MSE 2203 Final Exam Review

True or false: Human traits are controlled only by the genetic material found in the 46 chromosomes.

False

True or false: In the mid-twentieth century, researchers discovered that genes are made of proteins and that this is the genetic material found in cellular structures known as chromosomes.

False

True or false: DNA replication proceeds in a 5' to 3' direction.

True

True or false: Prion disease, Alzheimer's, dementia, and cystic fibrosis have all been linked to misfolded proteins.

True

True or false: ​If a dihybrid cross is begun with a P1 generation of a true-breeding plant that produces smooth and yellow peas (smooth and yellow are both dominant traits), crossed with a plant that produces wrinkled green peas (wrinkled and green are both recessive traits), the F1 plants will all be smooth and yellow.

True

Assume the trait for brown eyes is completely dominant to blue eyes and this trait is controlled by a single gene. If 400 people in a population of 10,000 have blue eyes, how many people would be expected to be heterozygous for this trait? (Hint: Use the Hardy-Weinberg formula.) a. 3,200 b. 5,400 c. 320 d. 960

a. 3,200

One of the major outcomes and impacts of lethal alleles is: a. A phenotype class does not survive to reproduce b. One gene masks or otherwise affects another genes' phenotype c. A heterozygote's phenotype is distinct and not an intermediate between those of the two homozygotes d. A heterozygote's phenotype is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes

a. A phenotype class does not survive to reproduce

Which of the following correctly illustrates the relationship between alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes? a. Alleles are variations of a gene. A genotype is comprised of two alleles. The genes that are expressed in a phenotype are "coded" for by the genotype. b. Genotypes are physical expressions of a gene. Phenotypes are variations of a gene. Alleles are comprised of one genotype and one phenotype. c. Alleles are synonymous with traits. Genotypes are comprised of one allele and one phenotype. Phenotypes are directly inherited from maternal grandparents. d. Alleles are expressed based on environment of the organism. Phenotypes are the genetic code. Genotypes are the phyisical appearance.

a. Alleles are variations of a gene. A genotype is comprised of two alleles. The genes that are expressed in a phenotype are "coded" for by the genotype.

Crossing Over and Independent Assortment are features of meiosis which allow for variations to occur within sexual reproduction. Which of the following correctly pairs each feature with its phase of meiosis? a. Crossing Over= Prophase 1 Independent Assortment= Metaphase 1 b. Crossing Over= Prophase 1 Independent Assortment= Prophase 2 c. Crossing Over= Prophase 2 Independent Assortment= Metaphase 1 d. Crossing Over= Prophase 1 Independent Assortment= Metaphase 2

a. Crossing Over= Prophase 1 Independent Assortment= Metaphase 1

When given the following strand of DNA, and after transcribing to mRNA from the question above, which is the correct amino acid sequence that would be translated? 3' TACGTAATAGAT 5' a. Met-His-Tyr-Leu b. Leu-Tyr-His-Met c. Leu-Arg-Thr-Glu d. Ile-Tyr-Tyr-Val

a. Met-His-Tyr-Leu

In many organisms, ____________________ functions to transfer genetic information from out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores, through the cytoplasm, and to the ribosome. a. RNA b. DNA c. Proteins d. Lipids

a. RNA

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I, ____. a. all gametes will be abnormal b. three gametes will be normal and one will have two extra chromosomes c. two gametes will be normal and two will have one extra chromosome d. all gametes will be normal

a. all gametes will be abnormal

Amino acids are characterized by ____. a. an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group b. an amino group and a hydrochloric group c. a carboxyl group and a hydrogen bond d. an amino group and a hydrogen bond

a. an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group

If a genetic disorder appears in a family with no prior history, and is fully expressed by everyone carrying that allele, it is most likely a(n) ____ trait. a. autosomal dominant b. autosomal recessive c. X-linked recessive d. Y-linked

a. autosomal dominant

The main purpose of preparing karyotypes is to ____. a. diagnose or rule out certain genetic disorders b. prepare for gene extractions c. separate DNA into its component parts d. determine gender

a. diagnose or rule out certain genetic disorders

​A zygote is a(n) ____. a. diploid cell b. ​haploid cell c. gamete d. ​female gonad

