Module 60-64

Summarize Sternberg's three intelligences.

- analytical intelligence: on academic problem-solving for one answer and vocational skills - creative intelligence: creating novel ideas, solutions, inventions, etc. - practical intelligence: everyday tasks and behaviors, like managerial characteristics

Discuss the events leading up to Alfred Binet's commission to develop intelligence tests for French children.

- many students fell behind with the regular school curriculum and needed special classes and assistance - but French gov believed many teachers were either prejudging students or judging a student's learning potential too quickly - other factors = poor prior education that may contribute to slowness.

List the common characteristics of someone with savant syndrome.

- score low on intelligence tests but excel in other areas - some may not have language abilities, but excel at computing calculations - can create masterpieces in the art or musical form - mostly males and also fall on the autism spectrum.

Explain and compare the two meanings of bias in a test.

A test is biased if it finds both innate differences and performance differences in intelligence caused by cultural experiences (Eastern Europeans = feeble-minded) The other definition relies validity, if the test predicts future behavior for some groups of test-takers (SAT only predicted the college achievement of women alone)

What components did Binet emphasize in his assessment of intelligence?

Binet and Simon believed that each student is on the same path of intellectual development, but some just develop more quickly - students who were "slower" = closer to someone younger - higher scoring students = closer to older - assessed their mental age, or the typical level of performance associated with the child's actual age.

Compare and contrast Binet's and Terman's ideas on the importance of intelligence test results.

Binet believed to helping children improve their intellectual abilities by providing "slower learners" with special assistance. Binet didn't want to limit people's abilities based on one score. On the other hand, Terman believed that each person was born with a specific intelligence, in which they were ranked higher than others in IQ. He hoped to eliminate crime with the production of "feeble-mindedness". Herman also believed that the tests revealed one's education, native language, and familiarity with the culture. However, both used the same foundation in the development of their tests.

What were Binet's hopes and fears regarding the implementation of his test?

Binet hoped that this would allow for certain children to receive special attention and classes to assist them, but feared it be used to label them and limit what they could do.

What is the difference between content and predictive validity?

Content validity is the extent to which a test samples the behavior that's of interest. Predictive validity is the success with which a test predicts the behavior it's designed to predict.

What is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies?

Cross-sectional studies looks at one point in time with people of various ages. Longitudinal studies looks at the same group of people over time.

Explain how Francis Galton attempted to measure intelligence.

Galton wanted to try to mate people with higher intelligence based on "intellectual strengths" like reaction time, sensory acuity, muscular power, and body proportions.

Discuss Howard Gardner's contribution to the discussion of intelligence.

Gardner believes that we aren't limited to one intelligence, but rather multiple, which include verbal and mathematical aptitudes assessed by standardized tests (what we usually associate with intelligence). That means we express different kinds of intelligence, like how a poet can also be a point guard.

How can a test be reliable and yet invalid?

If a test has improper means to measure or predict what it's supposed to, it's invalid. Yet, if the results of this test are consistent, then the test is reliable.

Why is it difficult to define intelligence?

Intelligence is hard to define because it doesn't have the same meaning around the world in the way that height or weight do. Intelligence is used to define qualities of success in our own cultures.

Describe how Satoshi Kanazawa's contentions about the evolution of intelligence complement the studies of Thurstone and Spearman.

Kanazawa found that general intelligence scores correlate with the ability to solve new problems, but more so with academia and vocational skills.

Discuss the two components required before a label of intellectual disability can be applied to a child.

One must have a low test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to independent living, involving conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills, before being labeled.

Why is reliability a key consideration in test development? What are two specific methods researchers utilize to measure the reliability of a test?

Reliability is consistency in test results, which can be checked with other forms of the test or retesting a subject. Researchers may also split the test into odd and even questions see if they correlate. The more correlation, the reliability there is.

In what instances does early intervention contribute to intelligence and in what instances do we see little or no impact?

Schooling contributes to intelligence, which can be seen in the long-term results of Project Head Start. Sustained practice, motivation, and dedication also affect our intelligence.

In what way did both Thurstone and Spearman use factor analysis in the development of their theories?

Spearman - used factor analysis to identify clusters of special abilities in individuals, scored high in verbal intelligence scored higher than others in areas like spatial or reasoning ability Thurstone - used factor analysis to narrow down and identify seven different clusters of mental ability

How did Lewis Terman revise Binet's original tests for use with American children?

Terman added on to the original test, including "new age norms" and an extended higher range from teenagers to "superior adults".

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

How does Wechsler's intelligence differ from the Stanford-Binet?

Wechsler's intelligence focuses on 15 subtests, including but not limited to similarities, vocabulary, block design, and letter-number sequencing - like Stanford-Binet, WAIS provides an overall score, but gives separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed - results can identify areas in which teachers or therapists can build on if necessary.

Explain the relationship between mental age and chronological age.

Your mental age is the level of performance you should typically be at for your chronological age, or how long you've lived on this planet.

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

what are the seven different clusters of mental ability?

word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory