Module 5
________________ are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes
What is emaciation?
a skeletal appearance due to inadequate intake of protein and calories
What may soy protect us against?
a variety of cancers, cardiovascular disease, and bone loss.
The body strives to maintain its pH, or its _____________________________, in a tight range.
acid-base balance
Peptide bonds are formed between the _______ group of one amino acid and the _________________ group of another
acid; amine
f not used throughout the day, the ____________ groups will be removed and the rest of the amino acids can be userd to make other compounds, synthesized into fat, or eliminated as waste.
amine
The body is in a _____________ state
dynamic
What is another name for swelling?
edema
Although there is still insufficient research to know whether vegetarians live longer than nonvegetarians, they do appear to have a lower risk of ___________________.
heart disease
What are essential amino acids?
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
Negative nitrogen balance maybe due to what?
illnesses such as AIDS and cancer, starvation, or extremely low-calorie diets.
What is the greatest risk of vegetarianism?
imbalance or nutritional deficiency.
What happens if the extra protein is not needed for energy?
it is turned into fat and stored
When you eat beans, ___________ is the limiting amino acid.
lysine
in the inherited disease phenylketonuria (PKU), the enzyme that breaks down the amino acid ________________________________ is not produced or is deficient.
phenylalanine
Some hormones are made of lipids; some, like insulin, are made from ________________
proteins
____________ allows the enzyme to carry out specific chemical reactions
shape
In __________________________ the missing amino acid causes the shape of the amino acid link to be more sickle shaped than disc shaped
sickle-cell anemia
Large industrial farms or _____________ were created to raise livestock in concentrated numbers, replacing the more traditional family-run farms where animals were raised in pastures or less confined enclosures
feedlots
Protein plays a crucial role in maintaining ________________ balance.
fluid
All amino acids are made of a central carbon connected to _________ different groups
four
countries such as the United States still consume ____________ times as much meat as people in developing countries
four
Enzyme can be reduced by what?
genetic problems, medications, illness, or inadequate nutrition
in order to gain muscle mass, synthesis must ultimately be _____________ than breakdown
greater
The DRI is ______ grams per kilogram of body weight daily
0.8
What will happen if if an amino acid's R group is electrically charged?
it will be positioned to the outside of the protein so that it can mix in the watery environment of the body
Although only about _________ percent of Americans are vegetarians, and even fewer are vegan, the general population is more aware of the benefits of consuming a plant-based diet.
2.5
How many known amino acids are there?
20
What is the maximum amount of protein that is safe that people agree with?
2g/ kg
In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that ___ percent of children in developing countries were malnourished.
32
f listed, the % DV for protein is based on 10 percent of calories as protein, which equates to _____ g for a 2,000-calorie diet and 65 g (62.5 rounded up to 65) for a 2,500-calorie diet.
50
1 c. of soy provides _____ percent of the Daily Value for protein, less than 300 calories, and only 2.2 g of saturated fat.
57
According to the USDA in 2007 Americans ate approximately ______ lbs. of beef per person and ____ lbs. of pork.
66; 51
some health professionals have suggested that high-protein diets may stress the______________
kidneys
Sickle-cell anemia affects 1 out of every 500 _________________________________
African Americans
When more nitrogen is excreted than what is taken in, it is referred to as _______________________________.
negative nitrogen balance
What determines the order or sequence in which the amino acids will be linked?
DNA
T/F? Consuming excess protein provides additional health benefits.
False
According to WHO, ________ is by far the most lethal form of malnutrition.
PEM
several surveys conducted in lowincome areas of the United States reported that 22-35 percent of children ages 2-6 had a slower than normal growth rate due to__________
PEM
What is the value that is assigned to proteins that accounts for their protein quality (amino acid content) and their digestibility?
Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)
What is the most common form of nutritional deficiency diagnosed in hospitalized patients in the United States?
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
______________________________________________ occurs when a person does not consume adequate amounts of protein, calories, or both.
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
The amino acids from one food can stay in the pool for how long awaiting the complementing amino acids from other foods in order to combine and synthesize a new protein?
a day
The R groups allow the different amino acids and the unique proteins made from them to vary in _________, shape, size, and _________________________.
acidity; electrical charge
What 3 things do you need to increase muscle mass?
adequate calorie intake, adequate protein intake, and exercise
What are the nonessential amino acids?
alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine
Proteins in the blood, such as _______________, help keep an optimal balance between the fluids inside and outside your cells and blood vessels.
albumin
the protein _________________ constitutes 60 percent of the body's plasma (the watery part of blood) proteins.
albumin
what are the four groups attached to amino acids?
amine group hydrogen acid group(carboxyl) R group
Other than the very small amount of amino acids in the blood present as the _____________________, protein has no storage form in the body as carbohydrates and fats do
amino acid pool
mucus is made of ____________________ and is constantly being secreted to trap bacteria and keep other foreign substances from invading the body.
amino acids
What are conditionally essential amino acids?
amino acids that are normally considered nonessential but become essential under certain circumstances when the body's need for them exceeds the ability to produce them
What are Nonessential amino acids?
amino acids that can be made by the body so we do not need to obtain them from food
What can an abrupt decision to be vegetarian be a sign of?
an eating disorder
What is it called when a particular enzyme is not created because of a problem in genetic coding?
an inborn error of metabolism.