a. diploid cell

The process of copying the information in DNA is straightforward and occurs the same way each time a strand is replicated in the human body because: a. each strand of a DNA molecule carries complementary information b. the pairing of two DNA strands is antiparallel c. the molecule can be copied without disrupting the hydrogen bonds between bases d. any purine (A or G) can pair with any pyrimidine (T or C)

a. each strand of a DNA molecule carries complementary information

In meiosis of spermatogenisis, how many mature sperm result? a. four b. three c. two d. one

a. four

A cell in G0 state ____. a. has entered a resting stage and is not actively dividing b. is actively replicating chromosomes c. is in cytokinesis d. is actively growing before cell division begins

a. has entered a resting stage and is not actively dividing

Griffith's search for a(n) ____ treatment led to the discovery that DNA carries genetic information. a. pneumonia b. tuberculosis c. ​AIDS d. influenza

a. pneumonia

​Once the strands of DNA are separated, the enzyme DNA polymerase ____ and links nucleotides together. a. reads the nucleotide sequence of the template strand b. ​transforms adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine c. transforms the template strand to either 3' or 5' d. unwraps the DNA from the nucleosomes

a. reads the nucleotide sequence of the template strand

A locus is ____. a. the location of a gene on a chromosome b. the site of crossing over c. an alternate form of a gene d. ​the chromosome location of the centromere

a. the location of a gene on a chromosome

If a genetic disorder appears in a family with no prior history, and is fully expressed by everyone carrying that allele, it is most likely a(n) ____ trait. a. ​autosomal dominant b. ​Y-linked c. ​autosomal recessive d. ​X-linked recessive

a. ​autosomal dominant

The karyotype designation for a female with X chromosome trisomy is ___________________. a. 45, XXX b. 47, XXX c. 46, XXX d. 47, XX

b. 47, XXX

Which of the following correctly matches the blood type with the corresponding antigens on the surface of red blood cells? a. Blood Type A- Antigen B b. Blood Type AB- Antigens A and B c. Blood Type AB- Neither antigen A nor B d. Blood Type B- Antigen A

b. Blood Type AB- Antigens A and B

The alleles which control blood group antigens "A" and "B" and the resulting AB Blood Types are examples of: a. Incomplete Dominance b. Codominance c. Variable Expressionalism d. Semidominance

b. Codominance

You are performing PCR for the first time in the lab. You have all your reagents ready, but you forgot to add adenine. What will be the result of your reaction? a. DNA synthesis will occur until the polymerase reaches an adenine in the template strand, and then it will halt. b. DNA synthesis will occur until the polymerase reaches a thymine in the template strand, and then it will halt. c. DNA synthesis will occur normally, but there will be a hole in the DNA strand where the adenine should go. d. DNA synthesis will occur normally because TaqI polymerase will substitute another nucleotide for adenine.

b. DNA synthesis will occur until the polymerase reaches a thymine in the template strand, and then it will halt.

Which of the following definitions is associated with CHANGES in DNA? a. Heritable b. Genetic c. Epigenetic

b. Genetic

Which of the following processes is paired corretly with the organelle in which the process takes place? a. Replication= Ribosome Transcription= Nucleus Protein Synthesis= Nucleus b. Replication= Nucleus Transcription= Nucleus Protein Synthesis= Ribosome c. Replication= Mitochondria Transcription= Mitochondria Protein Synthesis= Nucleus d. Replication= Ribosome Transcription= Mitochondria Protein Synthesis= Nucleus

b. Replication= Nucleus Transcription= Nucleus Protein Synthesis= Ribosome

"Chargaff's Rule" allows us to understand the process of DNA replication by stating... a. The percentage of "A" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "U", the percentage of "C" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "G" b. The percentage of "A" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "T", the percentage of "C" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "G" c. The percentage of "A" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "G", the percentage of "C" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "T" d. The percentage of "A" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "C", the percentage of "G" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "T"

b. The percentage of "A" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "T", the percentage of "C" in DNA is equal to the percentage of "G"

