Module 4
reticular
fills spaces between tissues and organs fine collagenous forming branch networks
cartilage
firm consistency, large amounts of h2o avascular in lacunae
stable
no mitosis after growth ends, but can divide after injury. Liver, pancreas, endocrine cells
cell body axon dendrites
parts of a neuron
hyaluronic acid
polysaccharide good lubricant vitreous humor of eye
stratified epithelium tissue
Considering only the number of cell layers, the type of epithelium indicated in the image is epithelium.
Cuboidal
Cube shape. Secretion and absorption, may contain goblet cells
blast
create the matrix developing cell
desmosome
disc shaped region of cell membrane, found in areas that are subjected to stress
simple duct
ducts with few branches
compound duct
ducts with many branches
adipose cell
fat cell common in dermis of the skin
hemidesmosomes
half of a desmosome, attach epithelial cells to basement membrane
bone
hard connective tissue composed of living cells and mineralized matrix protects and supports tissue and organs
dense regular collagenous connective tissue
in tendons and ligaments abundant collagen fibers that resist stretching
hyaline cartilage
large amounts of collagen fibers evenly distributed in proteoglycan chondrocytes in lacunae smooth surface
chondrocyte
mature cartilage cell
macrophages
phagocytize or provide protection two types
axon
produces and conducts impulses from other neurons
single layer of narrow cells, some of have microvilli, and cilia
simple columnar epithleium
spongy bone
trabeculae of bone with spaces spaces are vascularized and have storage inside bone
primary union and secondary union
two types of tissue repair
movement of particles, secretion and absorption in intestines
what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
hydroxyapatite
what is the inorganic part of bone
fluid
what is the matrix of blood
skin, scars, capsule of kidney and spleen
where is dense irregular collagenous tissue located
aorta and arteries
where is dense irregular elastic connective tissue located
external ears, and epiglottis
where is fibrocartilage located
lining of nasal cavity and sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx trachae and bronchi
where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow
where is reticular tissue located?
glands, ducts
where is simple columnar epithelium located?
mammary glands, larynx, portion of male urethra
where is stratified columnar epithelium located?
lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra
where is transitional epithelium located?
simple epithelium
where type of tissue are tight junctions found in?
yellow adipose tussye
white most abundant type has wide distribution white at birth and yellow as we age
regeneration
In _____, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.
Mesoderm
Middle layer forms tissue as muscle bone and blood vessels before birth
Ectoderm
Outer layer forms skin, neuroectoderm (spinal cord) before birth
labil
capable of mitosis through life skin, mucous membranes hemopoietic tissue lymphatic tissue
multicellular
classified on basis of types of ducts or mode of secretion
contracts and shortens moves body and pumps blood elongated fibers specialized to contract
muscle tissue characteristics
cell body
contains nucleus in neuron
collagen fibers
what is the organic part of bone
bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus / uterine tubes, GI tract, gallbladder
what organs is simple columnar epithelium located in?
alveoli, loop of henle, eardrum
what organs is simple squamous epithelium located in?
proper, supporting and fluid
what re the classifications of connection tissue
flattened nuclei scant cytoplasm around single large droplet
what type of cells are in yellow adipose tissue
CT proper loose
what type of connective tissue is adipose tissue
CT proper loose
what type of connective tissue is areolar connective tissue?
dense regular elastic connective tissue
what type of connective tissue is in the nuchal ligament
striated squamous epithelium (in skin)
what type of tissue are desmosomes found in?
polygonal shape large amount of cytoplasm multiple lipid droplets nuclei are round and central
what types of cells are in brown adipose tissue
respiratory, GI, urinary and reproductive system
where are mucous membranes located
stomach, urinary bladder
where are tight junctions found?