Proteins act as _____________, and help neutralize the pH when too many hydrogen ions are present and threaten to make the blood acidic. They also contribute hydrogen ions to make the blood more acidic when it is becoming too alkaline or basic.
buffers
determining the PDCAAS is very _____________
costly.
A protein's structure and function can be changed by heat, acid, enzymes, agitation, or alcohol in a process called ____________________.
denaturation
Soybeans are high in protein and low in ________.
fat
What are symptoms of sickle-cell anemia?
fatigue, delayed growth, bone pain, and yellow eyes and skin.
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uses the PDCAA score to determine the _________________________________ used on food labels
percent Daily Value (% DV)
Protein is a part of every _____________________ system.
physiological
Some isoflavonoids in soy act as ____________________________, which may help prevent symptoms of menopause and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
phytoestrogens
These rapidly increasing industrial farms produce much more ___________________ than traditional farms and pose a huge threat to the environment
pollution
When protein is broken down, the "free amino acids" are dissolved temporarily in body fluids, called the ___________.
pool
When nitrogen intake is more than what is excreted, this is referred to as ______________________________, which occurs in periods of growth, recovery from illness, and pregnancy.
positive nitrogen balance
What do isoflavonoids do?
protect cells against damage
Without the presence of _______________, fat could not mix with the watery environment of the blood.
protein
if carbohydrate or calorie intake is too low, ____________ will be used for energy or to make glucose for energy
protein
What two things complement each other and provide adequate lysine?
rice and beans
Soy and soy products provide a complete source of protein with ______________________________
saturated fat or cholesterol
______________ occasionally eat meat and seafood, yet predominately practice a vegetarian diet
semivegetarians
Astronauts also experience negative nitrogen balance due to the ____________________________________ of space flight.
stress and the weightlessness
Denaturation allows more of the _____________________________ of the protein to interact with digestive enzymes and thus helps with digestion.
surface area
When protein levels are low, fluid balance is not maintained and ______________ occurs .
swelling
What dictates the function of an amino acid?
the R group
What happens if essential amino acids are not consumed?
the body will not be able to make the proteins it needs for growth, maintenance, or other funtions without breaking down muscle tissue.
What are essential amino acids?
those that cannot be made in the body, so we must obtain them from the food we eat.
the cells that line your intestine are replaced about every ___________ days, your red blood cells live only for about four months, and your skin cells are constantly sloughing off to be replaced by new skin.
three
As the amino acids are linked into a protein they develop a _______________________________ shape that is unique for each protein.
three-dimensional
Amoung albumin's many functions it tranports drugs and _______________ hormones and it carries fatty acids from _______________ tissue to muscle cells for use as energy.
thryroid; adipose
What is transferring the amine group (the nitrogen-containing part) from one molecule to another to make an amino acid called?
transamination
proteins serve as ______________________ of nutrients throughout the bloodstream.
transporters
What are four reasons people become vegetarians?
treatment of animals; hormones and antibiotics; health benefits; environmental impact
An enzyme typically converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to the nonessential amino acid ________________________.
tyrosine
Who needs to pay the most attention to complementary proteins?
vegetarians
Typically, animal proteins like those found in meats and dairy products and the vegetable protein in soy are considered highly digestible because the human body can absorb almost ____ percent. In contrast, some plant proteins are only ___ percent digestible.
90; 60
The macrobiotic diet is based largely on grains, legumes, and vegetables. ____________________________ are eaten to a lesser extent.
Fruits, nuts, and seeds
amino acids have short-term storage called ___________________________.
amino acid pool
What are the building blocks for proteins?
amino acids
In addition to breaking down proteins in food, our stomach acid denatures the proteins of many of the ________________ found in foods.
bacteria
The protein mass and rates of gain or loss within each cell are determined by the _______________ of synthesis and breakdown.
balance
What are examples of incomplete proteins?
beans, legumes, grains, and vegetables
You can obtain complete proteins by eating __________________________, which are foods that when eaten alone may not be complete proteins, but when combined will provide all of the essential amino acids.
complementary proteins
Protein is also important in blood clotting and as part of ___________________ tissue such as ligaments and tendons.
connective
What percent of calories per day should come from protein?
10%
The PDCAAS is based on a scale of 0-100, with _________ being the score given to foods that best meet the needs of humans
100
Enzymes are made by stringing together between ________ and _____________ amino acids in a specific and unique order.
