Mort.100 Sec.4 Part 2/5

Influential persons in the development of schools in the 19th century

1. Auguste Renouard 2. Dr. Richard Harlan 3. Joseph H. Clarke 4. A. Johnson Dodge

Early methods of transportation of the body

1. Bier 2. Catafalque 3. Bearers 4. Horse-drawn hearses of the 19th and early 20th century

Innovators involved in evolution of embalming & embalming supplies

1. Dr. Thomas Holmes- Father of American Embalming 2. J. Anthony Gaussardia 3. Butlerov and Hofman discover formaldehyde 4. Samuel Rogers patents trocar

Development of funeral transportation

1. Funeral processions and the hearse 2. Colonial hearses 3. Horse-drawn hearses of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 4. Funeral trolley car 5. Introduction of the gas buggy 6. Hearses 7. Development of funeral cars throughout the twentieth century

Early American funeral undertaking

1. Limitations of the term "funeral directing" 2. Tradesman undertaker 3. Earlier performers of the personal service 4. Religious functionaries 5. Municipal officers 6. Specific undertaking procedures from death to burial 7. Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Development of schools and the spread of embalming

1. Role of chemical manufacturers 2. Introduction of embalming schools 3. Influential persons in the development of schools in the 19th century 4. Chemical terminology 5. Influence on modern practices 6. Trade embalmer

Introduction of embalming school

1. Separation from chemical companies 2. Improvement of quality of instruction

Development of coffins, burial cases, caskets, burial vaults and outside boxes

1. Seventeenth and eighteenth century coffin burial 2. Early coffin shops and warehouses 3. Variation in early function and type 4. Materials and techniques used 5. The Fisk metallic coffin 6. Introduction of metallic burial casket 7. Increase in the manufacture of metallic burial cases 8. Cloth burial cases 9. Nineteenth century also-rans 10. Life signals 11. Burial vaults and outside boxes

Framework for funeral practices

1. Virginia colony 2. Massachusetts bay colony 3. Rise of Protestantism and Calvinism

Joel Crandall founder of restorative art

A New York City embalmer credited with developing such a treatment plan in 1912

Burial case

A generic term used in America to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of the coffin being offered

Bier

A hand stretcher on which the uncoffined body was carried to the grave; forerunner of today's hearse; typically a stand upon which a casket is placed for viewing and services, but sometimes a means of merchandise display

Catafalque

A raised platform (with or without a canopy) used for a body to lie in state

Funeral trolley car

A specially designed train car run on a city's trolley line to transport the casket and mourners to cemeteries on the outskirts of the city

Inviter to funerals

A specialty connected with funerals in colonial America; called personally upon those expected to attend funerals; often a municipal appointment

Other funeral automobiles

Ambulance Undertaker's buggy Limousine

Ogee design

An innovation introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and weight, particularly of metal caskets; characterized by an "S" shaped curvature

Gravity injector

Apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of the embalming process; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid (0.43 lbs of pressure per foot of elevation)

Banned Substances

Arsenic Mercurial compounds

Specific layers out of the dead

Became an occupational specialty in many larger US cities by the end of the 18th century; predecessor to the undertaker

Increase in the manufacture of metallic burial cases

Burial case; developments; manufacturers' claims; designs used and materials used

Burial vaults and outside boxes

Burial vaults Materials used/Design Basic concepts for use Developments Impact on modern practice

Octagon shape

Casket having eight angles or corners and therefore has eight sides or body panels

Sexton

Church caretaker who had responsibility for church property, ringing of bells and digging of graves in the churchyard cemetery; During the Middle Ages, most funeral practices were under the direction of church officials

Style "E" state casket

Cloth-covered coffin designed for President Ulysses S. Grant by Stein Coffin Company in 1885 and helped elevate acceptance of cloth covered caskets

Cloth burial cases

Construction methods and materials; Impact on coffin/casket manufacturing and Style "E" state casket

Introduction of the gas buggy

Design of gasoline-powered hearses; Introduction of other funeral automobiles and funeral automobile construction

Life signals

Due to the fear of pre-mature burial, many early American coffins were designed and patented with a method to alert the living if someone was buried alive *Fear of live burial

Seventeenth and eighteenth century coffin burial

Earlier burial methods Availability of necessary craftsmen Coffins/Materials used Octagon shape Furnishing undertakers

Trade Embalmer

Embalmer to the trade; term originated when some of the original graduates of early embalming courses gave up regular employment with a single firm to provide embalming service to firms which had no trained embalmer

Designers of the gasoline-powered hearses

Fred Hulberg Crane and Breed

Origin of the word "hearse"

French- herse/Latin- hirpex

Coffin

Greek work "kofinos"; utilitarian container designed to hold human remains, often anthropoidal in shape

Examples of the evolution of techniques & materials/instruments/supplies

Hand pump Gravity injector Trocar

Development of funeral cars throughout the twentieth century

Hearses Limousine Flower cars Vans and other converted vehicles

Anthropoid

Human shaped; some early coffins were described as anthropoidal shaped

Coffin variation in early function & type

Improvement of function, style and composition; Emphasis on increased utility and introduction of the desire for complete protection; Saw a change from gloomy to beauty

What was the role of airtight receptacles in the development of embalming?

