Module 8 driving

front-wheel skid

• Called understeer • Vehicle sliding straight ahead in spite of steering input • May first be identified visually • Tires tend to roll under • Rear wheels tend to push front straight ahead

road surface conditions

Ice, snow or frost Wet surface Standing water Mud Wet leaves Uneven surface Sand or gravel Curves

sources of glare

Oncoming and following vehicle headlights High beam Misaligned headlights Vehicle loaded improperly Dirty windshield Paper on dashboard Snow-covered landscape Facing the sun at dawn or dusk Flashing advertisement signs Flood lights on businesses next to roadway Traditional versus contemporary side mirror setting

recreation vehicle

a vehicle equipped with living space and amenities found in a home. also called "rv" or "camper"

motorcycle

single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle

electronic stability program

this program compares where a driver is steering the vehicle with where the vehicle is actually going. when ESP senses a disparity between the two, it selectively applies any one of the vehicle's brakes to reduce the discrepancy and help the driver retain control and stability. in case of oversteering- when ESP detects oversteer, it applies the outside front brake

car

wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor

oversized vehicles

Be prepared to share the road with a number of special purpose vehicles. Snow plows can be expected in winter months. When mobile homes are being transported, they are often preceded and followed by vehicles that carry a "Wide Load" sign. Use extra caution when meeting or passing such vehicles. Allow extra space to increase sight distance. Use caution when passing.

Ice jam

Floating ice can accumulate at a natural or man made obstruction and stop the flow of water.

coastal flood

Winds generated from tropical storms and hurricanes or intense offshore low pressure systems can drive ocean water inland and cause significant flooding. Escape routes can be cut off and blocked by high water. Coastal flooding can also be produced by sea waves called tsunamis, sometimes referred to as tidal waves. These waves are produced by earthquakes or volcanic activity.

RVs and trailers

Recreational vehicles and trailers accelerate and stop more slowly than cars and require more room for turning. Visibility is a major problem with recreational vehicles. Remember that the closer you are as you approach a recreational vehicle, the more it will block your field of vision. Drivers of recreational vehicles can lose sight of you because their blind spots are much larger than those of cars.

slow-moving vehicle symbol

Red outline, yellow triangle- It identifies slow-moving vehicles (25 mph or less) and it can save your life. Watch for it by day and by night. By day - During daylight hours, you will see the fluorescent triangle in the center of the symbol. This triangle is visible for at least one-fifth of a mile. By night - At night, the reflective red border of the symbol will glow in the headlights of an approaching vehicle.

about unusually strong wind conditions

Strong winds create a problem called buffeting. This condition occurs on bridges such as the Chesapeake Bay Bridge, through mountain passes and ravines, and when being passed by large trucks. These wind gusts and blasts can cause total loss of vehicle control. When driving on a highway with steady strong crosswinds, a driver should be alert to prevailing wind direction and velocity, the terrain through which they are passing, and condition of the road surface. Driving out of a wooded area, from behind a long ridge, or from under an overpass on an ice packed road and being struck by a strong wind gust can easily cause a vehicle to move one lane to the left or right or spin completely out of control. (Dealing with conditions of reduced traction will be addressed in another session.)

integrated vehicle systems

Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC), Integrated Chassis Control System (ICCS), Electronic Stability Programs (ESP), Dynamic Stability Control (DSC). These systems combine vehicle stability features such as ABS, Traction Control, Electronic Brake Distribution (Dynamic Rear Proportioning), Active Yaw Control Systems, Suspension Controls, and Steering Controls on one vehicle. Each manufacturer may package and name these combinations to suit their specific vehicle and customer needs. These names may be trademarks of individual manufacturers.

river flood

Flooding along rivers is a natural and inevitable part of life. Some floods occur seasonally when winter or spring rains, coupled with melting snows, fill river basins with too much water too quickly. Torrential rains from decaying hurricanes or tropical systems can also produce river flooding.

identifying and acting on loss of front-wheel traction

Front wheel loss of traction, called understeer, occurs when the steering wheels move from rolling traction to sliding traction. It typically occurs on a slippery surface when trying to steer a vehicle through a curve or around a corner. It also may occur as a result of approaching a curve or turning too fast and braking hard or suddenly providing too much steering input. The traction loss may be more subtle and is identified visually when the front of the vehicle moves outward away from the travel path, even though the driver continues to turn toward the path of travel. The driver's vision picks up the movement straight ahead, instead of through the curve or around the corner. Since the tires are designed to go straight ahead, if the wheels are turned too sharply or abruptly, the sidewalls tend to roll under and the smooth sidewall rather than the tire tread makes contact with the road. Turning force cannot be developed from the sliding traction. At the same time, the rolling rear wheels push to keep the vehicle moving in a straight line. If the driver locks the brakes while attempting to steer around an obstacle, the vehicle simply skids into whatever he was attempting to avoid. It is critical that the driver direct his vision to the targeted path of travel and not to the skid path. Release the pedal, brake or accelerator, so the weight of the vehicle lets the tires reform from the sidewall to the tread and reestablish rolling traction. Ease off the steering. Jab the brake to shift some weight to the front of the vehicle if the vehicle does not respond to the path of travel. The steering will respond quickly when rolling traction regains, so be prepared for a sudden movement of the vehicle toward the planned path of travel.

