MTEL history

Hooversize

"the gospel of the clean plate"

Johnny Reb

'johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Zhu Xi

(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action

Iran-Contra Affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Millard Fillmore

13th President

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Emergency Quota Act

1921 Act that stipulates only 3% of 1910 immigrants are allowed in

23rd Amendment

1965 US citizens who are 18+ can vote

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Constantine Founds Constantinople

324

metal working

4000 B.C , first metal was copper, 3000 BC- commonplace, useful to agriculture and herding, found in middle east

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

The Birth of Athenian Democracy

500 BC influenced us government

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Joseph G. McCoy

A 19th-century entrepreneur famous for promoting the transport of Longhorn cattle from Texas to the eastern United States.

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Thomas Gage

A British general of Massachusetts who ordered the stored weapons seized by the Sons of Liberty to be taken back & the leaders arrested

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

The Fourth Crusade

A Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem causing damage to Byzantine Empire

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Paul of Tarsus

A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity. Paul never met Jesus but he had a vision one day of speaking to him.

Al-Andalus

A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century A.D.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Handsome Lake

A Seneca Iroquois prophet. Preached against alcoholism by appealing to religious traditions. Had Quaker missionaries teach agricultural methods to the Iroquois men.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

unitary government

A centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single, central agency; GB, France, Israel

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

pandemic

A disease that spreads over a whole country or the world

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

George B. McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Chichen Itza

A large small city Mayan kingdom. They accoustomed captives into their own society. Organzied an empire that brought political stability to northen Yucatan, who it lost its empire to.

criminal law

A law that defines crimes against the public order; can result in imprisonment, fine, etc.

Civil Law

A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights; ex. money not criminal acts

civil rights act of 1875

A law that required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race.

Allen Ginsberg

A leading member of the Beat movement whose writings featured existential mania for intense experience and frantic motion.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

the upanishads

A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.

Vice-Admiralty Courts

A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge, with no jury.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Libertarian party

A minor party that believes in extremely limited government. Libertarians call for a free market system, expanded individual liberties such as drug legalization, and a foreign policy of nonintervention, free trade, and open immigration.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Dust Bowl

A nickname for the Great Plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930s

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

serf

A peasant who is legally bound to the land belonging to the lord

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.

Doughface

A person from the North who has Southern sympathies. Example- James Buchanan.

vassal

A person who has taken a pledge of loyalty to a lord

Existentialism

A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.

Pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, made as an objective of the religious life of a Muslim.

hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

10 percent plan

A plan by Abraham Lincoln that would help restore the South by allowing a southern state to rejoin the union if at least 10% of it's voters swore loyalty to the union and if slavery were abolished. The plan also gave amnesty to some southerners.

anarchism

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments; run by the people

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States; lost after 1865

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

The Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Panic of 1873 (1873-1879)

A severe international economic depression triggered by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products. *Historical Significance:* Led to the *Railroad Strike of 1877*.

Brahman, The Universal Soul

A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything

supply

A stock of a resource from which a person or place can be provided with the necessary amount of that resource.

bail

A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial; if the person flees they lose the $

parliamentary system

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

tithe

A tax equal to one-tenth of a person's income

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state; revolution; one party state and dictatorship

Dien Bien Phu

A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.

cotton gin

-Eli Whitney invented it -machine for separating cotton from its seeds

Rust Belt

-Great Lakes to upper Midwest states -economic decline, population loss, urban decay due to deindustrialization

taiga

a region of evergreen, coniferous forest below the arctic and subarctic tundra regions

indulgence

a release by the Roman Catholic Church for some or all of person's sins

predestination

a religious teaching that God determines who will gain salvation

market equilibrium

a situation in which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied

Naturalism

a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

feudalism

a system of government in which lesser lords service to higher lords

Indirect tax

a tax levied on one person but passed on to another for payment to the government

direct tax

a tax paid directly by the person or organization on whom it is levied

Jesus of Nazareth

a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity

McCarthyism

a vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950-54. Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party.

13th amendment

abolished slavery

Location

absolute and relative location; absolute is the exact latitude and longitude; relative describes the location by what's around it

Decolonization

after WWII; 1945 independence of India and Pakistan was a turning point for other countries

War Relocation Authority

agency for rounding up more than 100,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast and interning them in camps located in the western mountains and the desert. The Japanese Americans were forced to abandon their property. Most were released by late 1944 and allowed to return to the West Coast in early 1945. In 1988, Congress approved compensation for their losses

Roman roads

allowed for better military transportation and facilitated trade throughout their empire. Cities grew larger and more powerful. Appian Way, 53,000 miles make up all the Roman roads, User-contributed everyone could share supplies, 55,000miles of roads, communication, soldiers

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

caliph

an Islamic ruler with the authority to rule from Muhammed

Knossos

an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC

Lewis and Clark Expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

utopia

an ideal or perfect society

Civil War and the Rise of Macedon

ancient kingdom centered on the plain in the northeastern corner of the Greek peninsula, at the head of the Gulf of Thérmai. In the 4th century BCE it achieved hegemony over Greece and conquered lands as far east as the Indus River, establishing a short-lived empire that introduced the Hellenistic Age of ancient Greek civilization.

South Africa and apartheid

apartheid abolished in 1990s which was a system of racial segregation; still affects social structure of South Africa

Romanesque Architecture

architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches

Rivers

are large, natural streams of fresh water, flow into larger bodies of water, people are dependent on them

Cro-Magnon people

arrived in Europe 40,000 ya modern humans, overlap in existence with neanderthals cave paintings in France

Perpetual Servitude

being owned by someone else for life- and ultimately through the generations

Simon Bolivar

born in Venezuela as wealthy & educated; gathered a rebellion; Spanish soldiers revolted in Spain & didn't want to fight anymore; this allowed Bolivar to defeat Spanish rule in Spain

equity

branch of civil law that provides remedial justice when there is no remedy in common/ prescribed law

import

bring goods into a country

state

by beginning of 19th century; the state we know it formed with a government ruling over specific land

Late Period Egypt

c. 712-332 BCE

Flapper

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Amendment

change/ addition to US constitution, 2/3 of both houses must propose and pass it; or 2/3 of state legislatures call a convention to propose it & 3/4 of state legislatures pass it

president of the US

chief executive; carries out law passed by congress; runs armed forces; must be born a citizen & 35 yrs old

First Estate

church, (clergy= those who prayed)

Kentuckey and Virginia resolutions

claimed that each state had an equal right to judge whether a law was constitutional

specie

coined money, usually gold or silver, used to back paper money

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

Vietnam War

conflict began from French Indochina War from 1946-1954; Vietnam was a French colony & fought for freedom during this war; under power of Ho Chi Minh; country was then divided into Communist North (Viet Cong army) and US supported South; Tet Offensive in 1968 led to American deescalation under Johnson

Cuban Missile Crisis

confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over the presence of missile sites in Cuba

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Bronze Metallurgy

copper and tin combined to make Bronze, Shang completely controlled bronze production.

Independence in Latin America

countries declared independence in 1810-1811 including Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia; before the revolutions, most countries lived with caste system

Article of Confederation

created the first central government for the united states was replaced by the constitution; really was a league of sovereign states with no strong govt.

cultural diffusion

cultural beliefs and social activities are spread through different ethnicities, religions, nationalities

Dunhuang

definition: A Chinese city on the edge of Taklimaken desert; all silk road routes reached this point significance: Location of a prominent Buddhist monastery, promoted Buddhism

Accomplishments of the Greeks

democracy, scientific approach to medicine, famous playwrights , geometry, philosophy , outstanding literature and poetry, wrote the first histories, studied and classified plants, architecture--columns ,sculpture

Deltas

deposits of sand and soil at the mouth of a river form; soil is fertile and important to growing crops; ex. delta of Egypt's Nile River which produces cotton

Political and physical locations

determined by latitudes and longitudes which can pinpoint an exact location

deserts

dry areas receiving 10 inches or less of rainfall/ year; best known deserts include Arabian Desert, Sahara desert, Outback desert in Australia

William Howe

during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer.

Kingdom of Magadha

dynamic kingdom poised to fill the political vacuum; located in central portion of the Ganges plain

St. Augustine

early christian leader who writes the book City of God that instructs how Christians are to be

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

exiled religious leader of Iran returned to Iran and preached that the United States was the "Great Satan" behind the Shah

national security council paper number 68

expressed the views of foreign policy planners Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson that communism was a monolithic world movement directed from the Kremlin; it advocated "an immediate and large scale build up in our military and general strength of our allies with the intention of righting the power balance and in the hope that through means other than all out war we could induce a change in the nature of the Soviet system."

Hatch Act of 1887

extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

Commander Benedict Arnold

failed to seize Quebec in 1775. was an early American hero of the Revolutionary War (1775-83) who later became one of the most infamous traitors in U.S. history after he switched sides and fought for the British. ... The plot was discovered, but Arnold escaped to British lines.

Michael Jordan

famous basketball player from NY drafted from University of NC at Chapel Hill to the Chicago Bulls; became the most decorated player in the NBA with 5 regular season MVPs and 3 all star MVPs

Pontiac

famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)

philip of macedon

father of Alexander the Great; had three goals: to raise the economic and cultural level of his people, to united the Greek city states under Macedonian rule, and to lead a combined Greek/ Macedonian army against the Persian Empire

Red Scare

fear of communism

Textile production

first area to undergo major industrialization

Seneca Falls

first women's rights convention

United Nations

formed after WWII to encourage peace between nations; after failure of league of nations to prevent war; peacekeeping troops

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

fought for the advancement of colored people led by DuBois and Ida B. Wells

Sir George Calvert

founded the colony of Maryland as a refuge for Catholics; also known as Lord Baltimore

the kingdom of macedon

frontier state north of peninsular Greece with a population of cultivators and sheepherders recognized a king but had semiautonomous clans traded with Greek cities, whose society brought change to Macedon

Aristotle idea of govt

function was to provide welfare to the people; should not be in the interest of one individual; believed the good of many was more impt. than the good of a few

Emergency Banking Relief Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules; idea made famous first by Jean Jacques Rousseau and adopted by Locke (wrote Treatises of Govt) and Jefferson

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

1863 Proclamation of Amnesty

AKA: 10% plan A state could be readmitted to union if 10% of its voters swore a loyalty oath to Union and agreed to end slavery. Proposed by Lincoln, part of presidential reconstruction

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

Charles Sumner

Abolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South provoked a physical assault that severely injured him

Taft-Hartley Act

Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

Four coercive acts and their results

Acts meant to punish Massachusetts for define British authority. 1: shut down ports in Boston until city paid back for value of tea destroyed and tea party 2: local government officials in mass must be appointed by Governor rather than being elected by people 3: allowed trials of British soldiers to be transferred to Britain rather than being held in Massachusetts 4: acquired locals to provide lodging for British soldiers any time there was a disturbance.. even in their private homes. Acts lead to the assembly of the First Continental Congress. 55 delegates met representing 12 of the American colonies. Sought to compromise of England over England's harsh efforts to control colonies.

Cabinet

Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

europeanizing

growing economic stratification with extremes of wealth and poverty being more visible in the colonial society

Egyptian Imperialism

After expelling the Hyhsos, Egyptians sought to prevent new invasions by seizing control of regions that pose threats in the future

Five Pillars

Allah is only God 2) prayer to Mecca 3) Fasting during Ramadan 4) Zakat (charity) 5) The Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) This was simple but very effective

Molly Maguires

An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence

Funan

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Council of Trent

held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent), northern Italy, was an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church.

Hydraulic Society

An empire or social government that keeps power through controlling the access of the water surrounding that area to other empires

tsunami

huge ocean wave that can sweep over land and destroy everything

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Domino Theory

if 1 country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect

exclusionary rule

improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial

Shareholders

An investor who provides a company with money

Habeas Corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

President Carter

Attempted to bring peace between Israel and Egypt at Camp David; 1979 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan ; Iran Hostage Crisis b/c of new control of the government by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini; Khomeini hated US b/c US overthrew Mossadegh government in 1953; CIA trained the police force

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

James Otis Jr.

Boston Massachusetts lawyer, led the legal battle against illegal searches and seizures.

George Herman "Babe" Ruth

Boston Red Sox pitcher was sold to the New York Yankees in 1918 for $400,000. He belted out fifty-four home runs during the 1920 season, and fans flocked to see him play.

Niagra Movement/NAACP

Called for a vigorous activism including legal challenges to achieve political equality for blacks and full integration into American life

hannah dustan

Captured and brought back to Native village where she and a couple of other captives killed the Natives and escaped. Heralded for her bravery

Second Crusade (1147-1149)

Cause: Church urged people to renew battle. Muslims began recapturing crusader states around Jerusalem. Christians eventually lost Jerusalem Failure.

Artisan system of labor

in the first half of the 19th century, there was a decline in the skilled tasks, previously performed by artisans, were divided and subcontracted to less experienced laborers.

sequoyah

Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Walter O'Malley

Co-inventor, with James G. Mason, of the idea of a sport management curriculum. Also owner of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers from 1943 until his death in 1979.

European Exploration

Columbus sailed over in 1492 Went to the Caribbean islands Enslaved most of the people and killed many by murder and spread of disease Columbus became the first European to discover America; thought he was going to India

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

David Wilmot

Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories

Chola Kingdom

Controlled large portions of Southern India. Maintained control for 4 centuries. founder was Vijayalaya, who was first feudatory of the Pallavas of Kanchi. He captured Tanjore in 850 A.D. He established a temple of goddess Nishumbhasudini (Durga) there.

Bay of Pigs Fiasco

Cuban revolutionist were trained by CIA, sent to Cuba to overthrow gov't/rebel, all killed, looks horrible on Kennedy

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Norsemen

Descendants of earlier Vikings, established ports from Russia to Ireland; these ports linked Europe with the borders of the Islamic world.

steppes

Dry grasslands, rainfall is light

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Price Revolution

increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver

the early aryans

Entered india through kush mountains starting about 1500 BC - indo-europeans Pastoralists - Sheep, Goats, Cattle Horses were rare and valuable - had to be continously imported. Hitched to chariots Cattle used as currency

Sally Louisa Tompkins

Established a small hospital in Virginia that became a major army hospital

The Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Veneration of Ancestors

Family ancestors could bring good or evil fortune to the living members of the family.

daniel webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

John Mitchell

Famous United States labor leader, and was president of the United Mine Workers from 1898 to 1908. Helped incorporate ethnic workers into the UMW and got an 8 hour day and minimum wage for miners.

Song Taizu

First Song dynasty emperor who reigned from 960-976 CE. He focused his rule on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts rather than on military affairs. Inaugurated bureaucracy of merit.

Liu Bang

First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Cuneiform writing

First writing, created around 3000 B.C., created by the Sumerians, written with reed stylus,

the mochica state

Flourished in Andes north of Chavin culture in the Moche valley between 200 and 700 CEE; featured great clay brick temples; created military chiefdom supported by extensive irrigated agriculture

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

American Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Muhammad

Founder of Islamic religion, prophet of Allah, conquers Mecca

Comte de Vergennes

French foreign minister who persuaded King Louis XVI to help the American colonies. After Saratoga, he sought a formal alliance.

Maya ball game

Game in which Maya peoples used a hard rubber ball to propel through a ring without using their hands. Often used for ritual and ceremonial purposes.

Spartan Society

Gave women considerably more public freedom than Athens gave its women, including athletic training

General George Patton

General in the U. S. Army who helped lead the allies to victory in the battle of the bulge

Ambrose Burnside

General who replaced McClellan. He resigned his command voluntarily after his failure at the battle of Fredericksburg

Greeks in Bactria

Hellenistic colony at Ai Khanum in ancient Bactria after about 250 BCE the governors of Bactria withdrew from the Seleucid empire and established an independent Greek kingdom welcome Persian and central Asian deities along with the Greek gods

Lord Salisbury

His conservative ministry attempted to reconcile the Irish through public works and administrative reform. Did not work.

Saint Thomas Aquinas

His fame is based on his attempt to reconcile the knowledge learned through the Bible with knowledge learned through reason and experience. He also believed in the right to defy unjust laws.

Hiss-Chambers Affair

Hiss was accused of being a Communist spy, hiss was found guilty and sentenced to four years of prison

Iraq

Hussein persecuted Kurdish people; also religious conflict between Shiites and Sunnis

the gathas

Hymns or poems written by Zarathustra; considered to be the most authoritative expressions of the Zoroastrian religion.

Utopian Communities

Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles.

Birds of Passage

Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land

The Sack of Constantinople

In 1204, the crusaders attacked this capital city, ruining efforts to reconcile the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Roman Emperor

In Germany, King Otto of Saxony led the fight against the Magyar invasion, formed the basis for a German identity, and even earned the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Which gave him both religious and secular power.

