Module 73

Although the drugs begin to influence neurotransmitters within hours, their full psychological effect often requires how many weeks, one possibility for this delay is increased ____ that produces neurogenesis

4; serotonin

After using SSRI drugs, percentage of patients receiving medication for depression jumped from ____% in 1987 to 89% in 2001

70

Like alcohol, _____, such as Xanax or Ativan, depress central nervous system activity used in combination with psychological ____

antianxiety drugs; therapy

_____ similar to dopamine which occupies its receptor sites and blocks its activity

Antagonists

____ benefit compared with placebos is minimal or nonexistent, on average, in patients with mild or moderate symptoms. For those people, aerobic exercise or psychotherapy is often effective. But among patients with very severe depression, medication advantages becomes substantial

Antidepressant

____ drugs work bottom-up on the emotion-forming limbic system in conjunction with cognitive-behavioral therapy (works -___)

Antidepressant ; top-down

_____helps reverse habitual negative thinking style, boosting drug-aided relief from depression and reducing past treatment risk of relapse.

Cognitive therapy

____ stabilizing drugs for those suffering the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder, the simple salt lithium can be an effective mood stabilizer. Less than a week.

Mood

Human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and social engagement. Those whose way of life entails strenuous physical activity, strong community ties, sunlight exposure, and plenty of sleep rarely experience depression

Therapeutic lifestyle change

Aerobic exercise does about as much good for some people with mild to moderate what?

depression

psychoses

disorders in which hallucinations or delusions indicate some loss of contact with reality

In ____ studies, some drugs have proven useful.

double-blind

By far the most widely used biomedical treatments today are the

drug therapies

Everything psychological is also biological. Every thought and feeling depends on a functioning brain. Everything emerges from the ____ activity of the living brain

electrochemical

Today, patients receive a general anesthetic and a muscle relaxant before a psychiatrist delivers 30-60 seconds of electrical current

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

____ are increasingly used to successfully treat anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. They are ____ that work by increasing neurotransmitters like norepinephrine or serotonin. SSRI Drugs

antidepressants; agonists

shock the patient into a coma, hammer an icepick-like instrument through each eye socket into the brain and wiggle it to sever connections running up to the frontal lobes. Tens of thousands of severely disturbed people were lobotomized producing a permanently lethargic, immature, uncreative person. Today they are history.

lobotomy

Popping a Xanax at the first sign of tension can create a _____. Antianxiety drugs can be addicting

learned response

After three ECT sessions each week for two to four weeks, 80% or more of people receiving ECT improve markedly, showing some ____ for the treatment period but no discernible brain damage.

memory loss

Researchers agree that people with depression improve after a ____ on antidepressants

month

birth of new brain cells reverses stress-induced loss of neurons

neurogenesis

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior revolutionized the treatment of people with severe disorders, liberating hundreds of thousands from hospital confinement

psychopharmacology

Irreversible _____ removes or destroys brain tissue. It's a drastic and least used treatment.

psychosurgery

Antidepressants Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil work by blocking the ___ and removal of serotonin from synapses. Given their use in treating disorders other than depression- from anxiety to strokes- this group of drugs is most often called ____

reabsorption; SSRIS

Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, antirumination, nutritional supplements

reduce depression

magnetic coil held close to a person's skull. A painless procedure performed on wide-awake patients over several weeks with no seizures, memory loss,

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

antipsychotic drugs

such as chlorpromazine (sold as Thorazine) dampened responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. Helped people experiencing positive symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and paranoia

Long-term use of antipsychotics can produce _____, with involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing) tongue, or limbs

tardive dyskinesia

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

SSRIs

physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs: electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery

biomedical therapy

a human being is an integrated_____. For years we have considered the health of our bodies and minds separately. That neat separation no longer seems valid.

biopsychosocial system

A healthy mind is a healthy

body

For some unable to care for themselves, release from hospitals has meant what, not what?

homelessness, liberation

Humans were never designed for the ___, disengaged, socially isolated, poorly nourished, sleep-deprived pace of twenty-first century American life.

sedentary

Studies confirm that ECT is an effective treatment for severe depression in ____ patients who have not responded to drug therapy. No one knows how it alleviates severe depression

treatment-resistant