mopeds and motor scooters

A moped is a two-wheeled vehicle that can be driven with either a motor or pedal. Its name comes from motor-driven bicycle and pedal-driven bicycle. Like a bicycle, a moped can be pedaled and can be stopped with a hard brake. Like a motorcycle, a moped is powered by an engine and controlled by a hand throttle. A motor scooter is a low powered two-wheeled vehicle. It is more powerful than a moped. A motor scooter is similar to a motorcycle, though most motor scooters require no shifting.

motorcycles

Motorcycles are small vehicles that accelerate quickly. Danger exists because the motorcyclist is exposed and is offered no protection should a collision occur. To stop a motorcycle, the motorcyclist must operate separate brakes for front and rear wheels. A motorcyclist must coordinate the hand throttle, hand clutch, and front gearshift lever to accelerate smoothly. Unlike four-wheel vehicles, a motorcycle might have difficulty remaining upright when stationary or in motion. When near a motorcyclist, increase following distance. When being followed by a motorcycle, check the rear-view mirror often. Be aware of following motorcyclists and avoid making sudden stops. A motorcyclist cannot cope with adverse weather conditions as well as a four-wheel vehicle can. Remember this and increase the space around motorcyclists in bad weather.

low water crossings

Nearly half of all flash flood fatalities are vehicle related. In severe rainstorms, keep a look out for flooding at highway dips, bridges, and low areas. Even the largest and heaviest of vehicles will float. As little as six inches of water may cause you to lose control of your vehicle. Two feet of water will carry most cars away. Do not drive through flowing water. A hidden danger awaits most motorists where a road without a bridge dips across a creek bed. Motorists develop false confidence when they normally or frequently pass through dry low-water crossings. Roadbeds may have been scoured or even washed away during flooding, creating unsafe driving condition. People who repeatedly drive through flooded low-water crossings often do not recognize the dangers of a small increase in the water level. Driving too fast through low water will cause the vehicle to hydroplane and lose contact with the road surface. Driving at night, when visibility is limited, increases the vulnerability of the driver to any hidden dangers. Heed all flood and flash flood watches and warnings. Keep abreast of road conditions through the news media.

backing accidents

Never try to cross behind a truck that is preparing to back up. Often, when a truck driver is preparing to back the truck from a roadway into a loading area, there is no choice but to temporarily block the roadway.

right turns

Pay close attention to truck turn signals. Trucks make wide right turns and sometimes must leave an open space to the right just before the turn. Always check a truck's turn signal before beginning a pass. Not being alert to this can lead to being caught in a right turn squeeze, which can result in vehicle damage. Always keep out of the open space of a tractor-trailer making a right turn.

fog

Persons involved in multi-vehicle crashes in fog often state that they had driven through patches of light, drifting fog in the area, but nothing serious, and had continued to travel at the prevailing speed. Suddenly it was impossible to see—and they braked hard, only to run into a vehicle stopped in the road ahead or to be rear-ended. The correct response would have been to reduce speed as soon as they were aware of drifting fog.

headlight alignment

Properly Aligned Low Beams Lights should be adjusted so that they illuminate the roadway 100 to 150 feet ahead, and light the area 300 to 500 feet above road. Load, load distribution, and vehicle height affect light beam distance. Maximum safe speed is 40 to 45 mph. Properly Aligned High Beams Lights should be adjusted so that they illuminate the roadway 300 to 350 feet ahead, and light the area 500 to 1800 feet above road. Load, load distribution, and vehicle height affect light beam distance. Maximum safe speed is 55 to 60 mph.

heavy smoke rain or snow

Smoke is evident ahead. Suddenly smoke and ashes from a large brush fire cover the road making it very difficult to see. It's sprinkling. A few moments later rain is falling in a solid sheet, slashing across the road. Snow is falling in large lazy flakes. Two miles down the road, it becomes a whiteout. Precautionary measures should be taken as soon as any of the initial conditions become evident. In most instances brush fires will be restricted to a limited area and torrential rains are of short duration. The snowstorm-induced whiteout could cover a much greater area. In all three situations, continue to reduce speed to limits imposed by visibility, but do not stop in a travel lane or on shoulder next to the road.*

truck

motor vehicle designed to transport cargo Trucks help transport nearly everything we eat, wear, and use in our daily lives. They are an essential part of our national economy. Keep in mind that truck drivers often face the problem of tight scheduling and drive over long periods of time. This may lead to fatigue and/or loss of sleep.