Free Classes

In Persia, these consisted of priests, priestesses, artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and low-ranking civil servants

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Samuel J. Tilden

In the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes, but was defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes, when all of the electoral votes from the contested states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana went to Hayes. (p. 303)

Redemptioners

Indentured families or persons who received passage to the New World in exchange for a promise to work off their debt in America.

the gupta dynasty

Indian Empire (320 CE-550 CE) known for re-establishing Hinduism and for achievements in math and science.

Vardhamana Mahavira

Indian ascetic philosopher and the principal founder of Jainism

Emporia

Indian port cities that were involved in maritime trade in the Indian Ocean Basin.

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

Ancient Hebrews

Introduced monotheism (belief in one god) to the world.

Hinduism

Islamic armies destroyed Buddhist sites so, Hinduism benefited from dwindling Jainism and Buddhism. People began to choose favorite gods within the Hindu pantheon and devote themselves to the worship of them.

Israel religious conflicts

Israelis and Palestinians fight over religion and geography; both religions want Jerusalem; Arab conflict against Israel

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Enrico Fermi

Italian nuclear physicist (in the United States after 1939) who worked on artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment and who headed the group that in 1942 produced the first controlled nuclear reaction (1901-1954)

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)

Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore North American coast in 1498

Shinto/Samurai

Japanese adopted Chinese Confucian and Buddhist traditions bout continued to maintain their religion, Shinto.Pattern of split between the imperial authority and a separate agent of effective rule helps for longevity of Japan's imperial rule. Reliance on samurai to enforce authority an extend claims.

daimyo

Japanese lord

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Chan Buddhism

Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society

Mexica (Aztecs)

Known for kidnapping women and seizing lands already cultivated by other groups, always on the move, their neighbors grew tired of the disruptions.

Political economy

interrelationship between politics and economy

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

1963

MLK march on Washington "I have a dream"

Mahmud of Ghazni

Made 17 incursions into India to plunder and demolish its temples, more Buddhists disappeared. There were few Muslim converts from this.

Gunpowder

Made by the Chinese, spread by the Mongols through SW Asia into Europe. By the 13th century, Europeans were using gunpowder rockets that could blow holes in defensive walls.

James B. Duke

Made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South, he was a wealthy tobacco industrialist.

Joint Commitee on Reconstruction

Made up of radical republicans in effort to analyze post war violence. Congress tries to pass Acts but Johnson continues to veto them.

Aryan Gods

Many gods for different natural environmental factors such as fire, dawn, the sky and the sun

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Suez Canal Crisis

Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries

Mt. Athos

Monastery in northern Greece that has existed from the ninth century to the present.

Frank Norris

Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers

Conflict at Mecca

Muhammad's growing popularity led him to face conflict with elites at Mecca. The conflict was centered around religious disagreements. Muhammad insisted that Allah was the most divine power. Arabs believed in deities and spirits. The tensions were also personal disputes.

Seal of the Prophets

Muhammad's name for himself, signifying that he was the final prophet of Allah.

greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

Manitou

Native American belief that nature is alive, pulsating with spiritual power. Force that affected human life for both good and evil.

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Nomadic Society

Nobles and commoners; nobles were just charismatic leaders that didn't do much leading; only during times of war

hunter-gatherers

Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods; first societies to remain in one place

Jawboning

Non coercive encouragement of purchasing domestic goods and services (usually by governments).

Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley

is better known by her nickname "Molly Pitcher."She was known for the help she gave soldiers in the Revolutionary War.

The Period of the Two Kingdoms

On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south.

Justinian rules the Byzantine Empire Theodora, Procopius' Anecdota, The Church of Hagia Sophi

One famous Byzantine Emperor was Justinian I. Justinian ruled from AD 527 to 565. Justinian created a set of laws called the Justinian Code . This code said that the emperor made all of the laws and interpreted the laws as well.

Samoa

Pacific island that became a triple protectorate of the United States, Britain, and Germany

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Maya Religious Thought

Popol Vuh, humans made out of maize and water, sacrificial

Edwin Stanton

Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment

the city of teotihuacan

Population of 50,000, written records perished, sort of theocracy, priests essential to society

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

nonseparatists

Puritans who wished to reform the Anglican Church from within.

Prudence Crandall

Quaker, abolitionist teacher who began school for African American girls in Connecticut

The Persian Wars (500-479 B.C.E.)

Rebellion of Ionian Greeks Persian rulers failed to put down the rebellion, sparred for 150 years

Literature in 20th century

Reflected the struggle of the modern individual; finding meaning and looking for what humans are seeking ex. James Joyce, Kafka

the Pre-Classical Age

Relating to a time before a period regarded as classical, especially in music, literature, or ancient history.

Pale of Settlement

Restricted district that Jews in Russia were required to live in. Also known as 'The Pale.'

Bloodletting Rituals

Rituals practiced by Mayans with the belief that such sacrifices would please the gods who, in turn, would send rain to sustain agriculture.

Diocletian

Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Quok Walker

Runaway slave from MA who was caught and returned; sued for freedom and won.

laozi and daodejing

Sage in 6th century BCE; Daodejing- Classic of the Way and of Virtue; led to Zhuangzi after philosopher Zhuangzi

Zhou Literature

Several writings of the Zhou dynasty won recognition as works of high authority, and they exercised deep influence because they served as textbooks in Chinese schools. Some of the popular ones include the Book of Changes, which was a manual instructing diviners in the art of foretelling the future. Zhou ruling elites also placed emphasis on the Book of History, documents that justified the Zhou state and called for subjects to obey their overlords. Aristocrats learned polite behavior from the Book of Etiquette or the Book of Rites.

Sui Empire

Short-lived; Under this empire China was reunified and reestablished with Confucianism. They also built the Grand Canal and repaired the Great Wall. The Canal was economically beneficial, but was built with conscripted labor and through high taxes. Resentment rose.

Appeal of Jainism

Social implication: individual souls equally participated in ultimate reality Jains did not recognize social hierarchies based on varna or jati

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Watergate break-in

The 1972 illegal entry into the Democratic National Committee offices by participants in President Richard Nixon's reelection campaign.

Federal Emergency Relief Act

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today

ebenezer mackintosh

leader of Boston mob; right hand man to Sam Adams; responsible for ransacking Hutchinson's home but released bc of Loyal Nine.

Fedual manner broke and led to...

led to growth of cities; more trade in the Renaissance period (1500s); Protestant Reformation; led to power and control of Catholic church and became kings

William the Conqueror

The English consolidated their feudal estates into the centralized governments. England, William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxon King of England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings. First Norman king.

King Charles I

The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (1650s).

Renaissance

The Europeans experienced a cultural flowering that drew inspiration from the Romans and Greeks. Sophistication of urban life.

Hugh Capet

The French consolidated their feudal estates into the centralized governments of French Kings, Hugh formed a strong monarchy., King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996)

Seleucids

The Greek rulers of the eastern part of Alexander's empire. Their territory included Palestine.

Nomadic Empires

The Turks were a nomadic group of clans who spoke a similar language and roamed the regions of central Asia from China to Persia. They eventually dominated Persia, Anatolia, and India.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

blitzkrieg

lightning war, fast and surprise attacks; Hitler invaded Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Lux, Netherlands, France; put puppet government in France, France rebelled against Vichy government

The "Fall of Rome" Barbarian Invasions: Huns, Vandals, Visigoths

The Visigoths took over much of Western Europe and battled Rome constantly in the late 300's. ... Under the Vandal King Genseric, the Vandals sacked Rome in 455 AD and plundered the city for two weeks. Huns - The Huns were a nomadic warrior people who came from the east.

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

National Defense Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

streetcar suburbs

The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. Led to growth of suburbs.

national domain

The area controlled by the federal government, stretching from the western boundaries of existing states to the Mississippi River

Rendezvous System

The basis for the American fur-trapping industry, many traders ventured to the Rocky Mountains each summer to trade with fur-trappers and Indians for pelts in exchange for manufactured goods.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

declension

The change of endings in nouns and - to express their different relations of gender.

abu al-abbas

The chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab

marine climate

The climate of some coastal regions, with relatively warm winters and cool summers; Southern Chile, Western coast Canada, Pacific Northwest, Western Europe; Pacific Coast of Canad; have to be near water or surrounded by it

chivalry

The code of conduct expected of knights

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void in federal elections.

Hundred Years War

The continual clashes between the French and English

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

New Look

The defense policy of the Eisenhower administration that stepped up production of the hydrogen bomb and developed long-range bombing capabilities.

J. Edgar Hoover

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals.

Silla Dynasty

The dynasty in Korea that rallied to prevent Chinese domination in the seventh century CE.

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

Seleucid Empire

The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.

Sedition Act

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

The first Agricultural Revolution occurred about 10,000-7,000 years ago (8,000-5,000 BC) when people first began to domesticate plants and animals. This was a change from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer way of life. (First began to settle down) The Neolithic Revolution led to large-scale agricultural production and societal changes including permanent settlements, social classes, and the rise of civilizations. There were many technological advances as the need for tools and weapons increased. Calendars were invented to keep track of planting and harvest times.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

John Punch

The first known incident of an African becoming enslaved in the United States occurred in 1640 when this person ran away wit two white servants. After their capture, the white servants had their work time increased by five years, while the African became a "servant for life".

Large Policy

The foreign policy idea, adopted in the 1890s by people such as Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Whitelaw Reid, that the US should shift from continental to overseas expansion. These men thought that the US, as a great power, had a duty, a glorious mission, to spread civilization and promote order around the world.

Mencius

major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects.

Ashoka Maurya

The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan Empire to its height. Famously converted to Buddhism after the deadly Kalinga Wars

Eastern Hemisphere

The hemisphere east of the Prime Meridian to the International Date Line at 180 degrees longitude

american system of production

The high cost of labor led to the establishment of a system of mass production through the manufacture of interchangeable parts.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the American experience was different or unique from others, and therefore America had a unique or special role in the world, such as a "city upon a hill."

Civil Service Commission

The initial central personnel agency of the national government, created in 1883.

Montezuma II

The last Aztec emperor. Here he is on vacation at the beach, just days before being captured and killed by Cortés in 1520.

Deregulation

The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities.

the bhagavad gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

Subcastes and Jati

many subcastes in one varna. Get to top on brahmin to reach moksha. Follow dharma and have good karma to move up (gets harder as you progress) reincarnation = samsara

Operation Just Cause

The operation in which Marines were sent to Panama to apprehend Manuel Noriega, 1989.

Gang System

The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations.

The Babylonian Captivity

The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome. The phrase refers to the seventy years when the Hebrews were held captive in Babylon.

Judicial Review (Marbury v. Madison)

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional

executive privilege

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

Siddhartha Gautama

The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Dao

The proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the mandate of heaven.

16:1

The rate of silver to gold that silver would be worth according to advocates of the use of silver

Athenian Society

maritime trade brought prosperity to Attica, the region of Athens aristocratic landowners were the principal beneficiaries class tension intensified in the sixth century BCE

specific inventions and advancements in science

microscope first appeared in 1500s; electrical power in late 19th century; penicillin and antibiotics; theory of relativity--Einstein showed that time and space were relative to the observer; microchip in 1950 that helped make electronics smaller

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Legalist Doctrine

The state's strength was in agriculture and military force Discouraged commerce, education, and the arts Harnessing self-interest of the people for the needs of the state Called for harsh penalties even for minor infractions Advocated collective responsibility before the law Not popular among Chinese, but practical; put end to Period of Warring States

Cuban Missile Crisis

missile bases in Cuba from the Soviets; Kennedy quarantined Cuba and Khrushchev backed down

Darius

The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.

the monsoon system

The weather system that affected the sea trade routes in the Indian Ocean. Summer winds blew from the southwest. Winter winds blew from the northeast.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

This political party was formed by T. Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President W.H. Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Zimmerman Telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Treaty signed in 1972 by the United States and the Soviet Union to slow the nuclear arms race.

Vishnu and Shiva

Two important gods in the enormous Hindu pantheon. Vishnu was the preserver and Shiva, the destroyer.

exchange rate changes

US economy is international and income levels are affected by exchange rate changes; ex. if dollar is low; countries will buy more US exports than their domestic goods, this increases employment in US but decreases employment in other country

US expansionism

US expanded the navy after the expanded to the West & possessed Midway Island; Pres. Cleveland used the Monroe Doctrine to get more involved in Latin America; supported sugar planters who overthrew Kingdom of Hawaii before they annexed it

Submarine Warfare

Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain

Maya Writing

Using symbols to stand for pictures and sounds.

Indian Ocean Trade

Wealth generated financed the coastal city-states and interior kingdoms of E Africa. By 10CE, merchants began sustained interaction with the indigenous Bantu people. Formed new Swahili culture.

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constitution; explained the debates congress had; good marketing of the constitution

tort

a civil wrong

trust

a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition

viceroy

a governor of several countries or provinces who rules as the representative of a monarch

steppe

a great plain with few trees anywhere in southeastern Europe or Asia

Donner Party

a group of western travelers who went to California but were stranded in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during winter

Patrons of Husbandry

a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers.

Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment

a hope that Virginia slaves would break their chains and join with him in teaching their former masters that talk of liberty was a two edged sword

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Valleys

a low area between mountains or hills where streams and rivers often flow; ones with steep walls are canyons like Arizona's Grand Canyon

mestizo

a man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian.

Olmec Society

a preclassic Mesoamerican people who developed a major civilization in southern Mexico about 1000 BC; these people are noteworthy for having carved giant stone heads from basaltic rock, and like the Easter Islanders, transported the heads over considerable distances to be erected at ceremonial centers.

Frderick Douglas

most famous fugitive slave and black abolitionist

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Split in Europe of the Catholic church

new independent nation states; Pope is above national decisions--Pope crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of Holy Roman Empire

Lord Frederick North

new prime minister; urged parliament to repeal the townshend acts because their effect was to damage trade and to generate only a disappointing amount of revenue

Second Estate

nobility (knights= those who fought)

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

one of the earliest advanced civilizations in history, located in present day Pakistan (Indus River Valley)

James G. Burney

one of the many southerns who discovered it was hopeless work to work for slave emancipation in the South

the olympic games

one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

United Farm Workers

organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez

vertical climate

overall weather patterns of a region as influenced by elevation; higher the elevation, the colder the climate.

cave paintings

paintings on cave walls and ceilings, especially those dating from prehistoric times

Catholic Reformation

period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation

Commercial Revolution

period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism The catalyst for this expansion was Europe's discovery and colonization of the Americas. As trade routes grew between the New World colonies and Old World Europe, the European continent was transformed.

Hudson Highlands Strategy

plan in 1777 to send an army under John Burgoyne south from Canada through the Lake Champlain corridor

Progressive Party

political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

desertification

process where fertile land becomes desert because of the drought and deforestation

National System of Interstate and Defense Highways Act

provided the united states with the most extensive superhighway system

Restrictive Covenants

provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional

Gadsden Purchase

purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary

Counter-Reformation

reaction of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation

Shaysites

rebels who followed Daniel Shays in Shays Rebellion; rebel of debters who states weren't helping

Kosovo

region of Yugoslavia that had autonomy until Milosovic attempted to crush the Albanian group with ethnic cleansing; 1999 NATO used military strikes against Yugoslavia until the crisis came to an end in 1999

jurisprudence

relating to the legal system

monasticism

religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.

Accomplishments of Reconstruction

reunited union & established federal authority over states granting of amnesty to southerners who supported confederacy end of slavery and legal acknowledgement of citizenship

the kushan empire

ruled central asia to northern india, important in spreading budhism to chinese, took control of the trade route that connected india

function of govt in terms of political science

secure common welfare over the members that it controls

export

send goods to another country/state

Barracks Emperors

series of about 25 emperors over the course of 100 yrs; disunity caused by this period eventually leads to the downfall of Rome; called the barracks emperors because the person with the strongest army became the emperor

Asceticism

severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

shah of Iran overthrown by Muslim forces

the rise of the zhou

shang and zhou fight in 12th century. Zhou claims that shang ruler is corrupt. Towns transfer loyalties to Zhou. Zhou seizes capital after trying to discipline king.

geographic location importance

shapes domestic and foreign policy; explains factors of WWI and WWII

Scientific Revolution

shift of focus from belief to actual evidence

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

American Labor Party

socialist party in NY during great depression

Patriarchal Society

society in which men rule their families, and people trace their origins through male ancestors

Olaudah Equiano

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

kami

spirits or phenomena that are worshipped in the religion Shinto

qin centralization

standardized: laws, currencies, weights/measures, script; building of roads and bridges.

Separation of Powers

started with Hebrews that has separation of religion from the king and advisors

Landless States

states during the Confederation period that had firmly drawn boundaries on all sides

Landed States

states during the Confederation period that possessed grants whose western boundaries were not fixed

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Enlightenment

studies that led to advances in ethics and logic; Immanuel Kant wrote movement's famous essay "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment" with "Dare to Know"

economics

study of how society allocates resources to satisfy competing desires; fundamental idea of economics is that resources are scare and wants are infinite

Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

seppuku

suicide by cutting belly by a sword

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

shogun

supreme military commander of Japan

20th century music

symphony continued with greater dissonance and great experimentation in rhythm; opera changed too, Igor Stravinsky is known for violent rhythms and dissonance; Musical theater followed romanticism and American vaudeville; American pop music developed

powers delegated to federal govt

tax; borrow and coin money; postal service; patents; interstate and foreign commerce; declare war; armed forces; govern territories; foreign affairs

Both powers of federal and state

tax; borrow money; charter banks and corps; courts; make laws; take property; spend money for public welfare

Lord George Germain

the English leader chosen to lead the British troops from London, poor leader

Reformation

the European movement calling for reform within the Roman Catholic Church

Greek Deities

the Greeks recognized a number of gods that originally came out of elements such as sun,wind, and rain. They believed that the Earth was the creator of all things.

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

the hellenistic era

the age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world

amon and re

the ancient Egyptian god of the sun

nationalism

the belief that people should be loyal to their country, not just to their leader

Executive Branch

the branch of government that carries out laws/ President & VP

capital punishment

the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.

Geography

the study of the earth's physical and cultural features; includes animals, people, plants; 4 areas include location, spatial relations, regional characteristics, forces that change the earth; 4 categories regional, topical, physical, human, early geographers, Eratoshethenes who calculated circumference of Earth, Strabo, Ptolemy--mapping

scholasticism

the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities

trade barriers

to protect domestic labor; govt puts tariffs on foreign goods; leads consumers to buy more domestic goods & leads to higher levels of income and employment in domestic country

Five Pillars of Islam

true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

County

unit of local government; all states have them except Louisiana, Alaska, CT; known in Britain as "shire"

opportunity cost

value of sacrificed alternative b/c society has to make choices to support goods over other

New Humanists

value the moral qualities of art.

Increases in science/ tech

warfare led to more technology and innovation; biology and medicine led to decreased infant mortality and increased life expectancy; technology has changed the way of life; outsourcing; cell phones; internet keeps everyone connected

1963 March on Washington

was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march.

Woman's Army Corps

woman can volunteer for the army but would not receive the same rank, pay, or benefits as men doing the same jobs

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

worked to improve the education and lives of people who were hearing impaired

Tale of Genji

written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.

Constitution

written document that describes system and function of govt; completed on June 21, 1788; ratified from 9/13 states

Five battles of the Revolutionary war

1: Battle of Lexington and Concord is considered first engagement in revolutionary war 2: Battle of Bunker Hill one of the bloodiest battles of the war. American troops withdrew but half of the British army was lost. Colonists prove that they could stand against professional British soldiers. 3: first colonial victory occurred in Trenton New Jersey when Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware river on Christmas day 1776 for surprise attack on British and Hessian troops. 4: Battle of Saratoga ended a plan to separate the New England colonies from there southern counterparts. Surrender of British general John lead to France joining the war as allies of the Americans, and is considered the turning point in the war 5: October 19, 1781, General Cornwallis surrendered after defeat in the battle of Yorktown Virginia ending the revolutionary war

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

The First Punic War

264 B.C. - 241 B.C., Rome and Carthage fought over island of Sicily, was a naval war, Rome was losing because they did not have a good navy, Romans figured out how to board the Carthage ships and fight them there, Romans gained control of Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia (Islands)

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

The Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. Sparta

431-404 BCE was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases.

The Second Persian War

480-479, Persian Emperor Xerxes sent an expedition into Greece. Greek alliance (Sparta) met them at Thermopylae. Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. Athens formed Delian League

Maya decline

1.Many physical and human resources funneled into religious activities. 2. Warfare disrupted trade and produced economic hardship. 3. Population growth and over-farming may have damaged the environment, and led to food shortages, famine, and disease.

Crusades

1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade

Franklin Pierce

14th President

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Industrial Revolution

1700s-1800s Began in Great Britain as well; by by coal and steam; greatly advanced industry and led to major changes; life became centered around industry not agriculture; led to Age of Imperialism and Colonialism so Western nations could get the raw materials for their industry

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it. Plan to make an alliance between the French and the Iroquois Design based on what Benjamin Franklin came up with Once the delegates went back to their colonies, none of the legislatures passed the alliance

The Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Thomas Paine "Common Sense"

1776 Challenged the authority of the British government and the monarchy Written for the common people of America; not just officials and government leaders of the monarchy Asked for independence from Britain

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Arts and literature between 1700-1914Baroque

17th and 18th century across Europe; Baroque: strong diagonals, climax, insight, ornamental, light/ dark; Louis XIV Palace of Versailles, Bach; Shakespeare; Cervantes who wrote Don Quixote who everyone could read; classical symphony came from Italy; Humanitarianism which was social commentary and Neo-classicism=ideas of proportion, harmony, rationalism; Romanticism=sense of melancholoyh, love of nature, exotic, reaction against neo-classicism; emotionalism; impressionism

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.; idea that labor was entitled to the value it produced and could make surplus

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

1837) interest of community are above corporate rights case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles. land mexico gave up to US in treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848) CA, NV< UT, parts of AZ, NM, WY, and CO

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Black Codes

1865-1866 A group of laws passed in former confederate states right after Civil War. Were passed to limit rights of newly freed AA and continue white dominance in US

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

George Eastman

1888, lightweight Kodak camera that make photography an affordable pastime and history is documented in pictures

Mississippi Plan

1890 - In order to vote in Mississippi, citizens had to display the receipt which proved they had paid the poll tax and pass a literacy test by reading and interpreting a selection from the Constitution. Prevented blacks, who were generally poor and uneducated, from voting.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Indian New Deal

1930's legislation that gave Indians greater control of their own affairs and provided further funding for schools and hospitals.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Panic of1837

"Banks loaned too much money out for Western expansion and they began to fail one by one. Martin Van Buren tried to ""divorce"" the government from banking altogether. This idea was not highly supported but the Independent Treasury Bill passed congress in 1840. Although the Whigs repealed it the next year, the scheme was reenacted by the democrats in 1846."

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Little Rock Crisis

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Sagebrush Rebellion

1970's mobolized conservative opposition to envirmental laws and restrictions; members complained about the land the federal government owned in many western states.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Winfield Scott

"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War

Eighteenth Amendment

"Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States.

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

The Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. Required taxes to be collected on molasses brought in the colonies. Also gave British officials right to search homes of anyone suspecting to violate this

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Mexican War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

Second New Deal

(1935) a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Cuban Revolution

(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.

Rwanda

(1995) African nation that experienced genocide against its Tutsi population, carried out by Hutus.

Council of Nicaea

(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some theological disputes of the time.

plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

the peloponnesian war

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE); this dynasty was started by Tang Taizong, a scholar. The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. Fell to internal rebellion.

Tang Taizong

(627- 649) He reconquerored the northern and western land that China had since the decline of the Han Dynasty. He started the achievements of the Tang Dynasty.

Augustus

(63 BCE - 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE - 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.

Heian Japan

(794-1185 C.E.) local rulers on the island of Honshu recognized the emperor as Japan's supreme political authority, but, unlike China, Japanese emperors rarely ruled; they only acted as figure heads. Fujiwara family had the power. Two sections of rule: imperial house and ruling parties and factions. Culture of Heian was influenced by Chinese traditions.

Public Works Administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

millennium

(n.) a period of one thousand years; a period of great joy

First Intermediate Period in Egypt

- A time of chaos and poverty - Nile floods ceased (no fertile soil, droughts) - Treasury was bankrupt due to pyramid building - Civil wars broke out and invaders fought against weak throne - Not able to farm, can't buy food

Tomb of the First Emperor

- Died in 210BCE -Final resting place was a lavish tomb -Terra-cotta army -All these laborious works generated a lot of ill will against the Qin dynasty -Revolts began in the year after Qin Shihuangdi died - 207 BCE waves of rebels overwhelmed the Qin court Qin dynasty quickly dissolved in Chaos

Era ofGood Feeling (1820-24)

- period during the second term o f President James Monroe; Federalist Party had vanished; only one national political party (Democrat), a strong economy, little partisan strife in the country

Charlemagne

-1st sign of centralized authority -Head of "Holy Roman Empire" -W Europe + Byzantine = H.R.E.

Truman Doctrine

-American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War -Truman pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey

Navigation acts

-Attempt by Britain to dominate international trade - banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies and from transporting goods to Britain from elsewhere in Europe -Angered some colonist but American colonists as members of the British Empire were legally able to provide ships for Britain's growing trade interests and use the ships for their own trading ventures.... many colonist made fortunes in the shipbuilding trade

JFK

-Cuban Missile Crisis -assassinated

Independent Texas

-Danger of an independent territory during 1836-1845, because they could go to war with Mexico, Texas's previous owner, at any time.

the reign of Wang Mang

-In 6CE a two year old boy inherited the Han throne -Because the boy couldn't govern, Wang Mang, Han minister, served as his regent -Officials thought Wang Mang more capable than Han family so urged him to claim throne -He did in 9CE -Introduced series of reforms, historians called him the socialist emperor -Most important reform was land property: Limited the amount of land that a family could hold and broke up large estates -Despite good intentions, he executed his plan without enough preparation and communication -Result was confusion -After several years of chaos, Wang Mang faced additional misfortune of a bad harvest, sparked revolt against his rain -In 23CE, landlords and peasants ended his dynasty and life

city states/ nations

-emerged after invention of the plow that made farming easier; led to sufficient food and large city tates to emerged; in Mesopotamia and Sumer (Babylonia)--formed into bigger nations with armies including ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome; Greece city states united under Delian league; fall of Rome led to a halt in large empire for a while

Chinese Civil War

-fought between forces of the Republic of China and the Communist party of China -Chinese Communist won

LBJ & Great Society

-goal of the Democratic party under the leadership of LBJ -enact domestic programs to improve education, provide medical care for elderly, and eliminate poverty

Articles of Confederation

-precursor to the constitution -prevented the central government from gaining too much power, instead of giving power to a congressional body made up of delegates from all 13 states -without a strong central executive, this weak alliance proved ineffective. It needed to be revised which led to the drafting of the constitution.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

-president -came into power during the Great Depression on a promise to heal the country -prior to attack on Pearl Harbor, attempted to aid allies without declaring war

Churchill

-prime minister of the UK during most of WWII -opponent of Hitler -speeches boosted British morale

Judiciary Act

a 1789 law that created the structure of the Supreme Court and set up a system of district courts and circuit courts for the nation

judiciary act

a 1789 law that created the structure of the Supreme Court and set up a system of district courts and circuit courts for the nation; have all power of patent and copyright cases

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Anti-Masonic Party

a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party

cash crop

a crop grown mainly to sell, not for personal use

Indo-European languages

a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.

encomienda

a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a group of 28 countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of attack; founded in 1949

joint stock company

a group of investors who share both risk and profit

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) "Give me Liberty or Give me Death"

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

Nathaniel Bacon

a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land

National Child Labor Committee

a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor

millet

a religious community of non-muslims in the Ottoman Empire

Mission system

a way of living used by the Spanish in the Americas, in which settlements were designed to convert local Indians to Catholicism and make them into loyal Spanish subjects

skepticism

a willingness to question past beliefs and assumptions

the delian league

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

hangul

an alphabet using symbols to represent the sounds of the Korean language

Liudprand of Cremona

an ambassador whom Otto sent on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople in 968, insulted Byzantium and its emperor

Sargon of Akkad

an ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition.

interdict

an authoritative prohibition

billy yanks

blue uniforms worn by the Union soldiers

Hitler and beginning of WWII

broke peace treaties after WWI when he took power; built up armed forced; went into the Rhineland in 1936 and then Austria; seized control of Sudetenland (part of Western Czechoslovakia); European powers opted for appeasement because they wanted to avoid war; WWII began after Hitler invaded Poland

U2 spy plane

built in the 1950s to help watch the soviet union as a surveillance plane only

The Greenback Party of the 1870s

called for labor reform and democratization of the economy; advocated use of paper money

joint-stock trading companies

commercial expansion of the 16th and 17th centuries was made easier by new forms of commercial organization like this; individuals bought shares in companies and received dividends while board of directors ran company and made important decisions

Andrew Oliver

commissioned to administer the unpopular Stamp Act in Massachusetts. On August 14, he was hanged in effigy from Boston's Liberty Tree in a protest organized by the Loyal Nine, a precursor to the Sons of Liberty. That night his house in Boston was ransacked by an angry crowd. On August 17, he was compelled to publicly resign his commission. On December 17, the Sons of Liberty again forced him to publicly swear that he would never act as stamp distributor

Components of US economic system

consumer sector, business sector, govt sector; HHs earn incomes by selling factors of production on market, businesses hire them (inputs) and use them to produce outputs, HHs use incomes the purchase output of businesses; HHs save some income in banks; collective and organized labor works to maintain higher income for workers; government provides framework for functioning economy protecting consumers from when businesses aren't functioning properly

Causes of WWII

damages and dispair after WWI; inflation in Germany; aggressive states of Japan, Italy, Germany; Japan seized Manchuria in China; Italy invaded Ethiopia; Italy, Germany, Russia all played a role in Spanish Civil War; testing new war methods

Shankara

definition: southern India; tried to harmonize all the Hindu writings significance: matured Hinduism

the antigonid empire

definition: the area of Macedon and Greece, the smallest of the Hellenistic empires; cities such as Athens and Corinth flourished during the Hellenistic age and cities were overpopulated significance: center of Greece, most influential

Australian ballot

device originated in AUS for candidates for office; prepared and handled by public officials, secret, uniform in color, US used it before machines in 1892

Milton freedman theory

disagrees with Keynes; Friedman & Monetarists believe that money supply is the most important variable affecting level of eco. activity; when MV=PQ; M=money supply, V=velocity, P=price level, Q= # of transactions in the economy; increasing money supply leads to higher level of economic activity and the opposite; do not advocate use of fiscal/ monetary policy; believe that increase in govt spending leads to decrease in private sector spending & that expansionary policy will lead to inflation at a later time period

Muhammad Ali

famous boxer who discussed many issues on race, war, women, men, and America itself

The Battle of Actium

final battle between the forces of Octavian and those of Cleopatra and Marc Antony; resulted in final victory for Octavian; 31 BC

Agricultural Revolution

first in England; experimentation led to increased production of crops; developments were also helped by the agricultural revoltuion

Cincinnati Red Stockings

first professional baseball team

Shang Yang

founder of legalism, minister to the duke of qin

savanna

grassland with plants and trees that can resist drought

Teddy Roosevelt

idea of "speak softly and carry a big stick" which carried efforts in diplomacy & strong military; wanted to create Panama Canal

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

influential political theorist before French Rev, wrote The Social Contract (1762); he did not believe that people would naturally result to chaos; believed people were intuitively good

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

powers reserved to state

intrastate trade; local govt; general welfare; ratify amendments; conduct elections; make local and state laws

Mountains

landforms with steep slopes at least 2,000 feet above sea level; at least one range can be found on 6/7 continents; North America and Appalachian and Rocky Mountains; South America and the Andes; Asia and the Himalayas; Australia and the Great Dividing Range; Europe and the Alps; Africa has the Atlas, Ahaggar, Drakenburg Mts.

Basins

low areas drained by rivers or low spots in mountains

Foothills

low hills at the base of a mountain range

manorialism

name for the organization of the economy in the Middle Ages. describes how land was distributed and who profited from the land. A lord received a piece of land, usually from a higher nobleman, or from the king.

expansionary fiscal policy

not enough demand; govt lowers taxes/ increases govt spending

East India Company

private company granted a trade monopoly with the East Indies by Queen Elizabeth I

Walter Hines Page

pro-British ambassador to London that was convinced that the allies must win to save Europe and the world from German domination

95 Theses

propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written in Latin

demand

quantity of goods and services that people are willing to purchase at different rates over periods of time

Resumption Act of 1875

required the government to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to redeem all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879.

bushido

samurai code of loyalty and courage

Globalism/Globalization

seeing the world as a whole, single unit with several things in common and connections cutting across political borders, national identities and cultural differences. This concept represents the increasing integration of economics, communications and culture across national/State boundaries. A process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different States. It is driven by international trade and investment and is aided by information technology. States are becoming increasingly irrelevant.

