MQM 356 Ch 2

What theory's are included in the cognitive process approach?

-Expectancy theory -Goal setting theory -Social learning theory -Equity theory

What theory include the needs based approach?

-Maslow's needs Hierarchy -Alderfer's Existence, Relatedness and Growth theory -Herzberg's two-factor theory

Basis of Equity theory (page 53)

1. People develop beliefs about what is fair for them to receive in exchange for the contributions that they make to the organization 2. People determine fairness by comparing their relevant returns and contributions to those of others 3. People who belive they have been treated unfairly (called inequity) will experience tension, and they will be motivated to find ways to reduces it

Reinforcement theory

Based on "Law of Effect" -Behavior that is followed by a pleasurable consequence will occur more frequently

Goal setting

Goals that are specific, difficult, and accepted by employees lead to better performance -Feedback enhances effectiveness of this

Order of expectancy theory

Expectancy, Instrumentality, valence

Valence

How desirable or undesirable are these outcomes?

Expectancy

How likely is it that I will reach my performance goal?

Cognitive process approach

Motivation is a process controlled by conscious thoughts, beliefs and judgments

Non-Cognitive approach

Motivation is explained as an interaction between behavior and external events without appealing to internal thoughts or needs

Social learning theory

Outcome and self-efficacy expectations affect individual performance

What theories are included in the Non Cognitive Approach

Reinforcement theory

A major goal of HRD efforts includes all except: A. Stay within budget B. Help employees attain their goals C. Improve organizational performance D. Change employee behavior

Stay within budget

The need based approach

Underlying needs, such as the needs for safety or power, drive motivation

In expectancy theory, the importance that an individual places upon a particular outcome is called a(n): a. instrumentality b. valence c. expectancy d. extrinsic motivation

Valence

Internal forces

Within the employee -Motivation and KSA's

Equity Theory

a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly - Outcomes are evaluated by comparing them to the outcomes received by others

According to social learning theory, self-efficacy is defined as a person's beliefs: a. about their ability to successfully perform a particular task or activity b. about their overall worth or sense of value c. that performing a particular task will lead to a given outcome d. that the cause of their behavior is something external to themselves

a. about their ability to successfully perform a particular task or activity

External forces

outside the organization

Self efficacy

people's judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances

Expectancy Theory

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards -Workers will perform behaviors that they perceive will bring valued outcomes

Instrumentality

will I receive various outcomes if I reach my performance goal?