farm vehicle

a vehicle used for pulling or pushing agricultural machinertm for plowing, tilling, planting, etc

suspension control systems

this system adjusts vehicle balance at struts or shock absorbers through adjustment of fluid of air pressure when too much weight is suddenly transferred to a given shock or strut

traction control systems

this system is designed so as not to allow the wheels to spin. the process is basically the reverse of anti-lock brakes. the device allows accelerations input without loss of vehicle balance

bicycle rules to know

A bicycle is a vehicle and any person riding a bicycle has all of the rights and responsibilities as a driver of a vehicle. Bicyclists are required to ride as far right in the lane as possible only when the lane can be safely shared by a car and a bicycle, side by side. Bicyclists are not restricted to the right lane of traffic. One-way, multi-laned streets are one example. Another instance is when the bicyclist is changing lanes to make a left turn. The bicyclist should follow the same path any other vehicle would take traveling the same direction. Motorists should merge with bicycle traffic when preparing for a right-hand turn. Avoid turning directly across the path of bicycle traffic.

rules for cyclists

A bicyclist should always obey all traffic laws, signs, and signals. Never ride opposite the flow of traffic. Stop at all stop signs and stop (red) lights. On a one-way roadway with two or more marked traffic lanes, a cyclist may ride near the left curb or edge of the roadway. Persons riding two abreast shall not impede the normal and reasonable flow of traffic on the roadway. A person riding a bicycle shall not ride other than upon or astride a permanent and regular seat. No bicycle shall be used to carry more than one person at one time, or the number for which it is designed and equipped. No person riding a bicycle shall attach the same or himself to any streetcar or vehicle upon a roadway. No person operating a bicycle shall carry any package, bundle, or article which prevents the driver from keeping at least one hand upon the handlebars. Bicyclists may ride on shoulders. Bicyclists may signal a right-hand turn using either the left arm pointing up or the right arm pointing horizontally. Every bicycle shall be equipped with a brake which will enable the operator to make the braked wheels skid on dry, level, clean pavement. Every bicycle in use at nighttime shall be equipped with a lamp in front and a red reflector on the rear. Hearing-impaired bicycle riders may display a safety flag. Bicyclists should wear an approved bicycle helmet. When riding on pedestrian facilities, reduce speed and exercise caution. Do not weave in and out of parked cars. Move off the street to stop, park, or make repairs to your bicycle. A bicyclist should select a route according to the person's own bicycling skills and experience. Bicycles should be equipped with a mirror.

stability enhancement systems

*Some systems may have limited Yaw Control performance during ABS or Traction Control activation. All Active Yaw Control Systems are assumed to include ABS. The vehicles may also include other brake relatedor stability enhancement features such as traction control to control wheel spin during acceleration. dynamic brake proportioning to control the vehicle front/rear brake balance. engine drag control to prevent excessive wheel slip due to throttle lift-off or down shifting. other computer-controlled features which can activate or modify vehicle braking. other computer-controlled stability enhancement features. If any of these features are included on the vehicle, the Active Yaw Control System must be capable of coordinating their activities to aid the driver in maintaining control of the vehicle and to prevent undesirable interactions. Active Yaw Control Systems use various sensors (typically wheel speed sensors, steering angle sensors, yaw rate sensors, and accelerometers) to monitor the dynamic state of the vehicle and the driver's commands. They then apply the vehicle's brakes (and adjust engine torque) to make appropriate adjustments to the rotational movement about the vehicle's vertical axis and correct the path of the vehicle to the driver's intended path. These systems improve the vehicle's stability, the driver's control of the vehicle, and correct understeer and oversteer conditions that occur. The type of Active Yaw Control used on a specific vehicle is the decision of the vehicle manufacturer. Factors affecting this decision may include handling characteristics of the vehicle, vehicle weight distribution, powertrain size and type, intended vehicle use, size, cost, and targeted customer.

the general concept of traction loss

A vehicle can lose traction in the front or rear when the driver steers, brakes, or accelerates improperly for the situation. The resulting traction loss will initially be a loss of traction to the front or rear tires. If the driver can recognize the traction loss to the front, then ABS is a helpful tool to regain steering while slowing. Keep in mind that this is totally against the past practice of keeping your foot off the pedals in a skid. If the driver can recognize traction loss to the rear tires, then the TCS is a helpful tool to regain steering while accelerating gently. The concept of gentle acceleration is also against past instruction for handling a traction loss. The difference in controlling a front and rear traction loss in "modern" vehicles is using the brake and acceleration to increase traction. These driver actions create a weight transfer to aid in maintaining the rolling traction rather than sliding traction. A vehicle has more traction with rolling traction versus sliding traction.