Syncretic Faith

synchronized religions blended together; Buddhism, came to China, developed as a syncretic faith: a result of Confucian and Daoist traditions.

headrights

system in which settlers were granted land in exchange for settling in Virginia

conquistador

term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense

balance of trade

the difference in value between a country's imports and its exports over a period

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Book of Songs

the earliest collection of Chinese poetry; it provides glimpses of what life was like in the early Zhou Dynasty

Dominican Republic

the eastern two thirds of the Caribbean island of Santo Domingo

Northern Hemisphere/ Southern

the half of the earth north/ south of the equator

New Kingdom Egypt

the period 1550 BC-1050 BC where Egypt reached the height of its power and glory; King Ahmose key figure

movable type

the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document

Associationism

the theory that our understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with similar sensory experiences and perceptions

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

contractionary fiscal policy

too much demand; govt raises taxes/ lowers govt spending in Keynes framework; increase purchasing power of consumers by ensuring that goods do not get inflated too much

Yalta Conference & Potsdam Conference

took place between allied leaders--decided Germany would be divided into 4 occupation zones & Berlin too; VJ day happened after Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs were dropped--marked a change in war patterns and the ability to cause causalities from far away

Caesar is assassinated

was the result of a conspiracy by many Roman senators led by Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, and Marcus Junius Brutus. They stabbed Caesar (23 times) to death in a location adjacent to the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March 15 March 44 BC.

Nebuchadnezzar

A Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem,and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Leo Frank

A Jewish man charged with the murder of Mary Phagan. Originally sentenced to death but was later overturned by John Slaton (GA Governor) to life in prison. Tom Watson led a public outcry against Slaton. Leo Frank was taken out of his cell by a group of angry men and lynched. His case will lead to the rebirth of KKK in GA

The Great Famine

A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change.

literacy test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

hindu ethics

Achieve salvation through meeting caste responsibilities. Lead honorable lives in the world.

Emmet Till

African American teenager lynched in Mississippi after being falsely accused of flirting with a white woman

Harappan Decline

After 1900 B.C.E. ecological Degradation deforestation erosion, less rain and other environmental issues

National Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Inventors

Alexander Graham Bell (telephone) Samuel Morse (telegraph/morse code) Thomas Edison (phonograph/electric light) Henry Ford (assembly line/automobile industry) Eli Whitney (cotton gin)

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Expansion of Railroads

Allowed businesses to ship goods cross country cheaper, faster and more efficiently.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Along with John Marshall, he is often considered considered one of the greatest justices in Supreme Court history. His opinions and famous dissents in favor of individual liberties are still frequently quoted today. He argued that current necessity rather than precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed; that experience, not logic, should be the basis of law.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Mosinee's red may day

American Legionnaires disguised themselves as Soviet soldiers and staged a mock communist take over of their town

Elijah Lovejoy

American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Richard Allen

An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church

Roger B. Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Benjamin F. Tracy

As secretary of the Navy from 1889 to 1893, he advocated and oversaw the first stages of building battleships for the "new navy."

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Manichaean Ethics

Asceticism, Ethical standars The elect abstain from everything Hearers - Less devout. Provide food and gifts to sustain Elect

Nomads

Asian steppes are primarily high grasslands without rain, so they followed a nomadic life.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence

Moctezuma

Aztec Ruler, mistook Cortes to be god and welcomed him into the empire. Offered him gifts, but was killed nonetheless. Began series of military campaigns. The Mexica came to dominate most of Mesoamerica.

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Battle of Chaeronea

Battle near Thebes in 338 BCE where the Macedonians defeated the Greeks from the various Greek city-states and made them join an alliance against Persia.

Patriarchal

Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________

Bubonic Plague/Black Death

Began in SW China where it was picked up by fleas during transmission between rodents. Typically, the disease killed up to 70% of its victims. Massive population declines in both China and Europe, spread was helped by the security of the silk roads.

Lord Cornwallis

Best remembered as one of the leading British Generals in The American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered to de-facto end of war, as a bulk of British troops surrendered to him.

Marco Polo

Best-known traveler along the Eurasian route, there are many accurate depictions of life in the E with an emphasis on trade that sounded so attractive that other Europeans soon traveled the routes.

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

Sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

San Martin in Peru

Bolivar help; went with army to Lima

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Harsha

Brief period of centralization, a dynamic warrior who conquered the norther third of the sub-continent. He promoted tolerance of all faiths, became particularly well known for his benevolent acts. Never managed to completely control all the principalities of his empire so, after his assassination, the empire fell apart.

Al-Ghazali

Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama

John Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Thomas Hutchinson

British governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston Tea Party

Horatio Gates

Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17,1777 at the battle of Saratoga.

Cyril and Methodius

Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

George Whitefield

Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.

Conflict in Cambodia

Civil War between communists and non-communists which the Khmer Rouge won in 1975; major atrocities under Pol Pot; Vietnamese invaded and installed puppet government; 1993 Cambodia's monarchy was reestablished by the UN

Investiture Content Controversy

Clashes between church and state came to a head when Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV for attempting to name the bishops in his own regions.

marquis of queensberry rules

Codes generally accepted for the game of Boxing

Bantu

Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and the people that speak these languages

Wladyslaw Gomulka

Communist leader who attempted to make Poland less dependent on the Soviet Union

Quran

Compilation of revelations that Muhammad received, Authoritative foundation for Muslim doctrine and social organization -Hadith- Muhammad's own sayings -Sharia- Islamic law -Hadith + Sharia = Better understanding of Islam teachings.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

William H. Seward

Congressman of the "Young Guard" who fiercely opposed slavery and argued that Americans should follow a "higher law" (God's law) over the Constitution when it came to the issue of slavery.

Redeemer Governments

Conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction

navigation system

Consistently places links that allow the site users to easily access documents and web pages (external & internal) as well as target links within the same webpage.

separation of power

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

dollar voting

Consumers, in effect, voting for the goods and services that they want with their dollars

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall)

Daring Confederate General and brilliant tactician, who routinely took men on long marches to out-flank Union lines

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Political parties 1820s

Democratic Republicans vs. Whigs; Whigs = strong national growth; Democratic Party; slower growth and more farmer oriented for

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Russian Revolution 1905

Demonstration on Winter Palace; palace guard opened fire on the crowd; revolution involved strikes which led Nicholas II to sign October Manifesto creating constitutional monarchy

Plantation Legend

Described the South as a land of aristocratic planters, beautiful southern belles, poor white trash, faithful household slaves, and superstitious field hands.

Frederick Law Olmsted

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement

Dredd Scott Decision

Determined that slaves were property and could not become free by moving to a free state or territory

Black Muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

Rebates

Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Origins of US govt: Athenian Democracy

Direct form of democracy, with every male citizen above the age of twenty being able to vote in the legislative assembly.

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

Doctrine of Wuwei

Disengagement from competition; simple living; little government; isolationist; mocked superficiality

Principles of DoI, Constitution, Federalist Papers

DoI; 1776: Jefferson applied Locke's principles; said that King George III violated their rights as British subjects; stressed that individual rights are more important than the state and the govt should work for the people; was well written both to say grievance & convince colonists why they deserve freedom-- "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"

Oil Crisis

Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

Mill Towns

Established by factory owners to supply necessary goods and services for their workers, these towns often caused employees to become very dependent on the mills.

Indian Peace Commission

Established in 1867 to end the Indian wars in the West, the commission's solution was to contain the Indians in a system of reservations.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Iron metallurgy

Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper

Northern Confederacy

Extreme Federalists (Essex Junto) thought only recourse for NE was to secede from the Union and form "northern confederacy". For any hope, it would have to include NY and NJ as well, but Alexander Hamilton refused. Turned to Aaron Burr, who dueled Hamilton.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Cordell Hull

FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Differences between French/ American Revolution

French people were poor & starving; British were angry about taxation and government control; American revolution was bloodier and longer; American ended in representative government; French rev. ended in consulship, generalship, then and emperor; both are turning points throughout history

Freedom of Information Act

Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets; increases accountability of bureaucracy

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Sappho

Greek poet, she was one of the most famous lyric poets of Greece.

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Francis Fukuyama

He is best known for his book The End of History and the Last Man (1992), which argued that the worldwide spread of liberal democracies may signal the end point of humanity's sociocultural evolution and become the final form of human government.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. -was seeking to sea route to Asia -funded by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain

James B. Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Daniel Shays

Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

Oliver O. Howard

Head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency for free blacks. Later founded and served as President of Howard University in Washington D.C.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

1600s parliament Eng.

House of Lords/ House of Commons; House of Commons was elected into office; parliament limited power of the kind

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management

In 1911, this work was published to describe that the application of the scientific method to the management of workers could improve productivity.

Han Imperial Expansion

Invasions of Vietnam, Korea Constant attacks from Xiongnu Nomads from central Asia Horsemen Brutal ruler Modu (210-174 B.C.E.), had soldiers murder his wife, father Xiongnu briefly dominated by Han Wudi

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone

The Rise of the Medieval Papacy Cathedrals, Chivalry

It covers the time from the fall of the Roman Empire to the rise of the Ottoman Empire. This was a time of castles and peasants, guilds and monasteries, cathedrals and crusades.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

Emancipation proclamation

Jan 1 1863 Issued after union victory @ Antietam Free all slaves in areas of rebellion (i.e. seceded states) Prevented foreign intervention in war bc no country would intervene to save slavery military tactic. Lincoln had no authority to ban slavery in Union w/o amendment to constitution

Pearl Harbor

Japanese bombing

Nara Japan

Japanese period (710-794) centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence.

samurai

Japanese warrior

Strict Constitution

Jefferson and his states' right disciples believed the Constitution should be interpreted "literally" or "strictly". The reason why was to protect individual rights. Jefferson did not want the Bank of the United States, Hamilton thought it would not only be proper, but also necessary. Jefferson thought it was up to the states and Hamilton thought it was up to Congress. The Bank was created by Congress in 1791. Having a strong central government made people fear that their rights would be taken away from them.

Henry Grady

Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. He planned Atlanta's International Cotton Exposition

Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Failures of reconstruction

KKK, Black Codes, Radical Republicans had too much power, Weak Presidents, ineffective government, Freedmen's Bureau ended, racism, Lincoln died, expensive

charles ii

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Maya Warfare

Kingdoms were constantly at war Didn't kill enemies, captured them in hand to hand combat and took over ceremonial centers Most captives become slaves or sacrifices

Terence Powderly

Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)

Korean War 1950-1953

Korea was under Japanese control from 1895-1945; after WWII Soviet troops moved into N. Korea and US troops moved into S. Korea; US removed troops and the North attempted to invade the South; first war where world organization played a major role; 3 year war which led to an armistice agreement

Yellow Turban Uprising

Large revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. Driven by the need for slaves in Portugal

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

reform darwinist

Lester Frank Ward. Humans can shape the future. Cooperation not competition.

Southern Agrarians

Literary movement that included writers such as Robert Penn Warren (All the Kings Men, based upon the life of Huey Long), John Crowe Ransom, and Allen Tate (both men contributed to "I'll Take My Stand, a book of essays opposing the industrialization of the agrarian South). The movement was a critique of industrialization and the society it created; instead it endorsed the traditional Southern non-industrial, agrarian way of life.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. Misleading name, as it neither was holy, Roman, nor an empire.

Tories vs. Whigs

Loyalists were called Tories, Patriots were called Whigs

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a region

Port Huron Statement

Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

Battle of Manila Bay

Marked the end of the wooden navy, when the more powerful American Steel Navy destroys the entire Spanish Wooden Navy in one single battle.

Reasons for the electoral college

Masses not educated enough 2) Gives small states disproportionate voting power which protects them from larger states if they stack their votes 3) Forces candidates to campaign in ALL STATES esp swing states 4) WInner Take All System - gives minority groups tremendous influence 5) Democratic on a state by state basis

natural resources

Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

Battle of Vicksburg

May 1863: General Ulysses Grant begins campaign to seize Vicksburg, MS. Vicksburg is a fortified city. Union traps confederates in city's fortified defenses and lays siege. Residents of town forces to hide in caves; food supplies dwindle, people starve and resort to eating horses and rats. Pembertan, commander of Confederates, surrenders July 4, 1863. Union victory gave union control of MS. Lincoln said winning this battle is "key to winning the civil war"

Public Virtue

Meant, to the revolutionary generation, patriotism and the willingness of a free and independent people to subordinate their interests to the common good and even to die for their country

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Tenochtitlan

Mexica settled and founded thier capital city, Tenochtitlan. Offered ample water and abundant wildlife, allowed the Mexica to develop a productive system of ag based floating gardens.Could produce up to 7 crops a year.

Friedrich von Steuben

Military officer from Germany who trained American soldiers during the American Revolution.

Special Field Order 15

Military orders issued by General Sherman on January 16, 1865, that confiscated land along the Atlantic Coast in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida to be settled by freed slaves and blacks. The order was revoked by Andrew Johnson later that year.

Charles Francis Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

New Lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, slavery prohibited above 36'30" parallel

Moses and Monotheism

Moses believed that there was only one god named Yaweh and all other gods were just figments of their imaginations

John L. Sullivan

Most famous athlete of the 19th century, who was a heavyweight boxer.

Harun al-Rashid

Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession

First Crusade (1096-1099)

Most successful; two groups. First was the unskilled peasants. They slaughtered non-Christians, including entire Jewish communities on the way to the Holy Land. When they arrived, they were quickly defeated by the Turks. The second was trained knights. They were better prepared but not necessarily well prepared. They reached the Holy Land in 3 years and won.

Jane McCrea

Murdered brutally by member of an Indian tribe allied with the British, just prior to the battle of Saratoga

Mithraism

Mystery religion based on worship of the sun god Mithras; it became popular among the Romans because of its promise of salvation.

Beginning of Vietnam War

N. Vietnam began battling S. Vietnam; JFK sent military advisers and escalated with Johnson as president; during Nixon's presidency US signed peace treaty

Paleolithic settlements

Natufians in eastern Mediterranean Jomon in central Japan Chinook in Pacific northwest area of North America

The Fall of Jerusalem to Nebuchadnezzar's army

Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah and began a siege of Jerusalem in December 589 BC. ... After the fall of Jerusalem, the Babylonian general, Nebuzaraddan, was sent to complete its destruction.

Lizzie Borden

New England spinster who was tried for the brutal axe murder of her father and stepmother in the late 19th century. She was acquitted but remained a notorious figure.-1892

William Paterson

New Jersey representative at the constitutional convention who presented the New Jersey Plan, which gave equal representation to states regardless of size or population

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Famous scientists of the scientific revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish) discovered that the sun was in the center of the solar system; Dane Tycho Brahe cataloged observations of the night sky; German Johannes Kepler discovered planetary movement; Italian Galileo Gallilel defended heliocentric idea; church still had power over these ideas

the kingdom of rome

On Tiber River, monarchy, easy access to Mediterranean but not on coast, Etruscan Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE -Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Radical revolutionaries

Opposed the Monarchy of France and wanted sweeping changes in the way government was run. Sat on left side of the assembly which coined the term "left wing" for liberals

iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

Teutonic Knights

Order of knights devoted to Christianity and to fighting Muslims and pagans. Most active in Baltic region where they fought Slavs.

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

Cult of Osiris

Osiris becomes associated with the Nile, crops, mortality, and immortality after his wife, Isis, gathers his fallen body and allows the gods to restore him to life in the underworld.

Venus figurines

Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance

Manuel Noriega

Panama leader who was overthrown in a 1989 US invasion; Tried and imprisoned for drug trafficking

double jeopardy clause

Part of the Fifth Amendment that protects individuals from being tried twice for the same offense in the same jurisdiction.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Missionaries

Proved to be the primary means of Islamic conversion along the trade routes. Their tolerant attitude and fervent devotion impressed foreigners.

Philippine Islands

Purchased by the U.S. as a result of the Spanish American War. The Filipinos wanted self-rule so they fought a 3 year revolution to try to keep the US from taking over. Filipino Emilio Aguinaldo led the rebels.

The Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions

Pushed through at a Virginia assembly by Patrick Henry in 1765. Approved for denouncing the Stamp Act and stating "no taxation without representation."

US electoral system

Recall; voters can recall candidates; need many signature

Types of maps

Relief maps--show land elevation, and Thematic maps--have a topic such as climate, economy, population density

George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)

Republican Major Items: • Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) • Revolutions in Europe (1989) • Savings & Loan Scandal (1990) • Invasion of Panama (1990) • Gulf War (1991) • Fall of the Soviet Union (1991)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Pater familias "father of the family"

Roman term- gave the eldest male (head of family) almost unlimited authority

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white man so she was arrested and fined

John Murray

Scottish Canadian naturalist and one of the founders of oceanography. Worked with Wyville Thomson aboard the HMS Challenger. Focuses of interests were ocean basins, deep-sea deposits, and coral-reef formation.

executive order 9835

Signed by Harry Truman in 1947 to establish a loyalty program requiring federal employees to sign loyalty oaths and undergo security checks

British Bill of Rights 1686

Signed by William and Mary in 1686. It limited royal power; spelled out rights given to citizens; took place during the Glorious Revolution; William & Mary became joint sovereignts; similar to American Bill of Rights

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Six senators and nine representatives drafted the 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts. The purpose of the committee was to set the pace of Reconstruction. Most were radical Republicans.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Military Reconstruction Act 1867

South divided into 5 military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify 14th amendment Readmission: 1. Enact a new constitution to be approved by congress 2. guarantee AA men the right to vote 3. ratify 14th amendment

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Great Schism of East and West

Split the church into the Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic churches in 1054.

the hijra

The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam

49th parallel

The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

Estates General

The assembly that advised the king of France

Ramanuja

The twelfth-century devotee of Vishnu, who believed that personal devotion and personal union with the deity was more important than an intellectual understanding of ultimate reality, was?

