Mortality

From the demographic data given in the table below, calculate the number of maternal deaths. Total population: 200,000 Women 15-49: 40,000 Crude Birth Rate: 40 Maternal Mortality Ratio: 200

16 Number of births = CBR x Population = 0.04 x 200,000 = 8000. Number of maternal deaths = MMRatio x Births = 0.002 x 8000 = 16.

The life table below indicates that the life expectancy at birth is only 57 years. But 40 year olds can expect to live to what age? X lx 10Lx ex 0 100,000 950,000 57 10 90,000 890,000 53 20 88,000 850,000 44 30 83,000 780,000 36 40 75,000 680,000 30 50 66,000 570,000 23

70 40 year olds have a life expectancy of 30 years and so can expect to live to the age of 70. .

From the life table below, calculate the percent (%) of 20 year olds who may expect to reach the age of 50 years. X lx 10Lx ex 0 100,000 950,000 57 10 90,000 890,000 53 20 88,000 850,000 44 30 83,000 780,000 36 40 75,000 680,000 30 50 66,000 570,000 23

75 Percent surviving = 66,000/88,000 x 100 = 0.75 x 100 = 75%

In a population of 200,000 persons, the reported CDR is 12. Therefore the number of deaths are:

The correct answer is: 2400 200,000 x 0.012 = 2400

The life span of humans is another way of expressing the life expectancy. a. True b. False

Your Response: b. False The life span is the limit of human survival - about 120 years. The life expectancy is an estimate of average survival of a population in any given year.

4. The life expectancy at birth is a good indicator for comparing the health conditions of populations because: a. It is an age-independent measure of mortality b. It measures infant mortality c. It is a measure of how long newborns born this year will survive over their lifetimes

a. It is an age-independent measure of mortality

The numerator for the maternal mortality is the number of maternal deaths in a given year. The denominator for the calculation of the maternal mortality ratio is the number of: a. Live births in the same year b. Pregnancies in the same year c. Live births plus abortions in the same year d. Women of reproductive age in the same year

a. Live births in the same year By definition the ratio is maternal deaths divided by live births in the same year. This is a useful index for maternity care in the population. The maternal mortality rate is maternal deaths divided by number of women in the reproductive age in a given year.

Which of the following can you calculate from a life table (choose all that are correct): a. The life expectancy at birth b. The life expectancy at age 75 c. Proportion of 30-34 year-olds surviving to 55-59 years d. The number of years a 15 year-old can expect to survive

a. The life expectancy at birth b. The life expectancy at age 75 c. Proportion of 30-34 year-olds surviving to 55-59 years d. The number of years a 15 year-old can expect to survive

Empirical evidence indicates that in more developed countries women have lower risks of death than men at every age from birth to the oldest ages. a. True b. False

a. True

The age-specific death rates from chronic non-communicable diseases of the aged are higher in the less developed countries than in the more developed countries: a. True b. False

a. True People in the less developed countries die at higher rates at every age including the elderly, where they die of non-communicable diseases. The reason that there are fewer non-communicable disease deaths in less developed countries, is because there are fewer elderly people.

The maternal mortality rate includes maternal deaths due to spontaneous abortions. a. True b. False

a. True The maternal mortality includes any deaths attributed to maternal causes during pregnancy or up to 42 days following birth.

The infant mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number deaths to infants under one year in a calendar year by: a. All infants under age one year b. All live births in the same year c. All live births in the preceding year

b. All live births in the same year The infant mortality rate is the infant deaths divided by live births in the same year. While this is not a true match of numerator and denominator because infants born in one year may die in the next year, this is the period rate conventionally calculated.

The UN population projection for Japan from 2010 to 2050 indicates that the crude death rate will increase from 8.8/1000 to 14.3/1000 over this time period. The reason for this increase is: a. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect the health conditions of the elderly to deteriorate b. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect more deaths even though health conditions are improving c. There is a calculation error in these projections d. These projections do not take into account the gains in life expectancy over this time period

b. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect more deaths even though health conditions are improving With sustained low fertility, the Japanese population is developing an older age structure. Thus there will be more total deaths and a higher CDR every year, even though the health conditions are improving.