traction loss

A vehicle can lose traction in the front or rear when the driver steers, brakes, or accelerates improperly for the situation. The resulting traction loss will initially be a loss of traction to the front or rear tires. If the driver can recognize the traction loss to the front, then ABS is a helpful tool to regain steering while slowing. Keep in mind that this is totally against the past practice of keeping your foot off the pedals in a skid. If the driver can recognize traction loss to the rear tires, then the TCS is a helpful tool to regain steering while accelerating gently. The concept of gentle acceleration is also against past instruction for handling a traction loss. The difference in controlling a front and rear traction loss in "modern" vehicles is using the brake and acceleration to increase traction. These driver actions create a weight transfer to aid in maintaining the rolling traction rather than sliding traction. A vehicle has more traction with rolling traction versus sliding traction.

avoid motorcycle related accidents

Accidents are most likely to occur in these high-risk situations: • Left Turns—The most common accident between cars and motorcyclists is at an intersection when the automobile driver is making a left turn in front of a motorcycle. • Car's Blind Spot—Cyclists riding alongside a lane of cars are often out of the view of the driver. An unsuspecting driver may collide with a motorcyclist as the driver tries to change lanes. • Hazardous Road Conditions—Motorcyclists have to be much more concerned about road obstructions such as potholes and fallen tree limbs. Railroad tracks may be minor problems for drivers, but a motorcyclist may have to slow down or change lanes to avoid these obstacles.

flash flooding in washes

An arroyo is a water-carved gully or normally dry creek bed. Arroyos can fill with fast-moving water very quickly. Flash flooding at an arroyo in Arizona took only 58 seconds to develop.

urban flood

As land is converted from fields or woodlands to roads and parking lots, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall. Urbanization increases runoff 2 to 6 times over what would occur on natural terrain. During periods of urban flooding, streets can become swift moving rivers, while basements can become death traps as they fill with water.

glare considerations

At daybreak and in the late afternoon, the sun's rays shine directly into your windshield, making it very hard to see. *To avoid being blinded by headlights of oncoming cars, reduce speed and look to the right-hand side of the road; make brief glances ahead to monitor path of travel. *To avoid being blinded by headlights of following vehicles, use contemporary side mirror settings; adjust your inside mirror to "night" setting; never wear sunglasses at night.

controlling consequences

Avoid head-on collisions. Drive off road rather than skid off road. Hit something soft before something hard. Hit something going your way rather than something stationary. Hit stationary object with glancing blow. Hit stationary object rather than an approaching object. Steer to avoid oncoming traffic.

change in balance changes traction

Balance loss = traction loss. Simultaneous driver inputs affect vehicle balance. Traction loss compounds crash results, due to brake or accelerator application and weight transfer of vehicle.

yield to da bicycles

Bicycles are treated as vehicles in this state. Motorists must yield the right-of-way to cyclists at intersections when passing and when turning. Avoid making right turns in front of a cyclist traveling on the shoulder and yield to a cyclist preparing to make a left turn. Bicycles are legally entitled to use the road. On roads where the speed limit exceeds 50 mph, bicycles must use the shoulder except where prohibited. When following a cyclist, slow down upon approaching him/her. Avoid the use of the horn, as loud noises can surprise the bicycle operator, causing an accident. Do not follow closely. Bicycles can stop and maneuver quickly. Be prepared for a cyclist to swerve to avoid a road hazard. Young cyclists are likely to make surprising changes in direction. When passing a cyclist, wait until it is safe and allow adequate clearance. Return to the proper lane when the bicyclist can be seen clearly in the rear view mirror. • Do not use horn. • Do not attempt to share the lane with the cyclist. • Reduce speed. • Follow the bicycle and wait for a safe opportunity to pass.

front-wheel skid

Called understeer Vehicle sliding straight ahead in spite of steering input May first be identified visually Tires tend to roll under Rear wheels tend to push front straight ahead

off road recovery

Don't panic and oversteer. Ease off the accelerator and do not brake. Sight/align vehicle with edge of roadway. Check all traffic. When clear, bring wheel back to road surface by turning steering wheel 1/8 to 1/4 turn. As wheels touch the road surface, countersteer 1/4 or 1/2 turn and turn to straighten wheels.

following a truck

Drivers of large trucks sit high above the road and have an excellent view of the roadway ahead. Their view to the sides and to the rear is often restricted. There are large blind spots around every large truck called no zones. No zones are where truck drivers cannot see other vehicles and where most collisions occur. These no zones are in front beside the truck, to the sides of the truck, and to the rear of every large truck. Be careful not to drive in these no zones. A driver in the no zone is at risk because the truck driver cannot see a vehicle in that area. When following a large truck, increase following distance to allow clear sight distance ahead. Stay far enough back so the side view mirrors of the truck can be seen. If the side view mirrors cannot be seen, the truck driver cannot see a following vehicle. Tractor-trailers take longer to stop than a car traveling at the same speed. The average passenger car traveling at 55 mph can stop in approximately 140 feet, which is about three-fourths the length of a football field. When you follow a truck at night, always dim your headlights. If you are stopped behind a truck on an upgrade, leave space in case the truck drifts slightly back when it starts to move.