Sumer

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.

Bartolomeu Dias

Their efforts to find a sea lane to India proved successful when Dias found his way around the Cape of Good Hope.

Laissez-faire economics

Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.

Randolph Bourne

This man was a "cultural pluralist" along with Horace Kallen. He opposed the idea of immigration restriction. He, in fact, believed in cosmopolitan interchange which was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality." In this view the U.S. should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age. (pgs. 724-725)

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais

Through his play, "The Marriage of Figaro", ______________________ questioned the social structure of France.

the Second Intermediate Period

Time when Hyksos overthrew Middle Kingdom and introduced horses and chariots to Egypt

Specialization of Labor

To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker

Ping Pong Diplomacy

US and China exchange ping-pong players, 1971, US ping-pong team was invited to all expense paid exhibition trip to China to compete, normally Americans weren't allowed into China because of Communism, leads to Nixon and Mao Zedong becoming friends

Climate Four Seasons

US, northern China, parts of Canada, parts of Russia, humid climate

William Henry Seward

United States politician who as secretary of state in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (known at the time as Seward's Folly) (1801-1872)

Byzantine Education

Valued education, boys studied religion, medicine, law and math. Some wealthy hired tutors. Many wrote about religion and wrote about lives of saints and passed on ancient writings of Greeks and Romans to preserve their history.

Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise

Virginia Plan: representation in Congress should be based on State population New Jersey Plan: Each state should have equal representation Great Compromise: Each state has the equal representation of two senators in the senate, with the # of representatives in the house of reps based on population.

The First Virginia Constitution

Virginia signed its first constitution in 1776 upon the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Since that time, there have been frequent amendments and six major revisions to the constitution: 1830, 1851, 1864, 1870, 1902, and 1971.

2004

War in Iraq

Western Hemisphere

West of the Prime Meridian and west to the international date line

Early Sudanic Agriculture

Western Sudan -9000BCE domesticated cattle,collected wild grains(nomadic) -7500BCE permanent settlements,culitvated sorghum Eastern Sudan -8000BCE Nile and Congo River Valley culitvated yams 7000BCE sheep & goats 6500BCE gourd, watermelon & cotton

marshes and swamps

Wet lowlands providing growth of such plants as rushes and reeds.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Major General John J. Pershing

Wilson's choice to lead the American Expeditionary Force

Results of WWI domestically

Woman and blacks join the labor force in great numbers while white men fight the war Great African American Migration as 10% of Black Southeners relocate to Northern cities due to labor shortage and cotton crop destruction Women granted the right to vote in 1920 (19th Amendment)

Eliza Lucas

Woman who introduced indigo as a successful plantation crop after her father sent her to supervise his South Carolina plantations

US role in WWI

Woodrow Wilson wanted America to remain neutral throughout the war. This allowed the US to trade safely with all nations at war

Missionary Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson's policy contingent on the belief that it was America's responsibility and destiny to spread its institutions and values to the far corners of the globe

Margret Brent

Worked for 7 years (even on Sundays) after contract, she bought 1,000 acres of land

The Currency Act

1764 British act forbidding the American colonies to issue paper money as legal tender; act was repealed in 1773 by the British as an effort to ease tensions between themselves and the colonies.

The Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Federalist Party

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans.

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Quasi War with France

Adams was angry as a result of XYZ affair a trade was cutt off with French treaties of 1778 were repudited and impressment of French sailors was ordered; 1798 - Navy was being funded - captured 35 French ships; Britain - ally; Finally France reconciled and new treaty allied with French; undeclared war

The Early Phoenicians

After 3000 BCE, the Phoenician ancestors migrated to the Mediterranean coast and built their first settlements.

Immediate Emancipation

the belief in the instant abolition of slaves; supported strongly by people like William Lloyd Garrison (considered more extreme)

monotheism

the belief that there is only one god

Shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Legislative Branch

the branch of government that makes the laws; bicameral

Gracchi Brothers

the brothers who tried to pass reforms in the Roman senate; they were killed instead

Justinian Code

the codification of Roman law ordered early in the 6th century AD by Justinian I

Third Estate

the commons

roman law

this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people

Assyrian Empire

this empire covered much of what is now mesopotamia, syria, palestine, egypt, and anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eigth centuries BCE

The Epic off Gilgamesh

this epic explored themes of friendship, relations between humans and the gods, and especially the meaning of life and death

nuclear energy

thought of a cheap and clear until fell into issues with high profile nuclear plants

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Religious Values

An ethical system based on spiritual truth and the principles of loving God and loving one's neighbor.

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor that spread rapidly after 1879, when charismatic Frances Willard became its leader. Advocating suffrage and a host of reform activities, it launched tens of thousands of women into public life and was the first nationwide organization to identify and condemn domestic violence.

Toltecs

Ancient civilization of Mexico. The Toltec formed a warrior aristocracy that gained ascendancy after the fall of Teotihuacán. Emerged as the dominant culture in much of central Mexico.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Half-Breeds

Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.

Cautious Revolutionaries

Feared what masses of people would do without government restraints; believed only the well educated and wealthy individuals could run the government.

War Refugee Board

Federal agency created in 1944 to try to help people threatened with murder by the Nazis

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Federal agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing.

Samuel Chase

Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate

Judith Sargent Murray

Female rights activist following the revolution who argued that the brain is not a sex organ. She wrote "On the Equality of Sexes".

Confederate Strategy

Fight a defensive war and tire the north out and make them want to give up. The south was also hoping to get assistance from European Nations, such as France and Great Britain the relied on the import of cotton from the Southern States.

Kefauver Crime Committee

Final report contained many inaccuracies about how OC operated.

Homer and the Age of Greek Epic The Iliad and The Odyssey, Agamemnon

The Iliad is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles.

sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.

General Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Buddhist Doctrine: The Dharma

The Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path are the way to end suffering Suffering is caused by desire Religious goal: personal salvation, or nirvana, a state of perfect spiritual independence

The Fall of Troy

The Greeks eventually reached the palace and killed all of the trojans but 1 and their surprise attack gave them the upperhand.

the ptolemaic empire

The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.

The Carolingians and the Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire (Latin : Sacrum Imperium Romanum ; German : Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Sumerian Kings

would remain in power with the help of the priests if they respected priests' rights and powers, hired workers to build new canals, temples, and roads, and served as the city's chief lawmaker and judge

Yangshao Society and Banpo Village

Yangshao society; flourished from 5000-3000 BCE in the middle region of the Yellow River Valley. Well-known for the discovery in 1952 of a neolithic village at Banpo, near modern Xi'an. Found painted pottery and bone tools used by early cultivators in the 6th and 5th millenia BCE.

Ulysses S Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

oprichniki

The six thousand political police, also the secret police organization to the corresponding period of Russian history, and to the territory in which, during that period, the Tsar ruled directly and in which his oprichniki operated

alexander of macedon

The son of King Philip who inherited all of his father's army. A very powerful and successful leader. He and his army conquered all of Persia and into India. He neglected to appoint a successor so all his conquered land was split up and distributed.

Slave labor

The sugar plantations that were organized on Mediterranean islands require slave labor which increased the demand for Muslim war captives and black Africans.

common law

The traditional body of law in England that blends English and Norman elements

European imperialism

need to raw materials to fuel the industrial revolution; colonial areas would purchase finished goods; used Africa and claimed they were civilizing them and spreading religion during 19th century; US had territorial expansion in the US; imperialism came with national pride

Reasons for the fall of Roman Empire

no orderly way to select an emperor: military leaders chosen not often fit to govern, murder and intrigue often resulted, high taxes to support large military, small farmers couldn't compete with large farmers who used slaves, poor farming methods meant low food production, diseases killed large numbers of the populace

Distortion of maps

not perfect representations; projection= putting Earth on a flat surface; cynlindrical (uses cylinder) projections; conical projections (uses cone); flat plane projections

Brazilian independence

1807 royal family fled Napoleon and went to Brazil, Queen Maria's son Joao opened up trade and gave Brazil good tax rates; Brazil then ruled with Portugal but Brazil rebelled against Joao ; Joao's son Pedro had trouble controlling Brazil; he was called a rebel too; Brazil got independence and he became the first emperor

Texas Annexation

1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Kansas Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Military Reconstruction Act

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Robert Yerkes

187601956; Field: intelligence, comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps, Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890 *Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity, but this plan frightened white settlers *The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was organizing a rebellion, and acting on the settlers' fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief *In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and the others were killed *The remainder of the tribe fled to a camp near Wounded Knee Creek *When the army reached this camp, a shot was fired, and in reaction, the army killed two hundred men, women, and children in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Revenue Act

1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Elvis Presley

1950s; a symbol of the rock-and-roll movement of the 50s when teenagers began to form their own subculture, dismaying to conservative parents; created a youth culture that ridiculed phony and pretentious middle-class Americans, celebrated uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity; foreshadowed the coming counterculture of the 1960s

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Hungarian Revolution

1956. Led by students and workers, installed Liberal Communist Imre Nagy. Forced soviet soldiers to leave and promised free election, renounced Hungary's military alliance with Moscow. Revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Panama Canal Treaty

1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Abraham leaves Ur and heads for the land of Palestine

2000 BC

James Garfield

20th President

Second Punic War

218 B.C. - 202 B.C., Hannibal decides to attack Rome, Sneaks through Gaul with 60,000 troops and 60 Elephants, Wreaks havoc in Rome for 15 years, Roman general named Scipio attacked Carthage making Hannibal come back to Carthage

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

First Persian War

490, Emperor Darius sent fleet across Aegean sea to punish Athens, Battle of Marathon occurred- causing Persians to leave

Medieval Period

500-1000 CE, W Europe developed an ag economy with a decentralized political order. Roman Catholic church emerged as the dominant source of cultural authority.

Bare Knuckle Boxing

60 rounds to the death, low class fighters yankees vs southerners, police wouldn't let matches happen in the city.

Tributary Relationships

A relationship between two countries where one gives gifts to another in exchange for protection. Gifts from lesser states would regularly present gifts to Chinese court and perform the kowtow ritual as tokens of their subordination. In return they received confirmation of their authority and gifts. Facilitates Trade.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

Homo sapiens

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

Han Feizi

A student of the Confucian scholar Xunzi, a systematic Legalist theorist. Served as an advisor at the Qin court, but fell to ambitious men who made him take poison.

Task System

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations.

Caliphs

"Deputy", head of state, religious leader, chief juror, and commander of military. Expansion even without actual successor -First 4 caliphs had intense rivalries -Abbasid Dynasty-took control of Caliph

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

Homo erectus

"Upright man" these hominids became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping and cutting. They also became the first hominids to migrate from Africa. Also were the first to use fire.

Australopithecus

"southern ape"; appeared in Africa 4-5 million years ago; stood upright and walked on 2 legs; brain was only 1/3 the size of our brains today

The Third Crusade

(1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt.

magna carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

First Era of Globalization

(1400-1800) initially driven by countries seeking materials and goods not available in their own land; After Napoleon's defeat

Guru Kabir

(1440-1518) a blind weaver, who was one of the most famous bhakti teachers, went so far to teach that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of single, universal deity.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."; believed that leaders should follow rules that keep them in power

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

The Townshend Act

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa 1: colonies send ships for Africa carrying rum 2: Africa trades rum for gold or slaves... these go to the west Indies for sugar molasses or money 3: ships return to colonies with sugar and molasses to make more rum as well as stores of gold and silver

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

pocket veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Loose Interpretation

A way of INTERPRETING the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to take actions THAT the Constitution doesn't forbid it from taking.

dictatorship

A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority; could be oligarchy too

electric trolleys

A form of mass transportation used in urban area. This allowed workers to live in the less crowded suburbs, but worker and shop in the central city. Contributed to urban sprawl.

Monasticism

A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith.

Henry Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Grand Jury

A group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a crime; described in the constitution; 12-24 ppl

Taliban

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Essenes

A group of pious, ultraconservative Jews who left the Temple of Jerusalem and began a community by the Dead Sea, known as Qumran.

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Miranda Rights

A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them, pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

The Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Tories

A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832

Nationalists

A member of a political group advocating or fighting for national independence, a strong national government, etc.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

manifest destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

fertility cults

A pagan religious system of some agricultural societies in which seasonal rites are performed with the aim of ensuring good harvests and the future well-being of the community.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Storyville

A part of New Orleans in the early part of the twentieth century which contained bars, nightclubs, and brothels that hired jazz musicians to provide entertainment and dance music.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

the vedic age

A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth.

the pax romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

William Byrd II

A planter, slave-owner and author from Charles City County, Virginia. He is considered the founder of Richmond, Virginia

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.

Paternalism

A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Authoritarianism

A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.; ex. China; other political parties are discouraged and repressed

democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them (representative/ republican/ "democracy in republic" vs. direct)

Caesaropapism

A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Cult of Isis

A popular Roman religion of salvation in which an afterlife was promised to followers.

Sparta

A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.

State of Chu

A powerful state that emerged during the late Zhou in the central region of the Yangzi River; governed its affairs autonomously and challenged the Zhou for supremacy.

Mummification

A process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Hammurabi's Law Code

A proclamation issued by Babylonian king Hammurabi to establish laws regulating many aspects of life.

Vietnam

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Hubert Humphrey

A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's vice-president from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968.

Department of Homeland Security

A proposal by President Bush in 2002 which would consolidate 22 federal agencies and nearly 170,000 federal employees

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Neutrality

A refusal to take part in a war between other nations

The Indo-European Homeland

A region located in modern day Ukraine and South Russia. It was home to the beginning of the Indo-European languages

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Ancient Rome

Accomplishments of the Romans -set of laws that became basis of many Western legal systems, building projects (roads, bridges, aqueducts), life-like sculptures (a first in ancient times), her language (Latin) became base of modern languages, Roman numerals, created a vast empire and created peace

Rome conquers the Mediterranean world

According to the traditional date, Rome was founded in 753 B.C.E. ... By 270 B.C.E., Rome had finally conquered the Greek colonies in the south of Italy, including the wealthy and powerful city of Tarentum. Once most of Italy was under Roman control, the Romans began military exploits beyond their borders.

The Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Indian Removal

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

War Labor Board

Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

George Washington

elected commander in chief in 1775

athens

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

Switzerland and Israel

lessen geographic pressure; Israel has strong army & Switzerland maintained neutrality

Middle East Wars

similar economies; many differences; Iran vs. Iraq in 1980s and Iraq invaded Kuwait in the late 1990s

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

climate

Overall weather in an area over a long period of time

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Old Kingdom

(2575 BCE - 2134 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by the building of the Great Pyramids at Giza.

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings. Peasant revolts due to increasing number of bureaucrats, fell to Mongols, bad military.

Middle ages

(Following the Roman Empire) Art in the Middle Ages/Dark Ages/Medieval Ages was focused on religious themes. The Catholic Church was the center of everything. 400AD-1400AD, Crusades: battles between monks and christians, Muslums and Christians fought for power eventually, positive outcomes- developed new trade routes to asia, colleges were formed

House Un-American Activities Committee

(HUAC) committee formed in the House of Representatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the United States; it later came to focus on the threat of communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War

Reconquista

(Reconquest) The recapture of Muslim-held lands in Spain by Christian forces; it was completed in 1492. Driven primarily by religious zeal.

stalwart

(adj.) strong and sturdy; brave; resolute; (n.) a brave, strong person; a strong supporter; one who takes an uncompromising position

Temperance

(n) moderation, self-control, esp. regarding alcohol or other desires or pleasures; total abstinence from alcohol

schism

(n.) a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions

Commerce compromise

-resulted from north south disagreement. north wanted new gov. to regulate exports as well as trade b/w states. south didn't. -allowed importing slaves to continue for 20 years without government intervention. import taxes on slaves were limited, and after the year 1808 congress could decide whether to allow continued imports of slaves.

