandering macrophages experience DIAPEDESIS. True/False
True
An ELISA uses which of the following reagents? a. An enzyme-labeled anti-antibody b. A radioactive anti-antibody c.A source of complement d. enzyme-labeled antigen
a. An enzyme-labeled anti-antibody
Induces good cell-mediated immunity a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence
a. Attenuated viral vaccine
Uses attenuated microbes a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence
a. Attenuated viral vaccine
Antimicrobial peptides a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
a. First line of defense
Dendritic cells a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
a. First line of defense
Epidermis a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
a. First line of defense
Goblet cells a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
a. First line of defense
Lysozyme a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
a. First line of defense
Mucous membrane of the digestive tract a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
a. First line of defense
Sebum a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
a. First line of defense
Eosinophil a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms
Dendritic cell a. MHC II molecule b. Interleukin 4 c. Perforin and granzyme d. Immunoglobulin
a. MHC II molecule
Tc cells recognize epitopes only when the latter are held by a. MHC proteins b. B cells c. interleukin 2 d. granzyme
a. MHC proteins
Naturally acquired active immunity a. Production of IgE in response to pollen b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk c. Administration of tetanus toxoid d. Administration of antitoxin
a. Production of IgE in response to pollen
Which of the following lymphocytes predominates in blood? a. T cells b. B cells c. plasma cells d. memory cells e. All are about equally prevalent
a. T cells
When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they typically a. become virulent b. produce endotoxin c. absorb endotoxin d. increase in virulence
a. become virulent
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act to a. bind microbial proteins and polysaccharides b. induce phagocytosis c. cause phagocytic chemotaxis d. destroy microbial cells
a. bind microbial proteins and polysaccharides
The alternative complement activation pathway involves a. factors B, D, and P b. the cleavage of C5 to form C9 c. binding to mannose sugar d. recognition of antigens bound to specific antibodies
a. factors B, D, and P
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases? a. incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence b. incubation, decline, prodromal period, illness, convalescence c. prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline, convalescence d. convalescence, prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline
a. incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction? a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. pathogenesis
a. mutualism
Attenuation is a. the process of reducing virulence b. a necessary step in vaccine manufacture c. a form of variolation d. similar to an adjuvant
a. the process of reducing virulence
The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is a. the respiratory tract b. the skin c. the conjunctiva d. a cut or wound
a. the respiratory tract
Naturally acquired passive immunity a. Production of IgE in response to pollen b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk c. Administration of tetanus toxoid d. Administration of antitoxin
b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk
Increases antigenicity a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence
b. Adjuvant
Which of the following is false concerning microbial contaminants? a. Contaminants may become opportunistic pathogens b. Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm c. Contaminants may be a part of the transient microbiota d. Contaminants may be introduced by a mosquito bite
b. Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm
Alveolar macrophage a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
b. Phagocytic cell in lungs
Alpha interferon a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
b. Second line of defense
Fever a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
b. Second line of defense
Inflammation a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
b. Second line of defense
Lactoferrin a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
b. Second line of defense
Monocytes a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
b. Second line of defense
Neutrophils a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
b. Second line of defense
Phagocytes a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
b. Second line of defense
Which of the following phrases describes a contagious disease? a. a disease arising from fomites b. a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols c. a disease that arises from opportunistic members of the normal microbiome d. both a and b
b. a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols
An Autoantigen is a. an antigen from normal microbiota b. a normal body component c. an artificial antigen d. any carbohydrate antigen e. a nucleic acid
b. a normal body component
Which of the following types of epidemiologists is most like a detective? a. descriptive epidemiologist b. analytical epidemiologist c. experimental epidemiologist d. reservoir epidemiologist
b. analytical epidemiologist