Simple squamous epithelium
1 layer, flat cells
connective tissue
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
osteoblast
A cell that produces bone is a(n)
transitional
Changes from cuboidal or columnar to squamous when stretched
loss of elasticity loss of flexibility
Changes in the cells, extracellular materials and tissues in older adults cause a ______.
tissue
Collections of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them are known as a(n)
Columnar
Column / rectangle shape. Secretion absorption may have goblet cells
Free basal lateral surfaces
Distinct tissue surfaces of epithelial cells
stereocilia
Elongated microvilli for sensation and absorption
non-vascular tissue
Epithelium
a. Clotting that occurs helps to isolate injurious agents. b. During inflammation blood vessels dilate, increasing the delivery of white blood cells to the area. c. Blood vessels become more permeable and allow white blood cells to move into damaged tissue more easily.
Explain how inflammation protects the body. Select all that apply. a. Clotting that occurs helps to isolate injurious agents. b. During inflammation blood vessels dilate, increasing the delivery of white blood cells to the area. c. Blood vessels become more permeable and allow white blood cells to move into damaged tissue more easily. d. Inflammation allows for the formation of antibodies that will help fight infectious agents.
basement membrane
Extracellular formed by secretions of epithelium and connective tissues
Microvilli
Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney
Squamous
Flat scale like cells. Allows diffusion bc it's easy to pass through
exocrine endocrine
Glands that release their secretions via ducts onto a body surface are glands, while glands that release their secretions into the blood are glands.
Folds
In transitional epithelium where organs need to stretch
Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals. Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones. Attachment of one tissue to another Lends support
Indicate functions of connective tissue in the body.
protein fibers fluid ground substance
Indicate the three components of extracellular matrix.
simple squamous
Indicate the type of epithelium that is best suited for allowing diffusion of substances, as would be found lining the air sacs of the lungs.
Endoderm
Inner layer forms GI tract before birth
Protection secretion absorption diffusion
List 4 functions of epithelial tissue?
Pseudostratified
Looks like more than one layer but isn't
stratified
More than one layer shape of cells of top layer name it
dense regular elastic connective tissue
Mostly parallel-oriented elastic fibers with randomly oriented collagen fibers Found in walls of organs that must stretch to perform their function, such as large blood vessels and certain ligaments
Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract
Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers
b. elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract
Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers? a. Spherical cells designed for storage b. Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract c. Consists of elongated fibers (cells) surrounded by abundant matrix d. Cells with multiple processes that are specialized to send electrical signals
Regeneration and replacement
Name the two processes that result in the repair of injured tissue. Multiple choice question.
simple
One layer each extends from basement membrane to free surface allows diffusion of substances
smooth surface
Reduces friction
cuboidal
Square or round shape cells, indicated in the image, are classified as epithelial cells.
connective
Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for _______________ tissue.
connective tissue
Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for tissue.
connective
The class of tissue that consists of cells separated from each other by large amounts of extracellular matrix is called tissue.
Simple stratified pseudostratified transitional
The classification of epithelium by layers
psuedostratified epithelium
The epithelium consisting of one layer of cells in which all cells rest directly on the basement membrane, but appear to be arranged in layers, is epithelium.
Cilia
The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner
epithelial tissue
The number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells are two criteria used to classify tissue.
adipose
The type of connective tissue found beneath the skin, within the breast, and on the surface of the heart is tissue.
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The type of epithelium, a single layer with both tall and short columnar cells reaching the apical surface and shorter basal cells, is called
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The type of epithelium, a single layer with both tall and short columnar cells reaching the apical surface and shorter basal cells, is called _______.
False
True or False: Blood is a type of supportive connective tissue.
Fale
True or false: Extracellular matrix includes protein fibers, cytoplasm, and ground substance.
False
True or false: Pseudostratified epithelial tissue consists of many cell layers, therefore it is considered a stratified epithelium.
Epithelial connective muscle nervous
What are the four primary tissues
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
Number of cell layers Shape of epithelial cells
What are the two criteria used to classify the different types of epithelial tissue?
A cartilage cell that secretes matrix
What is a chondroblast?
Basal
Where cells grow odd from base / basement membrane
Within the orbits Within breasts Deep to the dermis of the skin
Where is adipose tissue found?