Justinian

-Created "Corpus iuris civilis" or Justinian's Code -Source of legal inspiration for 1000 years -Influenced civil law in W Europe -Recoding of Roman Law for Byzantium -He was known for 3 things: Wife- Advisory in politics and diplomacy; Building- Church of Hagia Sophia; Laws- CIC

Byzantine

-Economic and Political powerhouse" East half of Roman Empire -Capitol city was renamed Constantinople by Constantine in 340 -Renamed Istanbul-1453 -Tradition for survivability is because of: Caesarpapism and Elaborate bureacracy

The Revived Kingdom of Kush

-Egyptian forces retreated from Nubia by 1100 BCE and were vacated by 1000 BCE with new kingdom of Kush -capital at Napata -powerful enough to invade Egypt by 800 BCE and King Kashta conquered Thebes about 760 BCE forming a Kushite dynasty that ruled Egypt for almost a century -successors of Kashta declared authority throughout Upper Egypt and claimed the title of pharaoh and extended authority beyond the Nile delta -Kushites driven out by Assyrian invaders around mid-700 BCE and Egypt is subjected to Assyrian rule -Egypt is conquered by several foreign conquerors by mid-600 BCE

Stalin

-General secretary of the communist party of the Soviet Union -led Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from Nazi occupation -after the war, Stalin put communist leaders in power

Annapolis Convention

-Held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation; colonists realized that the federal govt needed more power than given in the AoC; new convention met to rewrite a constitution--difficult to change because an amendment needs to be ratified by 3/4 of states; federal constitution is the law of the land so other states must abide to it; has system of checks and balances

"no taxation without representation"

-Parliament in Britain represented the entire country. they were not elected to represent individual districts..instead they represented specific classes. -America have been practicing representative government. They had a legislative bodies that were made up of elected representatives

Brown v. BOE

-Topeka, Kansas -U.S. supreme court case -separate is NOT equal. was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

D-Day

-WWII -Allied Forces invaded northern France by means of beach landings in Normandy

Results of WWI (1919-1920s)

-america emerged as the political and economic leader of world -european states went into decline -germany was devastated

Tonkin Golf Resolution

-approving and supporting LBJ's determination to repel any armed attacks against U.S. forces in Southeast Asia -LBJ relied on TGR as his chief authorization for the escalation of the Vietnam War

iron curtain

-boundary dividing Europe into 2 separate areas from the end of WWII until the end of the Cold War -symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and satellite states from open contact with the west and non-Soviet controlled areas

The Treaty of Paris

-brought an official into the revolutionary war. Britain officially recognize the US as an independent nation -treaty establish the Mississippi River as the country's western border -treaty also restored Florida to Spain, while France reclaimed African and Caribbean colonies seized by the British in 1763.

The Early Kingdom of Kush

-pharaonic forces destroyed Nubian kingdom of ta-Seti after unification of Egypt between 3100-2600 BCE and dominated Lower Nubia between first and second cataracts of the Nile River -Nubian leaders forced to focus towards southern Nubia (Upper Nubia) and established powerful kingdom of Kush by 2500 BCEwith capital Kerma that occasionally threatened southern Egypt -Nubian peoples often traded with Egypt despite conflicts and often intermarried with each other

Charlemagne the great

-son of Pepin -as the first Holy Roman emperor, Charlemagne promoted the arts and education, and his court became the cultural center of the Carolingian Renaissance -first ruler to unite all the Germanic Kingdoms -crowned by Leo III, making him a direct descendent of the old Roman Empire -eastern empire is mad! Byzantium

Lowell Mills

-textiles -didn't hire men because their hands were too big -hired 10-13 year old girls -girls stayed in boarding houses and had some educational classes at night

Age of exploration

-the age of discovery -15th century continued to the 17th century -technological advances in navigation map making and shipbuilding... These lead to expanded European exploration of the rest of the world

Factors that led to the Boston massacre

-which passage of stamp act, nine colonies met in New York to demand it's repeal. Protests arose in New York City, Philadelphia, Boston and other cities. Protest sometimes escalated into violence often targeting ruling British officials. -British sent trips to New York City and Boston. On March 5, 1770, protesters began to talk British troops throwing snowballs... Soldiers responded by firing into the crowd.... This clash between protesters and soldiers like the five deaths and eight injuries and was called the Boston massacre... After this Britain repealed the majority of the Townsend acts

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

1868 Presidential Election

1. Former Northern General & Republican, Ulysses S. Grant wins. 2. 500,000 Blacks voted for him. Only won the election by 300,000. 3. Most Whites did not vote for him.

The third Punic War

149- 146 B.C. Cause- roman veterans sought revenge from destruction of second war (farms, animals, and walls were destoyed). Result- Rome wins, carthage totally destroyed, sold population to slavery, salted fields, burned city

Mayflower compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony; set up for self-govt. in Americas

Metacomet

1639-1676 Wamponoag sachem known to the English as King Philip. He led one of the last Native Americans battles against the colonist in New England in 1676.

Sir Isaac Newton

1643-1727. English physicist, mathmetician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. Published work in 1687 describing universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics.

American Rev.

1700s-1800s was the age of revolutions against monarchies; after about a century of self-government, colonies were angry with British meddling which led to the revoltuion

Haymarket Square Riot

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

coverture

A common-law doctrine under which the legal personality of the husband covered the wife and he made all legally binding decisions

the xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Whittaker Chambers

A confessed Communist and a star witness for the HUAC in 1948 when he testified against Alger Hiss.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Zarathustra

A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Cicero and Stoicism

A Roman intellectual that studied in Greece and became acquainted withe the classical and Hellenistic schools of thought. He was a persuasive orator that adopted Stoicism and facilitated its spread through the Roman empire. Stoicism scorned injustice and had a strong moral code, and soon became the most prominent of moral philosophy in Rome.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.; before Civil War this idea gave freedom to people of the states whether the state would be free/ slave state

Paul Cuffe

A black man who became very wealthy. He wanted to return all blacks to Africa.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Germanic peoples

After the fall of Rome, they gradually displaced Roman authority and institutions. Developed an ag-based, decentralized society.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Pools

Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Mountain Men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains

Nathanael Greene

American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army, used geography of land

Francis Cabot Lowell

American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Stephen Decatur

American naval officer known for his heroic deeds in the Tripolitan War, the War of 1812, and skirmishes against the Barbary pirates.

Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

Francis Gary Powers

American pilot shot down in his U-2 spy plane, captured and convicted of spying

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Powhatan

An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area. All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's confederacy. The colonists innacurately called all of the Indians powhatans.

Umayyad Dynasty

An Islamic Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China in the East. Fell apart in 750 CE due to internal tensions.

Grand Alliance

An alliance between the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians against the expansionist wars of Louis XIV.

George Westinghouse

An american entrepreneruer and engineer who invented the railroad and the air brake

Hieroglyphics

An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

capitalism

An economic system based on the investment of money in business for profit

Industrial/Capitalists (The Robber Barons)

Andrew Carnegie (steel) Milton Hershey (Chocolate) J.P Morgan (Finance) John D Rockefeller (Oil) (richest man) Cornelius Vanderbilt (Railroads)

Zoroastrian

Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire.

Meriwether Lewis

Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

A Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Sub-Saharan Trade

Brought Islam along with many material items overland along the camel routes to E Africa. Camels were important to trade because prior, it was nearly impossible to trade across the Sahara. This led to the expansion of the Mali kingdom.

Bubonic Plague

Beginning in SW China, spread by the safety of the silk roads. Helped overthrow the Mongolian rule.

Etruscans

Beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization

Rwandan Genocide

Beginning on April 6, 1994, Hutus began slaughtering the Tutsis (and moderate Hutu) in the African country of Rwanda. More than 800,000 were eventually killed; most Western countries declined to speak out about this violence or intervene

Beginning of Cold War

Between democracy vs. communism; US and Western Europe Vs. Soviet countries and eastern Europe; US joined North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Eisenhower Doctrine tried to bring peace to middle east; nuclear winter led to paranoia during the cold war; Nixon opened pathways to communist China & had diplomatic relations with Mao Zedong

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

Bombingham

Birmingham, Alabama, that civil rights activists faced the most determined resistance. Faced violence, notably a string of racially motivated bombings.

panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Whig

British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.

Enumerated Goods

Certain specified goods from the Colonies, including tobacco, cotton, sugar, and furs, which were to be shipped only to England or other English colonies.

War Chariot

Chariot whose technology was taken from the Hyksos and adapted upon to Egyptian needs. Was light, carried a single archer, served more as a platform from which archers could shoot than as a weapon for force-contact.

black hawk war

Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox ppl murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi

Battle of Shiloh

Confederate forces suprised union troops & drove them across the Tennesee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war

Joseph Plumb Martin

Connecticut soldier in the Continental Army who kept detailed diary of his experience during the war including mutiny that took place in New Jersey in 1780.

President Bush

China stayed communist even with Tianamen Square Protests; fall of Berlin wall led to unification of Germany; arrested Panamian President Manuel Noriega for drug sumggling and money laundering

Confucianism

Chinese philosophy; focuses on social relationships; achievement was governed by series of examinations

Justification by faith

Christian doctrine that has its roots in the Bible

New Left

Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Guilds

Craftsmen in cities joined together to protect prices and establish uniform standards of production. Also provided friendship between workers.

William Levitt

Created Levittown -- the first "cookie cutter" suburb -- was an American real estate dealer. His innovations of providing affordable housing popularized the type of planned community building later known as suburbia.

Coney Island

Created as a way for working-class people to temporarily escape the hardships of the working, Coney Island became an amusement park with rides and attractions that contrasted the grim realities many were living.

Cyrus

Created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name

Anwar el-Sadat

Former President of Egypt (1st Arab leader to recognize and make peace with Israel) He was assassinated Oct. 6 1981 for making peace with Israel.

Spanish American War

Cubans rebelled against Spain--Spain also controlled Puerto Rico, Phillippines, Cuba; used USS in Maine explosion as reason to invade Cuba; triggered the US to send troops to Philippines--led to guerrila warfare in the Philippines; US got Philippines, PR, Guam, Hawaii from Spain

Angelina Grimke

Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Womens' rights advocates as well.

the petition of right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land; had important effects on revolutionary colonists

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

George Meade

During the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

Major scientific thinkers

During the Renaissance including Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Isaac Newton; Rene Descartes; Marie Curie discovered radioactivity

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

the vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down.

Justinian and Theodora

Eastern Roman Empire (later named as Byzantine Empire) partners and rulers that attempted to reunite the empire by waging war against barbarians in the west. They wanted to return the Empire to that during the time of Augustan period. Created the Justinian code, made christianity legal and practiced tolerance.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

Richard Hakluyt

English promoter of exploration. In 1584 he wrote A Discourse of Western Planting in which he pleaded for colonies to accomplish diverse objects: to extend the reformed religion, to expand trade, to supply England's needs from her own dominions, and various other reasons for exploration.

the hellenistic philosophers

Epicureans, Skeptics, Stoics Sought personal tranquility and serenity Epicureans - pleasure (not hedonism) is the greatest good Skeptics- Doubt the possibility of certain knowledge Stoics - all humans are universal family, everyone should aid others and lead virtuous lifes

Bantu Societies

Established ag societies and displaced hunters and gatherers. Grew yams, millet, and sorghum. Enriched diets from trade led to population growth. KIN-BASED SOCIETY till about 1000CE.

FRENCH, SPANISH, DUTCH and BRITISH colonization in America

FRENCH: focused on expanding for trade. French colonization lead to growth of plantations which brought numerous African slaves to New World SPANISH: came to look for wealth and to convert natives to Christianity DUTCH: involved in for trade and imported slaves as need for labor is increased BRITISH: someone looking for additional income others looking to leave Britain from religious persecution

Victor Berger

First socialist elected to Congress (US House of Representative, from Wisconsin). Congress, caught up in the hyper-patriotic wartime mood and refused to allow him to be seated (because he was opposed to the war and also because he had been convicted and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for breaking the Espionage & Sedition Acts). His seat remained vacant until 1921. Later pardoned, he was re-elected and served until 1928.

Presidential reconstruction 1865-1867

Following Lincoln's assassination, Vice-President Andrew Johnson became the new president with plans of reconstruction already in mind. Initially he offered a pardon to to any confederate (minus high-ranking government and military leaders) who took an oath of allegiance. While guaranteeing the enforcement of the 13th Amendment, it did not guarantee any other rights to the freedmen. All seceded Southern States had to create new State governments and constitutions in order to ratify the 13th Amendment (outlawed slavery). He opposed Blacks having legal equality, but he urged for Blacks to have limited voting rights.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

the kingdom of axum

Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, adopted Christianity, built an empire that included most of Ethiopia as well as Yemen in southern Arabia.

Abbasid Dynasty

From 750-1258 this was the 3rd dyansty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate.

Patricians and Plebeians

From the start the roman society was split into two classes. The patricians who were considered to be the upper class could serve as priests, senators and magistrate. The plebeians were the commoners- farmers, laborers and artisans. The wealth did not define the class, some plebeians were rich and more patricians could be poor.

Tom Watson

Georgia's Best-Known Populist. He was the first native southern politician concerned about African American Farmers. Introduces Rural Free Delivery Bill. In 1905 he returned to the Democratic party and becomes a white-supremist

A Phillip Randolph

He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.

John Dean

He testified against Nixon as well as other cabinet members in the Watergate hearings. His testimony helped led to the removal of several White House officials and the resignation of Nixon. Before his testimony he had been a White House lawyer.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

WWII

Germany could not invade Britain; allies succeeded in North Africa, Italy, and DDay , Battle of the Bulge (largest battle on Western front), German offensive, Germans and allies suffered casualities; Germany and Japan defeated

Ghana

Ghana became a trading hub, which led to increased wealth and power in Ghana. Taxed gold and other trading resources, used tax to strengthen realms.

Newt Gingrich

Gingrich was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency.

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Ancient Greece

Greece was divided into city-states. The Golden Age of Athens (500 to 430 BC) was a time of great writing and learning. Democracy was developed during this period. Greek gods were important to the everyday Greek. The gods were portrayed with flaws and problems just like the average person.

Panhellenic Festivals

Greeks from all parts gathered periodically to watch these festivals. Most importantly the Olympic Games

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Beat Generation

Group of writers of the 1950s, led by Kerouac, focusing on alienation, conformity, and materialism.

John L. Lewis

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Confucian Educational System

Han Wudi established imperial university, 124 B.C.E. Prepared young men for government service Not a lover of scholarship, but demanded educated class for bureaucracy Adopted Confucianism as official course of study 3,000 students by end of Early Han; 30,000 by end of Later Han

1960

Hawaii, last state to join the 50 states, Civil Rights Act

Hammurabi

He designed a legal code in early Babylon that gave punishment based on crime and social status. Relied on the principle of lex talionis.

Chandragupta Maurya

He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Robert F. Kennedy

He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.

Sir Henry Clinton

He replaced Howe in 1778, and then decided to move his army back to NY, and order Cornwallis to return to Yorktown after a bad defeat. Washington trapped him and he surrendered

James Thomas Calendar

He was hired by Thomas Jefferson to "dig up dirt" on the Federalists. Wrote about controversial topics.

The Hellenistic Age

Historians' term for the era, usually dated 323-30 B.C.E., in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in the seventh century C.E.

Dumbbell Tenement

Houses that poor people lived in, located in cities Showed some atrocities of American industrial life.

Samuel Gridley Howe

In 1832, he became the first director of the New England Institution for the Education of the Blind (now Perkins School for the Blind), the first such institution in the United States. Howe directed the school for the rest of his life

triangle shirtwaist company

In 1911 the tragic fire killed 146 people, mostly women because the owner kept the stairway doors locked to prevent theft, following stricter building acts and factory codes, and worker insurance

FDR

In 1939 announced the US was neutral in WWI, FDR aided allies but did not want to intervene; Asia==US opposed Japan's invasion of SE Asia; Pearl Harbor in 1941 forced the US in war

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Contract with America

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776 It is read publicly Delegates start to sign the Declaration

Sasanids

Later powerful Persian dynasty (224-651) that would reach its peak under Shapur I and later fall to Arabic expansion.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

workmen's compensation laws

Laws enacted to benefit workers, male or female, injured on the job.

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)

Leader of the Chinese Communists whose revolutionary army seized power in China in 1949

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Events leading to the fall of the Cold War

Mikhail Gorbachev in 1984 and installed new reforms; allowed perestroika which allowed private ownership of some businesses; openness of media and the government called glasnost; free elections; media began providing coverage on corruption and economic problems in Russia; Soviet satellites began pulling away from Russia; 1991 coup to overthrow Gorby which led to end of USSR; Boris Yeltsin began leader of Russian Federation

French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe. 1754-1763 Beginning of the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain Enforcement of regulations became difficult for the people in the colonies Created the conflict -British defeat of Spanish Armada and 1588 lead to decline in Spanish power in Europe. This led the British and French into several several battles over several wars....FOURTH AND FINAL WAS THE FRENCH + INDIAN WARS - French and Indian war fought largely a North American territory resulted in France's rain is a colonial power in North America -William Pitt led British victory- costs would eventually lead to discontent in the colonies and spark the revolution

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Ronald Reagan

On the day of the inauguration the hostages were released; Iran Contra Affair-- coverup showing that US was selling weapons to Iran which were supporting the rebels in Nicaragua; even though Reagan called the soviets the evil empire he reached an arms reduction agreement with Mikhail Gorbachev

Belisarius

One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in north Africa and Italy

War Powers Act

Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

the early hebrews

Pastoral Nomads who inhabited lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt during the second millennium BCE.