An axenic environment is one that a. exists in the human mouth b. contains only one species c. exists in the human colon d. both a and c
b. contains only one species
Which of the following is not targeted by a Toll-like receptor? a. lipid A b. eukaryotic flagellar protein c. cause phagocytic chemotaxis d. destroy microbial cells
b. eukaryotic flagellar protein
Antibodies function to a. directly destroy foreign organ grafts b. mark invading organisms for destruction c. kill intracellular viruses d. directly promote cytokine synthesis e. stimulate T cell growth
b. mark invading organisms for destruction
Which of the following viruses was widely used in living vaccines? a. coronavirus b. poliovirus c. influenzavirus d. retrovirus
b. poliovirus
The complement system involves a. the production of antigens and antibodies b. serum proteins involved in nonspecific defense c. a set of genes that distinguish foreign cells from body cells d. the elimination of undigested remnants of microorganisms
b. serum proteins involved in nonspecific defense
A direct fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect the presence of a. hemagglutination b. specific antigens c. antibodies d. complement
b. specific antigens
Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease? a. it normally occurs in a given geographic area b. it is a disease that occurs more frequently than usual for a geographical area or group of people c. it occurs frequently at no predictable time scattered over a large area of population d. it is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time
d. it is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time
Artificially acquired active immunity a. Production of IgE in response to pollen b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk c. Administration of tetanus toxoid d. Administration of antitoxin
c. Administration of tetanus toxoid
The major class of immunoglobulin found on the surfaces of the walls of the intestines and airways is secretory a. IgG b. IgM c. IgA d. IgE e. IgD
c. IgA
Cytotoxic T cell a. MHC II molecule b. Interleukin 4 c. Perforin and granzyme d. Immunoglobulin
c. Perforin and granzyme
Cell from sebacceous gland a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
c. Secretes sebum
Induces mainly an antibody response a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence
c. Subunit vaccine
Uses antigen fragments a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence
c. Subunit vaccine
T lymphocytes a. First line of defense b. Second line of defense c. Third line of defense
c. Third line of defense
A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n) a. subacute disease b. acute disease c. chronic disease d. latent disease
d. latent disease
The nature of bacterial capsules a. causes widespread blood clotting b. allows phagocytes to readily engulf these bacteria c. affects the virulence of these bacteria d. has no effect on the virulence of bacteria
c. affects the virulence of these bacteria
The study of antibody-antigen interaction in the blood is a. attenuation b. agglutination c. precipitation d. serology
d. serology
An anti-antibody is used when a. an antigen is not precipitating b. an antibody is not agglutinating c. an antibody does not activate complement d. the antigen is an antibody
d. the antigen is an antibody
An antiserum is: a. an anti-antibody b. an inactivated vaccine c. formed of monoclonal antibodies d. the liquid portion of blood used fo immunization
d. the liquid portion of blood used fo immunization
When antigen and antibodies combine, maximal precipitation occurs when a. antigen is in excess b. antibody is in excess c. antigen and antibody are at equivalent concentrations d. antigen is added to the antibody
c. antigen and antibody are at equivalent concentrations
Which of the following vaccine types is commonly given with an adjuvant? a. attenuated vaccine b. modified live vaccine c. chemically killed vaccine d. immunoglobulin
c. chemically killed vaccine
Anti-human antibody antibodies are: a. found in immunocompromised individuals b. used in direct fluorescent antibody tests c. formed by animals reacting to humans immunoglobulins d. an alternative method in ELISA
c. formed by animals reacting to humans immunoglobulins
The type of interferon present late in an infection is a. alpha interferon b. beta interferon c. gamma interferon d. delta interferon
c. gamma interferon
Consider the following case. An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector? a. animal b. virus c. mosquito d. person
c. mosquito
Artificially acquired passive immunotherapy a. Production of IgE in response to pollen b. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk c. Administration of tetanus toxoid d. Administration of antitoxin
d. Administration of antitoxin
Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are called
zoonoses
Dendritic cell a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
d. Devours pathogens in epidermis
Induces rapid onset of immunity a. Attenuated viral vaccine b. Adjuvant c. Subunit vaccine d. Immunoglobulin e. Residual virulence
d. Immunoglobulin
Plasma cells a. MHC II molecule b. Interleukin 4 c. Perforin and granzyme d. Immunoglobulin
d. Immunoglobulin
The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to sells is a. infection b. contamination c. disease d. adhesion
d. adhesion
Which cells express MHC class I molecules in a patient? a. red blood cells b. antigen-presenting cells only c. neutrophils only d. all nucleated cells e. dendritic cells only