heavy fog

Further reduce speed but do not stop in a travel lane. Turn on emergency flashers. Look for an exit from the highway. If impossible to leave highway, stop beyond end of guardrail, back up to the outboard of the guardrail and turn off all lights and wait for fog to lift.

how should you steer

Having identified a visual target, path of travel, turn the steering wheel in the direction you want the vehicle to go. This may take small readjustments as the vehicle responds to your initial steering input, especially in a front tire traction loss. Fast steering wheel movement produces more sliding traction or less rolling traction as the tire sidewall moves sideways. The key is not to steer more than necessary to keep the vehicle directed toward your path of travel.

how should i steer then?

Having identified a visual target, path of travel, turn the steering wheel in the direction you want the vehicle to go. This may take small readjustments as the vehicle responds to your initial steering input, especially in a front tire traction loss. Fast steering wheel movement produces more sliding traction or less rolling traction as the tire sidewall moves sideways. The key is not to steer more than necessary to keep the vehicle directed toward your path of travel.

how should you steer then

Having identified a visual target, path of travel, turn the steering wheel in the direction you want the vehicle to go. This may take some rapid readjustments as the vehicle responds to your initial steering input, especially in a rear tire traction loss. Lateral forces in a rear wheel traction loss also will affect the movement of the vehicle. Lateral acceleration is the sideways movement of the vehicle and is determined by how fast the steering wheel is turned and the momentum of the vehicle. Fast steering wheel movement produces more side or lateral acceleration. The key is not to steer more than necessary to keep the vehicle directed toward your path of travel. When the vehicle stops moving in one direction, this energy will want to quickly move in the opposite direction; being able to respond with the steering wheel demands constant attention until the vehicle is safely back on the desired path of travel.

road surface conditions

Ice, snow or frost Wet surface Standing water Mud Wet leaves Uneven surface Sand or gravel Curves

changing traction conditions

If asked about traction loss, skidding, or problems of directional control, most drivers think of winter with wet snow or ice-covered roads. In fact, skidding is a major contributor to traffic crashes at all times of the year. For instance, running-off the roadway events with subsequent loss of control and crashes account for over 50 percent of all occupant deaths. This lesson will address the causes of traction loss, detection of the onset of loss of directional control, and measures to correct the problem.

changing tracking conditions

If asked about traction loss, skidding, or problems of directional control, most drivers think of winter with wet snow or ice-covered roads. In fact, skidding is a major contributor to traffic crashes at all times of the year. For instance, running-off the roadway events with subsequent loss of control and crashes account for over 50 percent of all occupant deaths. This lesson will address the causes of traction loss, detection of the onset of loss of directional control, and measures to correct the problem.

farm machinery

In rural areas, large, slow-moving farm machinery should be expected. Virginia law does not require farm machinery to be licensed. The machinery is allowed to cross or be driven on roads to get to the fields or back to the farm. Farm machinery and vehicles which travel at 25 mph or less must display a slow moving vehicle emblem when using a public highway. This emblem is an orange triangle surrounded on each side by a strip of red. Be prepared to adjust speed or position when this sign is seen. Pass with caution, and remember the operator of the farm machinery cannot hear other vehicles.

responding to rear wheel traction loss

Look for an open path of travel and release the accelerator or brake pedal to regain vehicle balance and rolling traction to front wheels.

countermeasures

Keep all glass, lights and windows clean. Do not place paper or other objects on dashboard. Adjust sun visors and mirrors. Sit as high in the seat as possible. Wear sunglasses during the day. Adjust speed to visibility conditions.

what can i do about da floods?

Know your flood risk and elevation above flood stage. Do your local streams or rivers flood easily? If so, be prepared to move to a place of safety. Know your evacuation routes. Keep your automobile fueled; if electric power is cut off, gas stations may not be able to operate pumps for several days.

driving at night

Limited visibility area ahead Illumination of off-road areas with headlights Loss of contrast and impaired distance judgment Glare from lights of oncoming and following vehicles and glare recovery time.

respond to front wheel traction loss

Look for an open path of travel and release the accelerator or brake pedal (if non-ABS) to regain vehicle balance and rolling traction to front wheels.

respond to front-wheel traction loss

Look for an open path of travel and release the accelerator or brake pedal (if non-ABS) to regain vehicle balance and rolling traction to front wheels.