Margaret Corbin

Pennsylvanian who accompanied her husband when he joined the Continental Army. After he died in battle, she took his place

Semitic migrations

People migrated from their homelands in the Arabian and other deserts and traveled to Mesopotamia.

Cross-Cultural Interaction

People traveled to establish diplomatic relationships, to rspread religion, and to procure valuable market goods.

China Lobby

People who wanted a third independent force in China with the hope it would become a pro-western nation in Asia.

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Austronesian peoples

People who, by as early as 2000 B.C.E., began to explore and settle islands of the Pacific Ocean., the earliest inhabitants of New Guinea foraged food, like their neighbors to the south. Had remarkable seafaring skills.

Evangelical Revival

Period during the 18th century when there was a renewed interest in religious life in Britain

Christianity in W Europe

Period from 500-1500 in W Europe is known as the "middle ages". Christianity was the main religion practiced within W Europe, but had many different kinds.

the parthians

Persian dynasty. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration.

Mexican struggle for independence

Political corruption, examples of other revolutions,and divisions between rich and poor were causes of the Mexican struggle for independence.

Free Silver

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

Greenback Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

implied powers

Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions.

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Modern Republicanism

President Eisenhower's views. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money, he helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Peace without victory

President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".

Alfred Sloan

President of General motors, appealed to prestige, offered variety with different models and colors. introduced buying on credit

Slobodan Milosevic

President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and of Yugoslavia 1997 to 2000. A key figure in the ethnic conflicts in the Balkans in the 1900's.

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

George Wallace

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

Reasons for Westward Expansion (1830s and 40s)

Religion: It was god's will to spread across continent and to control land as white people see fit. 1830s, missionaries move to Oregon Country to christianize Native Americans who were seen as "heathens." Also, Mormans settled in Utah to escape persecution in 1846. 2.Sense of Mission: historic inevitability of American domination, people wanted to spread American Liberty 3. Economic: Participate in fur trade, acquire cheap land that had natural resources (ex: late 1830s settlers move to Oregon for fertile land, following OR trail), Gold Rushes (CA 1848). 4. Cultural: Spread slavery (N. concerned about this)

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Shamans

Religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, communicated with the gods and nature spirits, invoked divine aid on behalf of their communities, and informed their companions of their gods' will.

Northern Renaissance

Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps. Before 1497, Italian Renaissance humanism had little influence outside Italy. From the late 15th century, its ideas spread around Europe.

The Gaspee Affair

Rhode Island colonists boarded the HMS Gaspee, a British ship, looted it, then burned and sank it in 1772. The British ship called the Gaspee was found patrolling outside of Narragansett, RI. The Lieutenant Duddington who was leading the ship was harassed by The Sons of Liberty A captain of a ship from Newport baited the Gaspee in Providence It hit shallow waters and once it was grounded a planned attack on the ship happened Wounded and captured all the men on the ship and set the Gaspee on fire

Allies in WWII

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin--wanted to concentrate on Germany's defeat; first went to North Africa; German defeat at Stalingrad was TP of war

Lord Dunmore

Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army

The Age of the Patriarchs

Rulers: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (and continues through 12 sons of Jacob) The Realm: Hebrews/ Israel but also eventually the World. Rulership: Life and Death authority over the five kings Genesis 14; over Hagar and Ishmael Gen 16 & 21. Failure: Results: whole family of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob move to Egypt and eventually are enslaved for 400 years. God turns 70 people into 2.5 million and they learn from the #1 power on the planet at the time

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism; believed free markets should exist w/out interference

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

Feudalism-Serfs/Manors

Serfs-Cultivated land owned by the lords and their retainers in exchange for protection. Manors- the lands, crops, animals, tools, and serfs needed to produce the ag surplus which kept the system going.

The Virginia Declaration of Rights

Served as a model for the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States of America 1776 First declaration to form a new government in America Set out an outline of the basic rules and rights that the people should get

Liberal Republican Party

Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption

confederates

Southern Pride, keep slavery, did not like thinking that they were being pushed around by the Union and therefore wanted to be their own country, wanted tariff taxes to be abolished, states rights.

Hinton Rowan Helper

Southern who argued against slavery not on moral grounds, but because he believed it was a system that impoverished poor southern whites and kept the South poorer than the North.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Berlin Airlift 1948

Soviets opposed German unification; USSR blocked road traffic from West Germany to West Berlin; allied groups brought goods to West Germany by flights; Soviet Union wanted allies to surrender West Berlin

Don Diego de Gardoqui

Spain's first minister to the United States. Informed Congress that Spain would not allow the Mississippi to be an outlet for western agricultural goods, but offered commercial treaty.

Monsoon season

Spring and summer brought moist SW winds. In dry season, NE wind brought parched land.

Ming Dynasty

Started by Hongwu, the "brilliant' dynasty, and immediately set out to eliminate Mongol influences and regain China's tradition of a strong centralized government. Prosperity was a hallmark of the early Ming. Encouraged economic development and increased trade even though trade was not encouraged.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Byzantine Scholarship

The Byzantine scholarship represented the cultural legacy of Greece. The scholars focused on literature, history, and philosophy, rather than science and medicine. The scholars tried extremely hard to preserve the classical Greece culture.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

The Classical Age Pericles, Parthenon, Philosophy, Drama

The Classical Period of ancient Greece was a time when the Greeks achieved new heights in art, architecture, theater, and philosophy. Democracy in Athens was refined under the leadership of Pericles. The Classical Period began with the Greek victory over the Persians and a new feeling of self-confidence in the Greek world. This was a war for freedom, and the Greeks would continue on, free from Persian rule.

Robert Gould Shaw

The colonel in command of all the blacks in 54th mass. regiment, which entered the civil war in 1863. he was killed in a failed attempt to capture fort Wagner, near Charleston NC

The Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

the umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Golden Door

The first modern spa that opened in the United States in the 1950's and focused on holistic health, fitness, diet and overall well-being was?

Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia (ca. 4000 B.C.)

The first participation of agriculture. Located in what is now known as Northern Africa and the Middle East. Civilization first began in the Middle East in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys. Early civilizations in Asia and Africa developed in river valleys because of the fertile land and proximity of water. Civilizations have five common characteristics: advanced technical skills, cities with a form of government, divisions of labor--different people perform different jobs (seen in post-industrial societies), a calendar, a system of writing

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution; including freedom of speech, right to bear arms, right of trial by jury and legal council, no cruel or unusual punishment

Students for a Democratic Society

The leader of this movement was Tom Hayden. Port Huron Statement (declaration of beliefs): "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortable to the world we inherit." Also, the idea of "participatory democracy" was upheld.

spatial organization

The location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms; if there is excess demand then the economy won't be able to satisfy that demand resulting in inflation--during these periods the government should implement a contractionary fiscal policy which is either to raise taxes or lower govt spending; on the opposite end if there is not enough demand meaning there will not be enough spending in the labor force; Keynes solution is to implement expansionary fiscal policy--lower taxes/ increase spending; in Keyneian framework the govt is required to help the economy from inflation and unemployment

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Cult of Dionysus

They practiced ritual celebrations which included intoxication, orgies, human and animal sacrifices, and hysterical rampages by women.

the maya

They settled in the Yucatan Peninsula, not far from the Olmecs. A very cultural and intellectual people who used astronomy to create and very accurate calendar.

Queen Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

The age of the Judges (1230 BCE)

This 1st non-Biblical reference to the Israelites, discovered on an Egyptian stele, can be traced back to which historical period?

Equal Field System

This Chinese system allotted land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipients' needs.

Robert Henri

This New York City artist was the leader of the Ashcan School, a group of realists dedicated to portraying both the excitement and the squalor of America's cities.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Joseph Galloway

This influential politician in colonial Pennsylvania served in the First Continental Congress in 1774. In an effort to defuse the growing political crisis, he proposed a plan of imperial union with Great Britain in which the British Parliament and a Colonial Congress would both have to approve colonial legislation. But as Americans grew more radical and pushed for independence, the congress as a whole rejected his compromise proposal by a vote of six colonies to five.

Espionage Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Aschan School

This school of early 20th century realist painters took as their subjects the slums and streets of the nations cities and the lies of ordinary urban dwellers. They often celebrated life in the city but also advocated political and social reform.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

First Hundred Days

This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time

Roosevelt Recession

This terms refers to the period when FDR cut government spending to balance budget; this led to a recession

Parts of a map

Title, Legend, Scale, Compass Rose, Grid; equal areas--meridians and parallels are drawn so the areas have the same proportions as the Earth; consistent scales are probably only possible for maps of smaller areas

impeach

To accuse government officials of misconduct in office; in US; House can bring charges and then tried/ removed in senate

excommunication

To expel someone from the services of the Christian Church

Muhammad and the Birth of Islam Hegira, Ka'aba, Koran, Jihad, Caliphs, Shi'ites

To learn in detail about Islam's birth, go through this article. Origin of Islam The birth of Islam is placed around 610 CE, when Muhammad a highly spiritual and religious man, who spent months in praying and self contemplation in the secluded cave of Hira in middle of the dessert, almost three miles from the town of Mecca his birth place, began to receive divine messages.

Abbasid Period

Took control of the Caliphate, but didn't adopt dar al-Islam, so no favoritism to Islams. Administrated from Baghdad -9th century, Baghdad was a center for commerce and banking -Fell to: Civil wars, peasant rebellions, foreign conquests, and most the Mongols destroyed them.

James J. Corbett

Took the title from Sullivan in 1892, it was the first fight to use the Queensberry rules, it was inside under lights, promoted by a fight club, and promoted by different magazines and newspapers. He was Irish but he went to college and was more white collar. He had trainers in athletic clubs and was more of a scientific boxer.

Sea lanes

Traders in the Eurasian world depended upon the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean with access into the S China Sea. The routes provided the E hemisphere with an increasingly regular level of connection.

Silk Roads

Traders in the Eurasian world depended upon the silk roads across central Asia, fine products could travel the silk roads, but items that were heavy such as building materials were transported in ships.

Romulus and Remus

Traditional story of how Rome began. Twins abandoned and rescued by a wolf, raised by a shepherd . Grew to build Rome. Romulus later killed Remus

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Iran Iraq War

US supported Iraq; gave Saddam Hussein money; after they won Hussein invaded Kuwait; US carried out Operation Desert Storm to liberate Kuwait

Bill Clinton

US troops to Haiti to protect Aristide from gaining power; Somalia--some US soldiers were killed & they came home

Reagan Doctrine

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan

Mary McLeod Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

William Clark

United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Joseph Hooker

United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Rachel Carson

United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

Great American Desert

Vast arid territory west of the Missouri River & east of the Rocky Mountains; encouraged westward expansion after Stephen Long's Expedition

Nubian Religious Beliefs

Very little written infromation survives. Lion- god apedemak- served as god of war for the kingdom of kush

Devotional Cults

Very popular in S India with Shiva and Vishnu gaining the widest following. Attempt to devise a philosophy that explained the relationship of temporal to spiritual world.

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Richard Nixon

Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States

Causes of 1917 revolution

WWI left Russia discontent, causalities, desire to leave war, economic disparity; disbanding of constitutional monarchy for 1905; workers in Petrograd went on strike and soldiers sided with the workers to create soviets; formation of political parties and their use in the revolution; Lenin, Stalin, and Trotsky led to revolution even though some were driven to exile; led to creation of the communist state

atomic bomb

WWII- American B-29 bomber dropped world's first deployed atomic bomb over Hiroshima

The Hundred Years' War Joan of Arc

War between England and France for control of land. Began because of no hier/successor to the French Throne, claimed by English King. Change in warfare longbows and cannons. Joan became the Patron Saint of France, claimed to hear voices, rallied troops again the English in the war, eventually captured by British and tried as heretic, burned at the stake.

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Polygamy

Was the norm and interclan conflict often brought brides through kidnapping,, Having more than one spouse at a time

Irrigation

Was the only solution for successful ag, because of the monsoon system. Led to huge population growth.

Western Europe in High Middle Ages

Western monarchs consolidated power over France and England. On the Iberian Peninsula, 5 kingdoms and cities work towards independence. These states frequently clashed with one another.

Three Questions of Economic Systems

What goods to produce? How to produce the goods? For who are the goods being produced?/ How is the allocation of the output determined? ex. during feudalism the feudal lord answered these 3 questions

Veiling of Women

When Islam expanded into Mesopotamia, took some patriarchal aspects. Limits rights and privileges of women, to the point of total control.

Indulgence

Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Such as for a sin that has already been forgiven by God but which still carries with it some kind of punishment. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Protestant reformation.

Mani and Manichaeism

Zoroastrian from babylon Zarathustra - prophet of Persia, Buddha Prophet of India, Jesus - Prophet of Mediterranean. For all humanity he promoted a blend of these religions World - site of struggle between good and evil. Light = Spiritual awareness. Darkness = material world. Reject worldly pleasures.

Sufis

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

Al Qaeda

a radical Islamic group organized by Osama bin Laden in the 1990s to engage in terrorist activities.

plateaus

a raised area of land, such as a hill or mountain, with a flat top; can be very cold or cool and healthful

renewable resources

a resource that can be renewed, fish, coffee, forests--cannot be consumed at a rate that exceeds their natural rate of replacement

New Babylonian Empire

a revival of the old Babylonian empire stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

the polis

a city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes.

subtropical climate

a climate with hot and humid summers and mild winters; Japan, mainland China, Australia, Africa, parts of US, South America

tributary state

a conquered state that makes payments, called tributes, to the conquering state

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

the chavin cult

a new religion that appeared in the Andes mountains after 1000 BCE; enjoyed enormous popularity during the 900 to 800 BCE; spread in the area of modern Peru; vanished about 300 BCE; no information survives on the significance of the cults

Gold Rush

a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Inquisition

a period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

creole

a person of mixed European and black descent

Antinomian

a person who maintains that Christians are freed from the moral law by virtue of grace as set forth in the gospel.

the mandate of heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Watts riots, 1965

a race riot that took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. The six-day unrest resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992.

Jazz

a style of music characterized by the use of improvisation

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Feminist Theory

a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world

tundra

a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen; no crops and little people

Oceans and Seas

a very large expanse of sea, in particular, each of the main areas into which the sea is divided geographically.

alphabetic writing

a writing system made up of separate letters which represent sounds (see alphabet) some examples of ___________________ are a) Roman (or Latin) script, used for many European languages including English. It has also been adopted for many non-European languages, e.g. Swahili, Indonesian, and Turkish b) Arabic script, used for Arabic languages such as Persian, Urdu and Malay, which also uses roman script c) Cyrillic Script, used for Russian and languages such as Ukrainian and Bulgarian

Aten and Monotheism

a. Akhenaten changed his name from Amenhotep IV, considered Aten "Sole-god", single god rules over all of creation

Significance of second Continental Congress

a. Met May 10, 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord, to discuss defense of the colonies, the growing war, local gov., and declaring independence from Britain. b. They established an Army, and on June 15, named George Washington as the Commander in Chief. c. By 1776 there was full scale war with Britain, and on July 4, drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Goals of the First Continental Congress

a. Met Sep 5, 1774, with a goal to achieve a peaceful agreement with Britain. b. Consisted of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies. c. Confirmed loyalty to Britain and the right of International affairs, however demanded repeal of the Intolerable Acts, and embargoed Britain until this came to pass. d. George III declared the colonies must submit or face military action, seeking to end assemblies opposing their policies. e. On April 19, 1775, the British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts Assembly, where a battle ensued in Lexington as armed colonists resisted. f. The resulting battles of Lexington and Concord became the first battles of the American Revolution.

Commodore George Dewey

admiral of the united states navy and best known for his victory during the spanish - american war

Robert Morris

an American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Significance: He played an important role in personally financing the American side in the Revolutionary War from 1781 to 1784. Hence, he came to be known as the 'Financier of the Revolution'.