Increase emphasis of preservation

Nineteenth century saw a change in what?

Influence on modern practices

Tradesman undertaker

Introduction of many craftsmen into the field of undertaking; Importance increased as cities grew and material resources of the townspeople increased

Introduction of metallic burial casket

Introduction to ogee design Emphasis on presentation of the dead rather than merely encasing the body Changes in design presented and impact on modern methods

Municipal officers

Inviter to funerals/Town undertakers

Innovators of horse-drawn hearses of the 19th and early 20th centuries

James Cunningham/Hudson Samson/Crane&Breed

Trocar

Long hollow tube patented in 1868 by Samuel Rogers of Philadelphia; used by embalmers to inject fluids into cavities and remove excess liquids

Materials and techniques used

Metals Stone Techniques

Hand pump

Method used to apply a continuous flow of embalming solution via manual manipulation of a handheld mechanism

Burial practices

Models of simplicity and dignity in earliest New England; Increase in social character of mourning; Use of gifts; Increased burden on colonial widow; Funeral procession; Social change in later colonial period--influence of revolution

Earlier performers of funeral undertaking

Nurses Midwives Specific layers out of the dead

American colonial funeral behavior

Origin of customs; Framework for funeral practices; Burial practices

Hearse

Originally a stationary framework of wood to hold candles and decorations placed on the coffin; forerunner was a bier; hearse and bier were used interchangeably until mid-19th century; today, a vehicle specially designed to transport casketed remains; also known as funeral coach

Burial vault

Outer enclosure for caskets placed in the grave; originally intended to prevent grave robbery

Fisk metallic coffin

Patented in 1848 as form-fitting, airtight metallic coffin designed to improve the ability to preserve the body; also had a glass plate to allow for viewing of the face a. Return to anthropoid shape b. Introduction of airtight coffin c. Claims of the manufacturer

Cooling board

Portable table on which the body was placed while the corpse cooler was in use; later became the embalming table when embalming was done in the home of the deceased

Furnishing undertakers

Provided supplies and merchandise (i.e. door badges, carriages, etc.) to funeral undertakers who were dealing directly with the public. Undertakers filled the role of middle man.

Roles of chemical manufacturers

Provided traveling salesman to promote the chemical; give training to those who purchased embalming chemicals; Provided warehousing of chemicals and the development of chemicals

Limitations of the term "funeral directing"

Provisions of a set of tasks for the care and disposal of the dead and a personal service which operates as a business enterprise

Influences on development of chemical embalming

Role of the medical practitioners in the development of more effective preservation for anatomical studies Provided a longer viewing period Added element of disinfection Civil War and funeral of President Abraham Lincoln Banned substances

Differences in Hearses

Sizes/colors Adult & child versions

Development of restorative art

Term applied to systematic treatment of cases requiring repair of injuries due to disease or trauma 1. Originated as derma surgery and demi-surgery 2. Important for creation of a proper "memory picture" 3. Joel Crandall as founder of restorative art

Preparation of remains started what development ?

The development of embalming

Undertaker's buggy

The name given to the vehicle caused by undertakers to transport the necessary mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where funerals were typically held. These vehicles sometimes had an appearance similar to a hearse, but were much less ornate

Corpse cooler

Type of ice chest placed over the torso of the body in order to slow down the process of decomposition prior to the funeral. It was typically a responsibility of the undertaker to provide ice and replace the ice when it melted

Development of embalming

a. Customary aspects of preserving the dead 1. Growth of methods from the European continent through the colonial period 2. Important individuals involved in development a. Frederick Ruysch b. Hunter brothers c. Jean Gannal 3. Limitations imposed 4. 18th century sawdust and tar level b. Impact on growing cities and the Industrial Revolution c. Varied methods used prior to the 19th century d. Role of preservation of the dead in the 19th century e. Corpse coolers and cooling boards

Religious functionaries

a. Sexton b. Role of the church sexton (one who is in charge of the cemetery; the caretaker of a church)