Cancer-causing mutations of the cell cycle _______. a. increase the speed of each phase of the cycle itself b. cause the cell to bypass checkpoints in the cycle c. eliminate one or more stages of the cell cycle d. stop the cycle and cause a build-up of cell toxins

b. cause the cell to bypass checkpoints in the cycle

When does DNA replication occur? a. sporadically in response to environmental pressures b. during S phase of the cell cycle c. while the organism is dormant, hibernating, or sleeping depending on the species sleep/wake cycle d. when the mitochondria has produced enough cellular energy to reach the energetic threshold required for replication activation

b. during S phase of the cell cycle

The fundamental unit of heredity is called a(n) ___________. a. evolution b. gene c. genome d. karyotype

b. gene

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. Draw a punnet square to show the cross of a hemophiliac male and a carrier female. Which of the following is the most accurate description of their offspring? a. none of the females will have hemophilia, all of the males will have hemophilia b. half of the females will have hemophilia, and half of the males will have hemophilia c. half of the females will have hemophilia, all of the males will be carriers d. half of the females will have hemophilia, and all of the males will have hemophilia

b. half of the females will have hemophilia, and half of the males will have hemophilia

Sickle cell disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The genotype of an individual with sickle cell disease is: a. homozygous dominant b. homozygous recessive c. heterozygous d. a genotype beyond Mendel's Laws

b. homozygous recessive

Proteins contain twenty different subunits ____. a. that are the carriers of genetic information b. in the form of amino acids c. arranged in a double helix attached to DNA d. in the form of nucleotides

b. in the form of amino acids

In a human pedigree that traces the inheritance of albinism, a filled square represents a: a. female with albinism b. male with albinism c. heterozygous male d. heterozygous female

b. male with albinism

The heritability of a trait is the ____. a. average amount of genetic variation in each individual b. proportion of phenotypic variation that is caused by different genotypes c. proportion of phenotypic variation that is caused by the environment d. absolute measurement of genotypic variation in a population

b. proportion of phenotypic variation that is caused by different genotypes

DNA's two major functions are to ____________________ and to carry the ____________________ information for proteins and RNA molecules. a. provide bone structure; structural b. replicate; genetic c. store energy; metabolic d. transport oxygen; reproductive

b. replicate; genetic

In DNA, the ________________________ comprise the sturdy "backbone" of the molecule, and the ________________________ comprise the "rungs" of the ladder. a. nitrogenous bases; sugar-phosphate group b. sugar-phosphate group; nitrogenous bases c. nucleotides; proteins d. proteins; nucleotides

b. sugar-phosphate group; nitrogenous bases

A heterozygote is an individual who has: a. an extra genome b. two different alleles for a gene c. two identical alleles for a gene d. an extra pair of sex chromosomes

b. two different alleles for a gene

In pre-mRNA processing, ____. a. introns are spliced out and combined to form complete proteins b. ​introns are spliced out and the exons are combined in the mature mRNA c. ​introns are spliced out and combined in the tRNA d. exons are spliced out and the introns are combined in the mature mRNA

b. ​introns are spliced out and the exons are combined in the mature mRNA

In humans, hair texture is an incompletely dominant trait. Curly is the dominant genotype, wavy is heterozygous, and straight hair is recessive. What is the probable phenotypic ratio for a cross between a man with wavy hair and a woman with curly hair? a. All curly hair b. 3/4 wavy hair; 1/4 straight hair c. 1/2 wavy hair; 1/2 curly hair d. 1/4 curly hair; 1/2 wavy hair; 1/4 straight hair

c. 1/2 wavy hair; 1/2 curly hair

You are working with a novel organism with double stranded DNA and you discover that this organism has 20% adenine in its DNA. What percentage of cytosine do you expect that this organism has in its DNA? a. 20% b. 40% c. 30% d. 60%

c. 30%

When given the following strand of DNA, which is the correct RNA sequence that would be produced? 3' TACGTAATAGAT 5' a. 3' AUGCAUUAUCUA 5' b. 3' GAGCCAUGCUUA 5' c. 5' AUGCAUUAUCUA 3' d. 3' CUCGGUACGUAA 5'

c. 5' AUGCAUUAUCUA 3'