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Jacob S. Coxey and Coxey's Army

an American politician, who ran for elective office several times in Ohio. He twice led a namesake Army in 1894 and 1914, consisting of a group of unemployed men that he led on marches from Massillon, Ohio to Washington, D.C. to present a "Petition in Boots" demanding that the United States Congress allocate funds to create jobs for the unemployed

peninsular

an area of land almost completely surrounded by water except for an isthmus connecting it with the mainland

perspective

an artistic technique used to give drawings a three-dimensional effect

Mercantilism

an economic system that stresses increasing national wealth by selling more to other nations than buying from there

fief

an estate of land

Diet of worms

an imperial diet (remember, an assembly meeting) of the Holy Roman Empire. It was convened to determine how authorities (both political and religious) should respond to Martin Luther's teachings.

Santa Fe Trail

an important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa fe, New mexico used from about 1821 to 1880

Black Sox Scandal

an incident that took place around and during the play of the 1919 World Series. The name "________" also refers to the 1919 Chicago White Sox team. Eight members of the major league franchise were banned for life from baseball for throwing (i.e., intentionally losing) games, and essentially giving the series to the Cincinnati Reds.

Humanism

an intellectual movement that stemmed from the study of classical literature

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities

National Urban League

an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities

Ponzi Scheme

an investment fraud that involves the payment of purported returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors

religious liberalism

another name for modernism

Market economy/ 3 questions

answers the questions in terms of supply & demand; consumers determine what goods to produce by use of their spending power; producer then looks for lowest cost of production to make these goods in order to maximize their profits; price answers the for whom question--those who can and are willing will buy the goods & those who can't are excluded from the market; centrally planned economy; an economy in which the government decides how economic resources will be allocated; answers the 3 questions; communist society economy; most planned economies spent moneys on capital and military goods not leaving much room for consumer goods

Ken Kesey

author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

argued to get women the right to vote

state courts

based on English judicial system; have jurisdiction except when federal has jurisdiction; state courts must follow federal laws and the federal laws can look at them

amateurism

based on the ideal that participation in sport should be for the love of it rather than for monetary gain

USSR

became second world power after WWII; US started their policy of containment of communism

Alliance Movement

began in the late 1870s and was triggered by a agricultural depression. It was farm radicalism that stressed cooperation . The Alliances eventually bonded together to create a national party, the Populist party.

polytheism

belief in many gods

Daoism

belief of deities and natural phenomena; Chinese belief; belief in goals of happiness and immortality

Thomas Hobbes

believed in the idea that people were rational beings; did not think people could live in harmony without a government; believed people were inherently selfish

Parson Malthus

believed population growth would exceed food supply growth; believed this would lead to increasing poverty; economics became called a dismal science

primitive govt

control was by pressure; unpleasant circumstances; different ideas of right and wrong; no protections for individuals

Molly Dewson

campaigned for FDR to gain more female voters, economic and social recovery that was best for men and women, expanded Democratic base to more women

trade pacts

can be any type of agreement b/w countries discussing trade; could hurt US consumer/ producers depending what it is

Biotechnology

can lead to huge discoveries in medicine; also has the possibility of misuse such as genetically altering organisms

Nationalism

grew before WWI in 1800s and 1900s; ethnic groups and nationalities shared history, language, culture, governments needing loyalty

James, Duke of York

brother of Charles II; took possession of the conquered Dutch province of New Netherland, renaming it NY, and conveyed ownership of the adjacent province of New Jersey to two of the Carolina proprietors.

Inca

built the largest empire S America had ever seen. Used quipu to record statistical information such as population, tax rolls and receipts, labor services, and to remember historical information relating to rulers and their deeds

Juan Nepomuceno Cortina

called the Robin Hood of the Rio Grande because he stole cattle from Anglos and defended the rights of Tejanos living along the Rio Grande

Mormon Church

church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah

Sumerian city-states

cities which became states to prevent conflicts and and oversee and control their agriculture

sahel

ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa

Final emergence of nation state by 2 principle causes

economic expansion under feudal system; mercantilism--lords grew merchant trades

the kingdom of qin

economic, political, & military development; encouraged migration; planted private plots, profits to boost production; land rights; weakened aristocratic class; centralized bureaucratic rule; army

Industry

comes from value of trade of goods in each area

General Douglas MacArthur

commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan

other federal courts

court of claims, court of customs and patent appeals, customs court

Fascist governments

crushed any political and democratic opposition; secret police; may be adopted as a method to avoid communism; possible that since fascism was similar to communism that's why these states became communist after the war

selective borrowing

cultural diffusion when a country is able to choose which aspects of culture they want to bring to the their own country

Structure of Russia before the revolution

czars; rich nobles; serfs and everyone else made the three levels; discontent of this social structure led to the 1905 revolution

Francisco de Miranda

declared Venezuela and Colombia free from Spain; earthquake in Caracas led Spain to take back control b/c they called it an act of the church; Bolivar took action after

Mycenaean Society

definition: Greek civilization created by Indo- Europeans that lasted from 1600- 1100 BCE, during which large palaces were made, wars fought, trade established; earthquakes and invaders caused it to finally collapse significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to the poleis

Nalanda

definition: a famous Buddhist university and monastary located in the eastern Ganges Valley significance: helped in the spread of Buddhism through Asia, one of the first formalized instruction centers

the lawbook of manu

definition: guidelines formed based on Hindu beliefs significance: set of laws to bring order, first ones to be based on religion

William K. L. Dickson

developed a motion picture apparatus

Buddhism

developed in India and spread over Asia; opposed worship of many gods and caste systems; worshippers must be free of attachment to things; find release from life's suffering

Hills

elevated landforms that rise 500-2,000 feet above sea level

Solon and Athenian Democracy

ended civil war, served as mediator between rich and poor, allowed rich to keep land, but said they must pardon all debts and forbade slavery due to debt; provided representation of common classes to ensure aristocrats would not undo reforms which eventually turned Athens into a Democratic state

WWI

ended in 1918; allies helped win the war; Germany was reprimanded harshly; new independent nations were formed

Freedman's Bureau

est March 1865 A welfare agency designed to help formerly enslaved people become full citizens; provided food, clothing, built schools, hospitals, help families reunite with missing members

War Cabinet

established by Wilson during WWI to organize an effective war administration

plains

flat or gently rolling lands; can be called lowland when next to seacoasts; have fertile soil which is good for growing crops, this is where people settle

Mesas

flat top hills or mountains, usually with steep sides. (similar to plateaus, but smaller)

Loyal Nine

group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city

smog

fog or haze combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants.

Parthian Government

followed the example of Achaemenid administration authority and responsibility in their clan leaders worked to build independent bases of power in their regions and mounted rebellions against the imperial government combined with Roman pressure, brought down the Parthian empire

Xunzi

follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were inherently lazy and evil and required an authoritarian government.

due process

following established legal procedures; the right of the defendant to do this

permanent immigrants

for whom america offered political and religious freedom as well as economic opportunity

federal court system

gave federal power to supreme court and inferior courts; deal with cases having to do when US is a party including treaties with other governments; disagreements b/w states, b/w citizen and state; between citizens in diff. states; between citizen and foreign nation

Governor-General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau

general sent by spain to crush the the Cuban rebellion

consumers buy goods and services

gives them satisfaction/ utility

Charles Townshend

government official, close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea,

Civil Rights Act of 1866

granted citizenship to all men born in US regardless of race, color, or previous condition of slavery. Aa citizens have the same rights as whites

Imprisonment for debt

had been considered necessary to Republican virtue

penal

having to do with punishment

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Alfred Kinsey

his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings)

Dark Age of Western Europe

historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages, that asserts that a demographic, cultural, and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.

Planned Urban Development

housing pattern: - a.k.a. PUD - large developments used to reintroduce diversity to a neighborhood an mimic cluster development. - Typically phased and contains a mixture of uses

social policy

human needs to sustainability for both individuals and the society

Canals

human-made waterways; ex. Panama Canal

big game hunting

hunters specializing on big game; Paleo-Indians

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

caste and varna

identities developed gradually as the Aryans established settlements throughout India. Varna means color to refer to the major social classes

Iron Curtain

ideological and symbolic, physical separation of East and West; Berlin Wall fell in 1989

Republican Values

ideology of being a citizen in a state as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty. Many countries are "republics" in the sense that they are not monarchies.

Aboriginal peoples

indigenous populations who were native to a particular area or who settled there during prehistoric times

The Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Indo-European invasions

involved the migrations of pastoral peoples speaking the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), who, according to the Steppe theory, departed from the Yamnaya and related cultures in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, starting c. 4000 BCE.

Deomcratic-Republicans

jerfferson/madison, self-reliant individuals with small, rights-protecting government, alliance with france, focus on rural america-agricuture, narrow interpretation of constitutional powers

Congressional Reconstruction 1867-1877

less willing to compromise on AA rights and appease former confederates Military Reconstruction Act (1867) 15th amendment

Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Great Strike of 1877

large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Bringham Young

leader of Mormans moved them to Utah (not part of U.S.A. at that time) so Mormans could practice their religion without outside interference 1847 they settled near the Great Salt Lake.

American Indian Movement

led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

led to more economic disparity in Russia; Russia lost the war to Japan because of poor leadership, lack of training, inferior weapons

Germany after WWI

left in economic dispair; people were unsatisfied with government; an attempted coup led Hitler to jail; after that he worked his way up in government with his fascist party; fascism was in Italy too with Mussolini; fascism took propaganda ideas from communism; different type of revolutionary movement and elites though the status quo would stay the same

insanity defense

legal defense proposing that people shouldn't be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren't of "sound mind" when committing them

Writs of Assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

judiciary

legal system; courts of law and appeal

Berber

member of the North Africans, also a language of the Berbers

Open Door Notes

message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Shinto

native religion of Japan; native folk beliefs; accordingly deities created Japan, its people; worshipping emperor as god

Constitution Union Party

mid 1800s; a political party that only represented political ideas that were in the Constitution; would help with slavery issue; national union party created to support Lincoln

French Revolution

middle and lower classes revolt over political and economic excesses of leaders & nobility

Middle East in terms of geography

middle of the globe, power over trade, has holy cities, have oil; easier to get than the oil of central Russia

the medes and the persians

migrated from central Asia to Persian before 1000 BCE were Indo-European speakers and shared cultural traits with Aryans challenged the Assyrian and Babylonian empires

Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

Causes of WWI

minor disputes became a major war; Balkan Peninsula was a powder keg; imperialism; militarism; diplomatic and military alliances; Serbian national group assassinated Archduke Ferdinand an Austrian heir to the throne in Sarajevo; new use of warfare in WWI

Art in 20th century

modernism --abstraction, cubism, surrealism, realism, abstract expressionism; Picasso, Dali; Postmodernism describes the time period after 1950 including Minimalism, Figurative Styles, Pop Art, Conceptual Art, Installation Art

Cold War

more of an ideological & cultural struggle between capitalism and communism; Warsaw Pact vs. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); soviets had allies in Asia including China, North Korea, North Vietnam while US had Japan as an ally; big symbol of Cold War was the arms race, especially nuclear weapons

Relative Social Equality

most scholars believe that during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized by

Rock and Roll

music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s

Religions of Salvation

mystery religions promised eternal bliss for believers (e.g. Cult of Osiris) some faiths spread across the trade routes many involved the worship of a savior whose death and resurrection would lead to eternal salvation speculation about a single, universal god emerged

nationalism/ nation building

people share common identity by living in the same country; nation building didn't always create stable countries; global migration increased after WWII

political slavery

people wrote about the corruption in in government caused by the high ministerial officials lusting after power. If these men were not stopped the citizens who wrote about them would be stripped of all rights and liberties and living in a state of tyranny

Culture

politics will be influenced by it; attitudes and beliefs that shape political and economic decisions; countries that maximized cultural advantages Roman Empire; Britain, Germany, Japan, US--adaptability to changing times

representative government

popular form of Western government; republic/ democracy; idea is that the society is responsible for the government; began in Greece with the idea of a democracy--idea that everyone has a say in the govt

Neanderthal people

popular term for members of the human species

Iranian Revolution of 1979

popular uprising in Iran in 1978-79 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on April 1, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic with Ayatollah Khomeini; before the government had democratic improvements & people think it was a US puppet government; government brutality continued

Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia

practiced by the Serbs in the 1990's in Yugoslavia against Albanians; Kosovo Liberation Army (Muslim Albanians) and Serbs; excessive violence between the two groups; NATO responded with bombing Serbia's infrastructure

John Cotton

prominent Mass minister, believed that only the spiritual "elect" should have any authority, to become "elect" they have a conversion experience, caused dissension in colony and would eventually lead to the founding of new colonies

Sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

President Wilson & WWI

reelected to keep US out of war; German U boat sunk Lusitania which killed Americans + Zimmerman note where Germans asked Mexicans to go to war against US led to US involvement in the war; after war Wilson proposed 14 points one of which led to the League of Nations, severely punished Central Powers; US did not end up joining league of nations

Fire-eaters

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

matriarchal

relating to culture where women are the most powerful members

Coinage Act of 1873

required all currency in the US to be backed by GOLD; helped cause the Panic of 1873

Judicial Review

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

mandate of heaven

ruler has the right to rule. The Chinese philosophical concept of the circumstances under which a ruler is allowed to rule. Good rulers would be allowed to rule

What produced cultures and civilization

society and culture based on agriculture & development of center with literate social and religious structures; cities became easier to trade in

Glass-Seagall Act

the 1933 law that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect individuals' bank accounts

Neolithic Era

the New Stone Age; the time period after the Paleolithic Era, marked by the use of tools

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

UN police action

the United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order

golden horde

the army of Mongol Tartars that overran eastern Europe in the 13th century established a khanate in Russia, and maintained suzerainty there until the 15th century.

national anti-cigarette league

the banning of smoking in restaurants, theaters, public buildings, trolleys, and railway cars passed in 1903

Universal White Manhood Suffrage

the extension of voting rights to all white males, even those who did not own property

Paleo-Indians

the first Americans who crossed from Asia into North America sometime between 38,000 and 10,000 BC

Augustus rules as Roman Emperor

the first emperor of Rome. He replaced the Roman republic with an effective monarchy and during his long reign brought peace and stability.

Treaty of Verdun

the first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms

William Ellery Channing

the foremost Unitarian preacher in the United States in the early nineteenth century and, along with Andrews Norton, one of Unitarianism's leading theologians. He was known for his articulate and impassioned sermons and public speeches, and as a prominent thinker in the liberal theology of the day

supreme court

the highest federal court in the United States

Divine Right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

Maya Calendar

the most elaborate calendar of the ancient Americas and created by the Maya society. Solar agriculture of 364 days, 20 months with 13 days each, and a "ritual" year of 260 days that governed daily affairs.

tikal

the most important Maya political center between the 4th-9th centuries. It was a city that had temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings.

federal government

the organization through which political authority is exercised at the national level, government of the United States; power shared between federal & states

Hyksos

the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes.

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

New Kingdom

the period from about 1550 to 1050 BC in Egyptian history when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory

the Old Kingdom

the period from about 2700 to 2200 BC in Egyptian history that began shortly after Egypt was unified

Middle Kingdom

the period of Egyptian history from about 2050 to 1750 BC and marked by order and stability

The Middle Kingdom

the period of Egyptian history from about 2050 to 1750 BC and marked by order and stability

Archaic Period

the period of Greek art from 900 to 500 BC. It was the earliest period of great vase painting and the beginning of monumental stone sculpture

natural environment

the physical environment and the natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities

consumer sovereignty

the power of consumers to decide what gets produced

naturalization

the process of becoming a citizen; seven steps including; must be 18; must be lawfully admitted and have residence; lived in US for 5 yrs; good moral character; not broken immigration laws; speak and write simple English and pass a government test; take an oath to obey constitution and laws

Entrepreneurship

the process of starting, organizing, managing, and assuming the responsibility for a business

John Locke (1632-1704)

theorized about the nature of democracy; believed people were born with a blank slate all at the same level; believed in the idea of checks and balances; his ideas were used in the US Constitution

filial piety

the requirement that one must obey and respect one's parents

states' rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government; issues before Civil War b/c states believed they could go against federal law

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

the quran

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

Middle Passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

Roderigue Hortalez & Cie.

the sole purpose of this company was to funnel war material to the patriots

Great Schism

the split dividing the papacy in the High Middle Ages

weather

the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.

Meroitic writing

used by nubians and no one can understand it now, it is based on sounds rather than ideas

Market Socialism

uses both markets and planning; planning used for direct resources at upper levels of economy & markets determine prices of consumer goods

Boston Non-Importation Agreement

were a series of commercial restrictions adopted by American colonists to protest British revenue policies prior to the American Revolution. Britain's Stamp Act of 1765 triggered the first of these.

the lapita peoples

were the earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific Ocean

middle kingdom

what the Chinese Empire was known as

Buenaventura Baez

who sold the US the Dominican Republic

Columbian Exchange

widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World

Witans

wise men who advised the king; could approve new kings and get rid of them