trains

Many railroad fatalities occur each year because drivers ignore crossing signals or drive around the end of crossing gates. Most railroad fatalities occur at the 188,000 crossings in America without signals or gates. The major cause of mishaps at railroad crossings is inattention. Drivers who cross the same tracks frequently may forget to look both ways. Speed, impatience, intoxication, and poor judgment add to the problem. Remember: trains take at least ONE MILE to stop (in some cases, two miles). Follow these countermeasures for safe crossing: • Never take familiar crossings for granted or assume no train is coming. • Identify all warning signs, signals, and protecting devices. • Never stop on railroad tracks. • Before you cross the tracks, look and listen for approaching trains. • Do not rely solely on lights and/or sounds—make sure the way is clear before crossing. • Be alert after dark at crossings that are not protected by gates or flashing lights. Too frequently, people drive into the sides of trains at such crossings.

identifying and responding to loss of rear wheel traction

Rear wheel loss of traction, termed oversteer, occurs when rolling traction moves to sliding traction on the rear wheels of the vehicle. In this skid, unless corrective action is initiated quickly, the tires with less traction try to move to the front and the vehicle's natural tendency is to rotate 180 degrees and end up going backward. As with front wheel loss of traction, rear wheel traction loss may occur on a slippery surface when trying to steer a vehicle through a curve or around a corner. It also may occur as a result of approaching a curve or turning too fast and braking hard, suddenly providing too much steering input or acceleration. On a slippery surface, the driver should recognize rear wheel loss of traction when observing that the front of the vehicle is moving to the left or right away from the targeted path of travel, even though he/she is not steering the vehicle in that direction. The best response is to keep targeting path of travel, ease off the brake or accelerator, continually steer toward the travel path, and use a very light and progressive acceleration as the rear of the vehicle recovers from sliding to rolling traction. The key to this problem is to keep targeting the travel lane and not the side of the road and to steer back to the lane. At this point of the slide or skid the driver may not have steered enough to regain his path of travel, so he may have to increase steering inputs until rolling traction begins to help. This is where light and progressive acceleration can transfer weight and help rolling traction return from rear tire sliding traction. Slamming on the brakes and steering changes often result in a rollover.

how to respond to unusually strong wind conditions

Reduce speed. Check for oncoming and following traffic. Time exposure to wind when clear of traffic. Adjust position leeward to lane position 2 or 3. Just prior to exposure to wind, steer windward toward lane position 3 or 2. Be prepared to countersteer. Stay off brake.

driving in fog

Reduce speed. Make sure headlights are on low beam to reduce reflected glare. Turn on windshield wipers. Turn on defroster or air conditioner. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuK2Py4OaVs

how flash floods occur

Several factors contribute to flash flooding. The two key elements are rainfall intensity and duration. Intensity is the rate of rainfall, and duration is how long the rain lasts. Topography, soil conditions, and ground cover also play an important role. Flash floods occur within a few minutes or hours of excessive rainfall, a dam or levee failure, or a sudden release of water held by an ice jam. Flash floods can roll boulders, tear out trees, destroy buildings and bridges, and scour out new channels. Rapidly rising water can reach heights of 30 feet or more. Furthermore, flash flood-producing rains can also trigger catastrophic mudslides. You will not always have a warning that these deadly, sudden floods are coming. Most flash flooding is caused by slow-moving thunderstorms, thunderstorms repeatedly moving over the same area, or heavy rains from hurricanes and tropical storms. Occasionally, floating debris or ice can accumulate at a natural or man-made obstruction and restrict the flow of water. This can cause flooding upstream. Subsequent flash flooding can occur downstream if the obstruction should suddenly release. Flash floods occur very quickly.

what to do when approaching snow plows

Snowplows are equipped with flashing amber lights to make them more visible. Maintain a safe following distance behind a snowplow. This will not only give you more time to react to the unexpected, but may also help you avoid rock damage from the sanding unit of the snowplow. Before you pass a snowplow, be sure you can see far enough ahead, and that passing is permitted. But why bother passing? Snowplow drivers are instructed to pull over approximately every five miles to allow vehicles to pass.

sports utility vehicles

Sports Utility Vehicles are very popular vehicles in America. They are usually large four-wheel drive family vehicles, with a big enough motor to go fast (equaling poor gas mileage). Sport utility vehicles have a higher center of gravity and are susceptible to rollovers when making sharp turns at high speeds. They also are heavy, and this gives the driver added protection in a collision.

most commonly used controls

Standard signs Electronic variable message signs Cones Drums Barricades Flashing arrow panels Flaggers Speed limits may be reduced in work areas. The law doubles the fines for speed violators in work zones. The maximum penalty for violating speed limits in work zones is $250.