Which of the following is NOT true of DNA? a. Replicates itself as the first step of the central dogma b. Double stranded c. Contains four nitrogoneous bases, a phosphate group, and the sugar ribose d. The four nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

c. Contains four nitrogoneous bases, a phosphate group, and the sugar ribose

The two types of nucleic acids are _____________ and ____________. a. proteins; amino acids b. phenotype; genotype c. DNA; RNA d. glycerol; fatty acids

c. DNA; RNA

​In a cross between a true-breeding plant bearing the dominant traits of smooth, yellow seeds and a true-breeding plant bearing the recessive traits of wrinkled, green seeds, the offspring (F1) are all smooth and yellow and their genotype is ____. a. SSyy b. ssYY c. SsYy d. ssyy

c. SsYy

If a pedigree of several generations shows only females affected by a particular trait, it cannot be a(n) ____ trait. a. autosomal dominant b. X-linked c. Y-linked d. autosomal recessive

c. Y-linked

Dedifferentation can be explained as ___________ a. The same thing as specialization b. A lower capacity to divide c. a return to "stemness" d. many distinguishing characteristics of the original cell

c. a return to "stemness"

​Alternate forms of a gene are called ____. a. homologues b. loci c. alleles d. heterozygous

c. alleles

In the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure, the polynucleotide chains ____. a. are of unequal length b. ​are arranged with the bases forming the backbone of the helix c. are oriented in opposite directions d. form covalent bonds between uracil and adenine

c. are oriented in opposite directions

The Hardy-Weinberg law is used to calculate allele and genotype frequencies ____. a. more in males than in females b. only in females c. as a result of hormone differences between males and females d. ​only in males

c. as a result of hormone differences between males and females

A phosphate group is a compound containing phosphorus ____. a. chemically bonded to three nitrogen molecules b. and sodium attached to a sugar c. chemically bonded to four oxygen molecules d. and calcium attached to a base

c. chemically bonded to four oxygen molecules

When Mendel crossed pure breeding peas having yellow seed color (YY) with pure breeding peas having green seed color (yy), all of the offspring had yellow seed color. These results mean that yellow seed color is the: a. most attractive to potential mates b. genotypic value c. dominant phenotype d. recessive phenotype

c. dominant phenotype

One characteristic of an autosomal dominant trait is that ____ a. heterozygous fathers will always have affected daughters b. 50% of individuals with two affected parents will be affected c. every affected individual has at least one affected parent d. ​if two affected individuals are homozygous, the risk of having an affected child is 1:4

c. every affected individual has at least one affected parent

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. Draw a punnet square to show the cross of a hemophiliac male and a carrier female. Which of the following is the most accurate description of their offspring? a. half of the females will have hemophilia, and all of the males will have hemophilia b. half of the females will have hemophilia, all of the males will be carriers c. half of the females will have hemophilia, and half of the males will have hemophilia d. none of the females will have hemophilia, all of the males will have hemophilia

c. half of the females will have hemophilia, and half of the males will have hemophilia

​In genetics, a chi-square test can be used to determine ____. a. whether an organism with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous b. what the predicted outcome of a dihybrid cross will be c. how closely actual results of a cross match the expected results d. whether an allele exhibits complete or incomplete dominance

c. how closely actual results of a cross match the expected results

​The DNA components adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are examples of ____. a. ​genes b. phosphates c. nitrogenous ​bases d. sugars

c. nitrogenous ​bases

Mendel's results and conclusions were accurate but are seen differently today because we now realize and understand that: a. pea color is actually more complex than the human visual system can perceive. b. pea inheritance utilizes different principals than human inheritance c. single-gene traits are usually influenced by the environment and other genes. d. he didn't count enough peas to draw any informed conclusions

c. single-gene traits are usually influenced by the environment and other genes.

Codons are ____ that encode the information for a specific amino acid in a protein. a. made of two polynucleotide strands b. ribosomal subunits c. triplets of nucleotides in mRNA d. mRNA templates that are transcribed into tRNA

c. triplets of nucleotides in mRNA

In pea plants, the allele for tall (T) is dominant to the allele for short (t). The genotype for a short pea plant is _____. a. TT b. Tt c. tt d. Both TT and Tt will result in the same phenotype of short plant

c. tt

One goal of pedigree analysis is to determine ____. a. if two people are related b. what treatment a person should undergo c. whether a gene has a dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance d. gene loci

c. whether a gene has a dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance

