Module 73
Although the drugs begin to influence neurotransmitters within hours, their full psychological effect often requires how many weeks, one possibility for this delay is increased ____ that produces neurogenesis
4; serotonin
After using SSRI drugs, percentage of patients receiving medication for depression jumped from ____% in 1987 to 89% in 2001
70
Like alcohol, _____, such as Xanax or Ativan, depress central nervous system activity used in combination with psychological ____
antianxiety drugs; therapy
_____ similar to dopamine which occupies its receptor sites and blocks its activity
Antagonists
____ benefit compared with placebos is minimal or nonexistent, on average, in patients with mild or moderate symptoms. For those people, aerobic exercise or psychotherapy is often effective. But among patients with very severe depression, medication advantages becomes substantial
Antidepressant
____ drugs work bottom-up on the emotion-forming limbic system in conjunction with cognitive-behavioral therapy (works -___)
Antidepressant ; top-down
_____helps reverse habitual negative thinking style, boosting drug-aided relief from depression and reducing past treatment risk of relapse.
Cognitive therapy
____ stabilizing drugs for those suffering the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder, the simple salt lithium can be an effective mood stabilizer. Less than a week.
Mood
Human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and social engagement. Those whose way of life entails strenuous physical activity, strong community ties, sunlight exposure, and plenty of sleep rarely experience depression
Therapeutic lifestyle change
Aerobic exercise does about as much good for some people with mild to moderate what?
depression
psychoses
disorders in which hallucinations or delusions indicate some loss of contact with reality
In ____ studies, some drugs have proven useful.
double-blind
By far the most widely used biomedical treatments today are the
drug therapies
Everything psychological is also biological. Every thought and feeling depends on a functioning brain. Everything emerges from the ____ activity of the living brain
electrochemical
Today, patients receive a general anesthetic and a muscle relaxant before a psychiatrist delivers 30-60 seconds of electrical current
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
____ are increasingly used to successfully treat anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. They are ____ that work by increasing neurotransmitters like norepinephrine or serotonin. SSRI Drugs
antidepressants; agonists
shock the patient into a coma, hammer an icepick-like instrument through each eye socket into the brain and wiggle it to sever connections running up to the frontal lobes. Tens of thousands of severely disturbed people were lobotomized producing a permanently lethargic, immature, uncreative person. Today they are history.
lobotomy
Popping a Xanax at the first sign of tension can create a _____. Antianxiety drugs can be addicting
learned response
After three ECT sessions each week for two to four weeks, 80% or more of people receiving ECT improve markedly, showing some ____ for the treatment period but no discernible brain damage.
memory loss
Researchers agree that people with depression improve after a ____ on antidepressants
month
birth of new brain cells reverses stress-induced loss of neurons
neurogenesis
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior revolutionized the treatment of people with severe disorders, liberating hundreds of thousands from hospital confinement
psychopharmacology
Irreversible _____ removes or destroys brain tissue. It's a drastic and least used treatment.
psychosurgery
Antidepressants Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil work by blocking the ___ and removal of serotonin from synapses. Given their use in treating disorders other than depression- from anxiety to strokes- this group of drugs is most often called ____
reabsorption; SSRIS
Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, antirumination, nutritional supplements
reduce depression
magnetic coil held close to a person's skull. A painless procedure performed on wide-awake patients over several weeks with no seizures, memory loss,
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
antipsychotic drugs
such as chlorpromazine (sold as Thorazine) dampened responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. Helped people experiencing positive symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and paranoia
Long-term use of antipsychotics can produce _____, with involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing) tongue, or limbs
tardive dyskinesia
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
SSRIs
physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs: electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery
biomedical therapy
a human being is an integrated_____. For years we have considered the health of our bodies and minds separately. That neat separation no longer seems valid.
biopsychosocial system
A healthy mind is a healthy
body
For some unable to care for themselves, release from hospitals has meant what, not what?
homelessness, liberation
Humans were never designed for the ___, disengaged, socially isolated, poorly nourished, sleep-deprived pace of twenty-first century American life.
sedentary
Studies confirm that ECT is an effective treatment for severe depression in ____ patients who have not responded to drug therapy. No one knows how it alleviates severe depression
treatment-resistant