100; 1,000
____________________ were traditionally asked to abstain from eating meat on Fridays as a form of penance
Catholics
____________________ are like messengers that help regulate the various systems and functions of the body.
Hormones
__________________________ most frequently affects children who are being weaned.
Kwashiorkor
________________ vegetarians consume eggs and dairy products, but no meat or seafood.
Lacto-ovo
__________________________ consume milk and dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, but avoid eggs, seafood, and meat.
Lacto-vegetarians
_____________________ vegetarians consume mostly whole grains, especially brown rice, in their diets along with vegetables, soy, legumes, and fruits.
Macrobiotic
____________ are not permitted to consume alcohol or animals and birds that are carnivorous (meat-eating)
Muslims
What is the PDCAA score for soy and beans/legumes?
Soy is given a score of 94 and beans and legumes a score around 50-60.
The PDCAA score of 100 is given to what foods?
The score of 100 is given to egg white, meats, dairy, and seafood.
What are the proteins that the body's immune system produces as a major defense against antigens?
antibodies
People with PKU must follow a strict diet with low protein and avoid consumption of ___________________ (brand name NutraSweet) because it contains phenylalanine.
aspartame
Protein is probably best known for its role in ______________________, maintenance, and repair.
body growth
vegetarians typically have a lower __________________________________________ than nonvegetarians and are therefore much less likely to be obese.
body mass index (BMI)
Why does kwashiorkor occur?
children are transitioned from breast milk to a very starchy, low-protein cereal
how does a kwashiokor patient present?
children look as if they are developing a "potbelly" as fluid accumulates.impaired growth, edema, rash, and an impaired immune system.
What constitutes the most abundant protein in the entire body?
collagen
______________ is part of all the connective tissue in the body including tendons, bones, skin, teeth, and blood vessels; it is made of protein.
collagen
What type of cancers have been linked to high protein diets?
colon, prostate, breast, and pancreatic cancers have been linked to a high protein intake.
How does marasmus occur in industrialized nations?
complication of cancer or HIV, in infants and children because of malabsorption as a result of gastrointestinal disease, or as a result of self-starvation associated with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.
hey recommended that _____________ athletes consume 1.2-1.4 grams per kilogram and ________________ athletes should consume 1.6-1.7 grams per kilogram.
endurance; resistance
Perhaps the least desirable among the many functions that proteins can perform is _______________ production.
energy
The cells make their needed proteins not just because the DNA is there, but in response to the __________________________ conditions of the body.
ever-changing
What are some factors that can denature a protein?
heat, acid, enzymes, agitation, or alcohol
in the inherited disease sickle-cell anemia one amino acid is missing in the sequence for the protein ______________________
hemoglobin.
_____________ is a disease that results in excessive bleeding and bruising from minor injuries
hemophilia
What is a protein that provides all of the essential amino acids in the amount that the body needs and is also easy to digest and absorb?
high quality protein or complete protein
Foods that do not contain all of the essential amino acids in the amount needed by the body are called __________________________.
incomplete proteins
Marasmus is most common in ________________________.
infants and children
What vitamins and minerals may be inadequate in vegetarians?
iron, zinc, calcium, protein, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12
What are black beans, kidney beans, garbanzo beans (chickpeas), black-eyed peas, green peas, lima beans, lentils, pinto beans, and other beans?
legumes
The amino acid that is not available, or the amino acid present in the smallest amount relative to the needs of the body, is called the __________________________________.
limiting amino acid
rates are high in areas of Africa and the Middle East because the sickle-cell trait helps protect against ______________
malaria.
People with _______________________ are characterized by emaciation, or a skeletal appearance due to inadequate intake of protein and calories.
marasmus
many foreign substances never even make it into the body to cause a threat thanks to one of the immune system's first defense mechanisms—the______________ present in the respiratory system and intestine.
mucus
If an amino acid has a _______________ charge, it won't mix with water and will move to the middle or core of the protein where it can mix with the other ____________ amino acids, causing the chain to curl onto itself into a coil, a globule, or other shape.
neutral
The body can make the nonessential amino acids by reusing the __________________ groups of essential amino acids and from proteins that have been broken down.
nitrogen
Many of the recommendations for protein intake and information regarding protein turnover have been based on __________________________.
nitrogen balance techniques
Is there a cure for sickle-cell anemia?
no
When is a %DV required for protein on food labels?
only if a claim is made for protein, such as "high in protein."; or the food is for four year olds or younger
Proteins help maintain the very narrow range of __________ in the body
pH
only the cells of the ___________________ will link the amino acids in the specific order to make the protein that is the hormone insulin
pancreas
What are the bonds between amino acids called?
peptide bonds
Proteins are in a constant state of buildup, called protein synthesis, and destruction, called protein breakdown. This closely connected process of synthesis and breakdown is called what?
protein turnover
Proteins help transport substances across cell walls by acting as __________
pumps