Japan has a life expectancy at birth of 88 years. Therefore we cannot expect that 80 year olds will have a life expectancy greater than 8 years. a. True b. False

b. False Typically, the life expectancy at any age will be greater than the life expectancy, since these life expectancies are calculated for those persons who have survived to reach that age.

The major causes of death that account for the large differences in life expectancy between less developed and more developed countries are: a. Accidents and injuries b. Infectious and parasitic diseases c. Heart disease and cancer d. Noncommunicable diseases

b. Infectious and parasitic diseases

The crude death rate is called "crude" because: a. It is only an estimate of mortality in the population b. It is strongly affected by the age structure of the population c. It is an inaccurate measure of the mortality of the population

b. It is strongly affected by the age structure of the population It is called crude because deaths of all ages and both sexes are combined and divided by the entire population - taking no account of the variations in the risks of death by age and sex.

Mortality estimates for most countries in the world are derived from: a. Vital registration b. Sample surveys

b. Sample surveys Most developing countries do not have registration of births and deaths, and many of those that do are typically incomplete and/or inaccurate.

In the United States, there are three causes of death where males have much higher death rates than females. These are (select 3): a. Heart disease b. Suicide c. Diabetes d. Cancer e. Violence f. Accidents g. High blood pressure

b. Suicide e. Violence f. Accidents Males die at higher rates than females at every age, but the differences are greater in the ages 15 - 14 where males die at much higher rates from suicide, violence and accidents.

Often a less developed country (LDC) like Paraguay will have a lower crude death rate than a more developed country (MDC) like Sweden. This is because: a. The MDC has higher risks of death among the elderly b. The MDC has an older population age structure c. Both statements above are true

b. The MDC has an older population age structure In a population, the crude death rate is strongly influenced by the age structure of the population. MDCs typically have low birth rates and older age structures, so that they will have more total deaths even though death rates are lower at every age.

Crude death rates in UN publications are not useful for comparing the health of different populations because: a. The crude death rate data are usually inaccurate b. The crude death rate is strongly influenced by the age structure of the population c. The crude death rate is heavily weighted by deaths among the elderly

b. The crude death rate is strongly influenced by the age structure of the population A young (rapidly growing) population will typically have a lower crude death rate than a population with an old age structure, even though the risk of death may be higher in every age group in the population with the young age structure.

In the life table for Somalia, the life expectancy at birth was 49 years, but the life expectancy at age 1 was 54 years. The reason for this gain in life expectancy at 1 year of age is: a. Somalia has a unique pattern of mortality among infants and children b. There is a calculation error in the life table c. Infants who survive the first year of life do have a higher life expectancy than newborns d. None of the above is true

c. Infants who survive the first year of life do have a higher life expectancy than newborns Typically, life expectancy at age 1 is higher than life expectancy at age 0 (birth). The reason is that once an infant survives the first year of life, the probability of survival for the rest of its life is better.

In recent years Lesotho is one among several less developed sub-Saharan African countries where the life expectancy declined due to AIDS. Life expectancy has also declined in a more developed country in the recent past. This country is: a. France b. Spain c. Russia d. Italy e. Germany

c. Russia With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia experienced a severe economic collapse. This was associated with a significant decline in life expectancy, primarily due to rising death rates among young adult males largely due to alcoholism with associated, injuries and suicide as well as heart disease.

In ancient populations, the life expectancy at birth was around 30 years. This means that: a. Most people died at about age 30 years b. Almost no one lived beyond age 30 years c. The average age of death was 30 years d. All of the above are true

c. The average age of death was 30 years In a life table, the life expectancy at birth = the average age at death. Thus, while a high proportion of the population died at a very early age, a significant number also lived to an old age.

The calculation of a life table for a population requires which following data? a. TFR b. Cause specific death rate c. CDR d. ASDR

d. ASDR The ASDRs are the primary data needed to construct a life table.