rear-wheel skid

Termed oversteer. Locked wheels try to assume front position. Generated by slick surface, speed, braking or sudden steering input. Identified visually as front of vehicle moves left or right of travel path and rear wheels try to assume front position without steering input in that direction. Corrected by directing vision to targeted path of travel

recognizing traction loss- generics

The driver must understand the process of traction loss and begin to recognize which part of the vehicle is losing traction in order to activate the technology needed to correct the problem. The concepts of "steering into it" should no longer be used. Besides the fact that it does not work for understeer situations, it requires the driver to try and identify what the back of the vehicle is doing. In a vehicle with a short wheel-base, this delays the process of responding with the steering wheel. A quicker response can be made by identifying when the vehicle is off-target in relation to the path of travel. The driver then takes immediate steering response toward the targeted path of travel. Traction can be lost to the front tires or the rear tires. Sometimes combinations may lead to the two side tires sliding if the front and rear tires are actually leading the vehicle (sideways traction loss). The concepts of traction loss are important for recognizing when to activate the ABS or TCS to regain vehicle control. The following information is designed to provide procedures to encourage detection of traction loss in hopes of preventing the problem. When prevention fails, the student will have to rely on vision, motion, and steering skills to minimize the traction loss and its potential consequences.

recognizing traction loss

The driver must understand the process of traction loss and begin to recognize which part of the vehicle is losing traction in order to activate the technology needed to correct the problem. The concepts of "steering into it" should no longer be used. Besides the fact that it does not work for understeer situations, it requires the driver to try and identify what the back of the vehicle is doing. In a vehicle with a short wheel-base, this delays the process of responding with the steering wheel. A quicker response can be made by identifying when the vehicle is off-target in relation to the path of travel. The driver then takes immediate steering response toward the targeted path of travel. Traction can be lost to the front tires or the rear tires. Sometimes combinations may lead to the two side tires sliding if the front and rear tires are actually leading the vehicle (sideways traction loss). The concepts of traction loss are important for recognizing when to activate the ABS or TCS to regain vehicle control. The following information is designed to provide procedures to encourage detection of traction loss in hopes of preventing the problem. When prevention fails, the student will have to rely on vision, motion, and steering skills to minimize the traction loss and its potential consequences.

common motorist mistakes

The most common car-bicycle collision is caused by a motorist turning left in front of oncoming bicycle traffic. The second most common is a motorist turning right across the path of the bicycle traffic. The third most common is a motorist pulling away from a stop sign and failing to yield the right-of-way to bicycle cross traffic.

why don't drivers see motorcyclists?

There are several reasons why drivers may not see the motorcyclist coming: Motorists tend to look for other cars, not for motorcyclists. The profile of a motorcycle is much smaller than the profile of larger vehicles. Motorcycle riding requires frequent lane movements to adjust to changing road conditions. Weather Conditions—When the road surface is wet or icy, motorcyclists braking and handling abilities are impaired. • Strong Winds—A strong gust of wind can move a motorcycle across an entire lane if the rider isn't prepared for it. Wind gusts from large trucks in the other lane can be a real hazard. • Large Vehicles—A large vehicle such as a van, bus, or truck can block a motorcycle from a driver's view.

construction vehicles

These are found at or near construction sites. They are very large and loud. Proceed with caution around them. Many construction vehicles move slowly starting out, and, because of the heavy loads they haul, acceleration takes longer. Remember the following with regard to sharing the road with construction vehicles: Do not tailgate. Driver may not see you in his side mirrors. Keep a safe distance between your vehicle and any construction vehicle(s). If a construction vehicle is behind you, remember the following: Keep checking the rear view mirror. Do not stop quickly unless absolutely necessary. Keep in mind that construction vehicles need a lot of braking distance. Various traffic control devices are used in road construction and maintenance work areas to direct drivers and pedestrians safely through the work site and to provide for the safety of highway workers.

snow plows

These uniquely designed vehicles operate in a vast range of weather conditions during winter months. While working, they may create a snow cloud which will make it difficult for other drivers to see them.

tractions

Traction or adhesion is the grip between the tires and the road surface, which allows a vehicle to start, stop, and/or change direction. Three types of traction influence the control/or movement of a motor vehicle: static, rolling (dynamic), and sliding. A stationary vehicle parked on a flat surface with its brakes set is an example of static traction. It has the greatest resistance to movement. There is greater traction between a stationary wheel and the road than there is between a sliding wheel and the road. Sliding traction does not grip the road as well as static traction. There is more traction between a rolling wheel and the road than there is between a sliding wheel and the road. This is why a driver needs to keep the wheels rolling and not lock the brakes when trying to steer or stop a vehicle that is sliding. Traction between the tires and the road does not remain constant. For example, sand, gravel, or water on the road decreases the level of traction. As speed increases, traction between the tires and the road decreases. With decreased traction, the possibility of skidding or sliding increases.