d. all nucleated cells
Interferons a. do not protect the cell that secretes them b. stimulate the activity of macrophages c. cause muscle aches, chills, and fever d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Monoclonal antibodies a. are produced by hybridomas b. are secreted by clone cells c. can be used for passive immunizaiton d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Mucus-secreting membranes are found in a. the urinary system b. the digestive cavity c. the respiratory passages d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the complement fragments is inflammatory? a. C3a b. C4a c. C5a d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following binds iron? a. lactoferrin b. siderophores c. transferrin d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A direct fluorescent antibody test requires which of the following? a. heat-inactivated serum b. fluorescent serum c. immune complexes d. antibodies against the antigen
d. antibodies against the antigen
Among the key molecules that control cell-mediated cytotoxicity are a. perofrin b. immunoglobulins c. complement d. cytokines e. interferons
d. cytokines
Phagocytes of the epidermis are called a. microglia b. goblet cells c. alveolar macrophages d. dendritic cells
d. dendritic cells
Which of the following is a good test to detect rabies virus in the brain of a dog? a. agglutination b. hemagglutination c. virus neutralization d. direct fluorescent antibody
d. direct fluorescent antibody
A patient contracted athlete's foot after long-term use of a medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. Such infections are termed a. healthcare-associated infections b. exogenous infections c. iatrogenic infections d. endogenous infections
d. endogenous infections
Which of the following are most likely to cause disease? a. opportunistic pathogens in a weakened host b. pathogens lacking the enzyme kinase c. pathogens lacking the enzyme collagenase d. highly virulent organisms
d. highly virulent organisms
The many different proteins in serum can be analyzed by a(n) a. anti-antibody test b. complement fixation test c. precipitation test d. immunodiffusion test
d. immunodiffusion test
To obtain immediate immunity against tetanus, a patient should receive a. an attenuated vaccine of Clostridium tetani b. a modified live vaccine of C. tetani c. tetanus toxoid d. immunoglobulin against tetanus toxin (antitoxin)
d. immunoglobulin against tetanus toxin (antitoxin)
____ infections are those acquired by patients or staff while in health care facilities
Nosocomial
In phagocytosis, adhesion involves the binding between complementary chemicals on a phagocyte and on the membrane of a BODY CELL True/False
Pathogen
A membrane attack complex drills circular holes in a MACROPHAGE True/False
Pathogen's cytoplasmic membrane
Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes form PEROXISOMES True/False
Phagolysosomes
Infections that may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms are called ___ infections
asymptomatic or subclinical
The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within population is
epidemiology
The study of the cause of a disease is
etiology
Microglia a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system
Nonliving reservoirs of disease, such as a toothbrush, drinking glass, and needle, are called ____
fomites
Stem cell a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
g. Generative cell with many types of offspring
Bone marrow stem cell a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
h. Develops into formed elements of blood
Wandering macrophage a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
i. Intercellular scavenger
Goblet cell a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
j. Secretes mucus
Endotoxin, also known as _______, is part of the outer (wall) membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Lipid A
A microbe that causes disease is called a ___.
pathogen
The total number of cases of a disease in a given area is its
prevalence
Rubor, calor, swelling, and dolor are associated with FEVER. True/False
Inflammation
OPSONIZATION occurs when a phagocyte's pseudopods surround a microbe and fuse to form a sac. True/False
Ingestion
LYMPHOCYTES are large agranulocytes True/False
Monocytes
An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a ___ vector
biological
Lysozyme a. Leukocyte that primarily attacks parasitic worms b. Phagocytic cell in lungs c. Secretes sebum d. Devours pathogens in epidermis e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall f. Phagocytic cell in central nervous system g. Generative cell with many types of offspring h. Develops into formed elements of blood i. Intercellular scavenger j. Secretes mucus
e. Breaks bonds in bacterial cell wall
Rejection of a foreign skin graft is an example of a. destruction of virus-infected cells b. tolerance c. antibody-mediated immunity d. a secondary immune response e. a cell-mediated immune response
e. a cell-mediated immune response
In which of the following sites in the body can B cells be found? a. lymph nodes b. spleen c. red bone marrow d. intestinal wall e. all of the above
e. all of the above
MHC class II molecules bind to ___ and trigger ___ a. endogenous antigens, cytotoxic T cells b. exogenous antigens, cytotoxic T cells c. antibodies, B cells d. endogenous antigens, helper T cells e. exogenous antigens, helper T cells
e. exogenous antigens, helper T cells