The process of meiosis results in ____.​ a. ​a doubling of the chromosome number b. the production of four identical cells c. ​a reduction in the chromosome number d. ​two diploid cells

c. ​a reduction in the chromosome number

Proteins contain twenty different subunits ____. a.​ that are the carriers of genetic information b.​ including thymine, cytosine, guanine, and adenine c.​ in the form of amino acids d. ​in the form of nucleotides e.​ arranged in a double helix attached to DNA

c. ​in the form of amino acids

In pre-mRNA processing, ____. a.​ exons are spliced out and used to produce ribosomal subunits b. ​exons are spliced out and the introns are combined in the mature mRNA c. ​introns are spliced out and the exons are combined in the mature mRNA d. ​introns are spliced out and combined in the tRNA e. ​introns are spliced out and combined to form complete proteins

c. ​introns are spliced out and the exons are combined in the mature mRNA

What is the complementary DNA strand to the following strand: 5' - AGGCGGATCGACCGTAC - 3'? a. 5' - TCCGCCTAGCTGGCATG - 3' b. 5' - AGGCGGATCGACCGTAC - 3' c. 3' - AGGCGGATCGACCGTAC - 5' d. 3' - TCCGCCTAGCTGGCATG - 5'

d. 3' - TCCGCCTAGCTGGCATG - 5'

During meiosis in an organism where 2n = 8, how many chromatids will be present in a cell at the beginning of meiosis II?​ a. 2 b. 12 c. 6 d. 8

d. 8

What is the phenotypic ratio of a heterozygous two-trait (dihybrid) cross? a. 8:8 b. 15:1 c. 1:2:1 d. 9:3:3:1

d. 9:3:3:1

In a family that starts with you, your grandchildren would be the _____ generation. a. P1 b. P2 c. F1 d. F2

d. F2

Which of the following is the correct flow of genetic information? a. Translation --> Transcription --> Replication b. Replication --> Translation -> Transcription c. Translation --> Replication --> Transcription d. Replication --> Transcription --> Translation

d. Replication --> Transcription --> Translation

Some organisms are capable of asexual or sexual reproduction. Under favorable conditions, reproduction proceeds asexually. When conditions become more stressful reproduction switches to a sexual mode. Which of the following below is the most logical explanation, based on what you know about biological success, evolution, and populations? a. Sexual reproduction is simple and more rapid allowing larger numbers of offspring to be produced. b. Sexual reproduction requires two separate individuals, who can mutually provide nutrient support during stress. c. Asexual reproduction requires more energy d. Sexual reproduction produces individuals with new combinations of recombined chromosomes increasing diversity.

d. Sexual reproduction produces individuals with new combinations of recombined chromosomes increasing diversity.

One of Mendel's Laws states that for two genes on different chromosomes, the inheritance of one gene does not influence the chance of inheriting the other gene. This is called: a. The Mode of Inheritance b. Monohybrid Cross Theory c. The Law of Segregation d. The Law of Independent Assortment

d. The Law of Independent Assortment

Autosomes represent ____. a. the half of the chromosomes inherited from one parent b. all chromosomes including the sex chromosomes c. those chromosomes found only in gametes d. all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes

d. all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes

Which of the following immunity impairments can be caused by mutations? a. immune deficiencies b. allergies c. cancer d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the ____ and the results of chemical modifications and other processing events. a. initiation complex​ b. interaction with other polypeptide chains c. interaction of R groups d. amino acid sequence

d. amino acid sequence

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate in ____. a. ​metaphase II b. metaphase I c. anaphase II d. anaphase I

d. anaphase I

When describing DNA, which of the following words is describing the orientation of the two strands? a. semi-conservative b. somatic versatility c. phenotypic variations d. anti-parallel

d. anti-parallel

Y-linked traits are ____. a. ​passed on to only 50% of female progeny b. known to skip generations in males c. carried only by females, but are never expressed d. carried only by males and transmitted only to males

d. carried only by males and transmitted only to males

In mice, fur color has several options. Agouti is the dominant phenotype, and will be expressed if the mouse carries an AA or Aa gene pairing. However, if a second gene pairing is present, "cc", then the mouse will be albino. This is an example of: a. muliple alleles b. lethal alleles c. pleiotropy d. epistasis

d. epistasis

One characteristic of an autosomal dominant trait is that ____. a. 50% of individuals with two affected parents will be affected b. if two affected individuals are homozygous, the risk of having an affected child is 1:4 c. heterozygous fathers will always have affected daughters d. every affected individual has at least one affected parent

d. every affected individual has at least one affected parent

Which of the following is used to explain the unity, and diversity, of all life? a. longevity b. gene therapy c. artificial intelligence d. evolution