more about traction of wheels

Traction or adhesion is the grip between the tires and the road surface, which allows a vehicle to start, stop, and/or change direction. Three types of traction influence the control/or movement of a motor vehicle: static, rolling (dynamic), and sliding. A stationary vehicle parked on a flat surface with its brakes set is an example of static traction. It has the greatest resistance to movement. There is greater traction between a stationary wheel and the road than there is between a sliding wheel and the road. Sliding traction does not grip the road as well as static traction. There is more traction between a rolling wheel and the road than there is between a sliding wheel and the road. This is why a driver needs to keep the wheels rolling and not lock the brakes when trying to steer or stop a vehicle that is sliding. Traction between the tires and the road does not remain constant. For example, sand, gravel, or water on the road decreases the level of traction. As speed increases, traction between the tires and the road decreases. With decreased traction, the possibility of skidding or sliding increases. The following road surface conditions can and will affect driving traction.

maneuverability

Trucks are designed to carry many products to and from towns and cities; they are not designed to be as maneuverable as cars. Trucks have longer stopping and accelerating distances, a wider turning radius, and weigh more.

visibility limited

Visibility, as presented in this lesson, deals with atmospheric conditions beyond control of the vehicle operator. While all of these conditions limit visibility, an additional problem associated with smoke, rain, and snow is that of gusting or continuous high winds. In contrast, fog appears to settle over the roadway in a virtual blanket. The strongest recommendation is not to knowingly drive into any of the conditions listed above.

approaching vehicle- towing trailer

Watch for any sway or possible hazards, such as crosswinds or slippery curves. • Be aware that sudden braking might cause the trailer to jackknife. • Use extreme caution while passing a trailer and the towing vehicle. It may take you a half-mile of clear roadway to pass safely.

safety suggestions

When a long haul truck is turning from a side road onto the highway, reduce your speed. Due to the weight of the vehicle, its acceleration will be slow. Do not follow a log haul truck too closely. You should increase your following distance to at least four seconds. Log haul trucks are very long so you will need a clear view of the road ahead and a greater distance to pass. If a log haul truck is heading toward you, especially on a gravel road, be ready to pull to the right as far as possible. Never pass a log haul truck that is turning. A danger zone exists behind this vehicle. The danger zone is basically the overhang from the tail end of the truck and may be as long as 27 feet. When these vehicles are making a turn, they can block all the lanes of a road.

horse drawn vehicles

When encountering horse-drawn vehicles, adjust speed. The horse-drawn vehicle should display a slow-moving vehicle emblem on the rear. Pass with caution. While passing, do not use horn and do not rev the engine because this may scare the horse and cause an accident.

passing a truck

When passing a truck, first check to your front and rear and move into the passing lane only if it is clear and you are in a legal passing zone. Let the truck driver know you are passing by blinking your headlights, especially at night. The driver will make it easier for you by staying to the far side of the lane. When you meet a truck coming from the opposite direction, keep as far as possible to the side to avoid a sideswipe accident and to reduce the wind turbulence between the two vehicles. Remember that the turbulence pushes the vehicles apart.

other stability enhancement features

While the emphasis of today's Yaw Control Systems is placed on control of the brake forces, the broader objective of such systems is to control the forces between the tire and the road by any actuation mechanism. In addition to the brakes, other systems are capable of effecting the wheel forces and thereby influencing the vehicle's dynamic behavior. These systems include the suspension, steering, and drivetrain. Controlled suspension systems have the ability to manage vertical wheel loads and thus influence the longitudinal and lateral force capability of each tire. Damping coefficients Spring rates Anti-roll bar rates Other suspension components Controlled steering systems have the ability to actively adjust the steered angle or the camber angle of any or all of the wheels to influence the longitudinal and lateral forces of the tire. Drivetrain controls have the ability to adjust the engine torque applied to each of the wheels to influence the longitudinal and lateral forces of the tire. This may be accomplished by a combination of engine torque adjustment and control of differentials to manage the torque across axles.

anti-lock brake systems

a braking system designed to allow steering and simultaneous braking without losing vehicle balance. anti-lock brakes do not necessarily shorten stopping distance on dry pavement, but generally shorten stopping distances on wet surfaces where traction loss can be a serious problem. traction control systems are designed to activate brake sensors, which do not allow the wheel to spin. the process is basically the reverse of anti-lock brakes. the device allows acceleration input without loss of vehicle balance

how to drive in heavy smoke rain or snow

turn headlights to low beam turn on emergency flashers maintain lane position 1 turn on windshield wipers** be alert for vehicles stopped in roadway be prepared for effects of gusting or strong steady crosswinds make steering, acceleration, and braking actions gently and smoothly * For snow condition look for exit from highway and turn on radio for weather report. If impossible to leave highway, stop beyond end outboard of guardrail. If available, use a cell phone to check road conditions. ** Snow and smoke may require use of windshield washer.