Outside body lines GI respiratory and urogenital tract
Where is epithelial tissue located
brain and spinal cord
Which structures of the body are composed of nervous tissue?
nervous
Which tissue comprises the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia?
chondroblasts
Within cartilage cells called ___________ secrete cartilage matrix
multipolar, unipolar
_________ neurons are neurons in which multiple dendrites and one axon come off the cell body while __________ neurons are neurons in which both the single axon and the main dendrite are part of the same process.
goblet cells
a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.
squamous cell shape
allows diffusion and acts as a filter
simple layering
allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion and absoprtion
compact bone
arranged in concentric circle layers around central canal that contains a blood vessel found on periphery of bones overlies spongy bone
fluid connective tissue
blood and hematopoietic tissue
osteoblast
bone forming cell
osteoclast
breaks down bone
clast
breaks down cell matrix for remodeling
dense irregular elastic connective tissue
bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions strong and elastic but recoils
supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
dendrites
cell processes and receives impulses here
cardiac muscle
cells are cylindrical and striated single central located nucleus branched and connected by intercalated discs have gap junctions pumps blood, involuntary control
smooth muscle
cells are tapered at each end not striated have single nucleus regulates size of organs in hollow organs i.e. stomach intestines involuntary control
mast cell
common beneath membranes and small blood vessels aid in inflammatory response
adhesion belt
composed of glycoproteins, act as weak glue to hold cells together found below tight junctions
primary union
condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing
ligaments
connect bone to bone collagen less compact sheets or bands
tendons
connect muscle to bone fibers are not parallel
gap junctions
contains passages / protein channels for communication, allows small molecules and ions to pass coordinates movement of cili and cardiac and smooth muscle
perichondrium
dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
merocrine gland
exocytosis secretion made in cell and deposited into duct thin watery secretion salivary or sweat land
blood
fluid connective tissue
fibroblast
form fibrous connective tissue
reticular tissue
forms lymphatic and hemopoietic tissue fine network of fibers space between cells contain white and dendritic cell s
hemopoietic tissue
found in bone marrow red and yellow
cell connections
found on lateral and basal surfaces of cells form permeability layer bind cells together and provides mechanism for intracellular connection
platelets
fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting
smooth, microvilli, cilia, folds
free surfaces of epithelium
synthesize and secretes mucous onto free surfaces
function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
protection and secretion
function of stratified columnar epithelium
secretion and absorption, movement of mucous
functions of simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption, protection against infections
functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium
red bone marrow
hemopoietic tissue surrounded by a framework of reticular fibers produces red and white cells
tight junctions
hold cells together, form permeability barrier, prevents passage between cells
adhesive molecules
hold proteoglycan aggregates together
permanent
if killed, replaced by a different type of cell. Limited regenerative ability. nervous, skeletal and cardiac muscle
increased permeability of blood vessels
increased movement of white blood cells from the blood to the damaged tissue
vasodilation
increases speed of delivery of white blood cells to damaged tissue
dense irregular collagenous tissue
irregular goes in different directions oriented netowkr forms inner most layer of dermis provides strength and stretch
Yes most of the time
is pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated?