d. evolution

Sperm cells and egg cells are called: a. grommets b. marmites c. gonads d. gametes

d. gametes

​The offspring (F1) resulting from the cross between two red flowered plants are 3/4 red and 1/4 white. The most likely genotype of both red flowered parental plants (P1) is ____. a. homozygous recessive b. codominant recessive c. incomplete dominant d. heterozygous

d. heterozygous

If a man expresses an X-linked recessive trait, ____. a. his father transmitted the trait to him b. ​all of his brothers will also express it c. all of his sisters will also express it d. his mother was heterozygous or homozygous for the trait

d. his mother was heterozygous or homozygous for the trait

Polyploidy is characterized by ____. a. a condition in which one member of a chromosomal pair is missing b. the haploid number of bacteria being present in the human genome c. a condition in which one chromosome is missing entirely d. more than two paired sets of chromosomes

d. more than two paired sets of chromosomes

​ Polyploidy is characterized by ____. a. a condition in which one member of a chromosomal pair is missing b. the haploid number of bacteria being present in the human genome c. a condition in which one chromosome is missing entirely d. more than two paired sets of chromosomes

d. more than two paired sets of chromosomes

Mutation differs from the other sources of genetic variation, identified in the principles of Hardy-Weinberg, because a. mutations are always harmful b. mutations are the only source of variation that is unpredictable c. mutations only affect lab mice d. mutations introduce a change, while the other factors act upon already existing alleles

d. mutations introduce a change, while the other factors act upon already existing alleles

A(n) ____________________ is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. a. monosaccharide b. glycerol and fatty acid c. amino acid d. nucleotide

d. nucleotide

The X and Y chromosomes ____. a. are found paired with all 22 autosomal chromosomes b. are responsible for albinism c. are responsible for autosomal recessive inheritance d. play major roles in determining the sex of an individual

d. play major roles in determining the sex of an individual

​Independent assortment means that the ____. a. gametes produced must be heterozygous in all cases b. phenotypes are often a blending of two independent genotypes c. segregation of one gene pair depends on the segregation of another gene pair d. segregation of one gene pair occurs as if no other gene pair was present

d. segregation of one gene pair occurs as if no other gene pair was present

​Mendel selected pea plants for his experiments because ____. a. the offspring are infertile b. others were also using pea plants for their experiments and this would allow data sharing c. he was told by his superior that only pea plants were suitable for experimentation d. they can be self-fertilized or artificially fertilized by hand

d. they can be self-fertilized or artificially fertilized by hand

In RNA, the base ____ takes the place of the base thymine. a. deoxyribose b. guanine c. pentose d. uracil

d. uracil

The process of meiosis results in ____. a. two diploid cells b. a doubling of the chromosome number c. ​the production of four identical cells d. ​a reduction in the chromosome number

d. ​a reduction in the chromosome number

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I, ____. a. ​all gametes will be normal b. ​two gametes will be normal and two will have one extra chromosome c. ​three gametes will be normal and one will have two extra chromosomes d. ​all gametes will be abnormal

d. ​all gametes will be abnormal

In meiosis, cells become haploid ____. a. during metaphase I b. during anaphase I c. at the end of prophase II d. ​at the end of telophase I

d. ​at the end of telophase I

​Independent assortment means that the ____. a.​ phenotypic ratio in F2 will be the same for dihybrid and monohybrid crosses b. ​phenotypes are often a blending of two independent genotypes c. ​gametes produced must be heterozygous in all cases d. ​segregation of one gene pair occurs as if no other gene pair was present e. ​segregation of one gene pair depends on the segregation of another gene pair

d. ​segregation of one gene pair occurs as if no other gene pair was present

In codominant inheritance, ____. a. two recessive alleles interact and express themselves as a single dominant trait b. the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate to those of the parents c. there is partial phenotypic expression of one member of a gene pair in the homozygous condition d. ​there is full phenotypic expression of both members of a gene pair in the heterozygous condition

d. ​there is full phenotypic expression of both members of a gene pair in the heterozygous condition

In meiosis, cells become haploid ____.​ a.​ during anaphase I b.​ at the end of prophase II c.​ at the beginning of metaphase II d.​ at the end of telophase I e.​ during metaphase I

d.​ at the end of telophase I