clotting
isolated foreign particles and microorganisms from the rest of the body
WBC
leukocytes respond to injury and infection
nuchal ligment
ligament in vocal cord collagen gives strength to shout
serous membrane
line cavities that do not open to exterior simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) pericardial pleural and peritoneal cavities
mucus
lines cavities that open to outside of the body secret mucous epithelium goblet cells with basement membrane and lamina propria sometimes smooth muscle
synovial membrane
lines freely movable joints produces fluid rich in hyaluronic acid
sweat glands, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts
location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules, glands, choroid plexus, terminal bronchioles
locations of simple cuboidal epithelium
lining of blood vessels, small ducs, lining of serous membranes
locations of simple squamous epithelium
areolar connective tissue
loose packing material in most organs and tissues attaches skin to underlying tissues
connective tissue proper
loose- few fibers more ground substance or dense- more fibers less ground substance
cyte
maintain the matrix in mature cells
fibrocyte
maintains fibrous connective tissue
immune response
mobilizes immune defenses destroys infection and removes foreign material removes damaged cells and initiates tissue repair
collagen
most common protein in the body, strong flexible inelastic
wandering macrophage
moves by amoeboid movement in connective tissue to phagocytize
neurons
nerve cells have ability to produce electrical impulses and signals called action potential
regeneration
new cells of same type are produced function is restored
replacement
new type of tissue develops results in scar and loss of function
endocrine gland
no open contact with exterior, no ducts hormones secreted
brown adipose tissue
only found in certain parts of the body, axillae, neck and near kidneys
exocrine gland
open contact maintained with exterior have ducts sweat glands
apocrine gland
pinched off fragments of gland cells in secretion thicker secretion sweat and mammary glands (milk)
stratified layering
protection, particularly against abrasion
proteoglycan protein
protein and polysaccharide-protein attaches to hyaluronic acid traps large amounts of h2o
all cells reach basement membrane, appears stratified but is not cells are just various sizes
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
elastic
returns to its original shape after dissension or compressions, contains molecules of protein elastin that look like springs molecules are crosslinked
cuboidal and columnar cell shape
secretion and absorption, many included goblet cells
glands
secretory organs, epithelium with support network of connective tissue
holocrine gland
sheds entire cell in secretion along with what the cell makes thick fluid (highest viscosity) ex: sebacious gland (sebum)
goblet cell
single cell duct example
simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cube shaped cells
cells of connective tissue
specialized cells that produce the extra cellular matrix
fixed macrophage
stays in position in connective tissue to phagocytize
undifferentiated mesenchyme
stem cells can differentiate into adult cell types
inflammatory response
stimulate pain receptors and increase blood vessels permeability increases movement of WBC to area
multiple layers of tall thin cells
stratified columnar epithelium
multiple layers of somewhat cube shape cells
stratified cuboidal epithelium
skeletal muscle
striated fibers, cells are long, large and cylindrical many nuclei moves body under voluntary control
tissue repair
substitution of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or replacement
glia cells
support cells of the brain spinal cord and nerves nourishes protects and insulates neurons
cartilage
supporting connective tissue
autopsy
the examination of a corpse to determine the cause of death
biopsy
the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination
fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers distributed through proteoglycan matrix slightly compressed, very tough found in areas that have a lot of pressure
tissue membranes
thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity epithelial tissue with underlying connective tissue
vasodilation increased permeability of blood vessels clotting
three responses for inflammation
stratified, cells change shape depending on amount of distention in organ,
transitional epithelium
cuboid shape, multiple layers, free surface
transitional epithelium not stretched
basement membrane cells look stretched, cells ontop look the same
transitional epithelium stretched
adipose tissue
two types yellow and brown in subcutaneous areas, mesenteries, mammary glands has unlimited ability to expand and store lipids
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
types of tissue membranes
histamines, kinins, prostaglandins
what are examples of chemical mediators in immune response
redness heat swelling pain
what are examples of manifestation from an immune response
structure
what are exocrine glands classified by?
labile stable and permanent
what are the 3 classifications of ability to regenerate
protein fibers, ground elements fluid
what are the 3 components of the extra cellular matrix?
hyaluronic acid proteoglycan proteins and adhesive molecules
what are the 3 ground elements
collagen reticular and elastic
what are the 3 protein fibers
chondronectin osteonectin and fibronectin
what are the 3 types of adhesive molecules
collagen, reticular, and elastic
what are the 3 types of protein fibers?
RBC WBC platelets
what are the formed elements of lood
rib cage, trachea bronchi embryo skeleton
what are the locations of hyaline cartilage
spongy and compact
what are the two types of bones
endocrine and exocrine
what are the two types of glands?
Chondroblasts
what can fibroblasts differentiate to
stratified columnar epithelium
what cells are ciliated in the larynx?
fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, adipose tissue and macrophages
what cells are in areolar connective tissue
heparin histamine and proteolytic enzymes
what do mast cells release
can stretch without tearing
what is a specialized function of transitional epithelium?
Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
what is in the ground substance of cartilage
secondary union
wound healing facilitated by wound contraction clot may not close gap greater scarring more likely for infection
yellow bone marrow
yellow adipose tissue as children grow yellow replaces red