Multicultural Concepts Test 1

Split Labor Force

A labor market in which there are at least two groups of workers whose price of labor differs for the same work, or would differ if they did the same work. (page 154)

White Flight

A migratory process whereby many whites, fearing racial integration, sold their houses in the city and fled to the suburbs. (page 176)

Eugenics

A program set forth in the nineteenth century by Francis Galton to ensure genetic purity by attempting to 'solve' the 'natural inferiority of the lower races' through such extreme measures as forced sterilization. (page 82)

Racial Polarization

A relationship between the racial identity of a voter and the way in which the voter votes. For example, the American electorate is racially polarized: the majority of whites tilt toward the Republican Party while the majority of nonwhites support the Democratic Party. (page 108)

White Affirmative Action

A series of exceptions, put forth by the southern arm of the Democratic party, which precluded a large majority of nonwhites from benefiting from Roosevelt's New Deal by disqualifying certain jobs (those dominated by nonwhite workers) from the policy. (page 130)

Gerrymandering

A set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage. (page 113)

principle-implementation gap

A set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage. (page 113)

Ethnicity

A shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations. (page 26)

Racial Demography

A society's racial categories

Slavery

A system wherein workers are the property of their masters and are not paid for their labor. (page 57)

Nonwhite Affirmative Action

An umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities. (page 160)

Environmental Racism

Any environmental policy, practice, or directive that disproportionately disadvantages (intentionally or unintentionally) nonwhite communities. (page 196)

In the film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion, Sociologist Melvin Oliver argues that "the things that we identify as the racial markers mean nothing unless they are given social meaning and unless there is public policy and private action that act upon those characteristics." Which of the following examples from the text best illustrates his argument?

Arabs and Indian Americans have been classified as "white" at some points in time and "not white" at other points.

White terrorism, as described in the film clip, along with literacy tests and "grandfather clauses," worked together to enforce

Black disenfranchisement

1.According to the text and the clip, which of the following statements best describes the majority of American Indian Reservations in the United States, including the Pima tribe in Arizona?

By and large, American Indian reservations are plagued by dire poverty, joblessness, and poor living conditions.

According to the film clip and text, how were people of both black and white heritage classified in the slavery era?

By and large, people of white and black descent were considered black.

Colonialism

Colonialism occurs when a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations. (page 50)

The film clip discusses how white supremacists designed a targeted campaign to inspire white resentment and fear of black men by claiming that they were a danger to white women. Who would ultimately be one of the most well-known victims of this legacy of propaganda many years later?

Emmett Till

Interpersonal Racism

Everyday interactions and practices; either overt, as in old-fashioned bigotry, wherein people act out their prejudices and give direct expression to their negative attitudes guided by demeaning stereotypes of others, or covert, wherein it is found in the habitual, commonsensical, and ordinary practices of our lives. (page 11)

Race is the genetic difference between groups of people in society

False

Welfare

Government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled. (page 157)

According to the film clip, in the postslavery era, when some newly freed slaves were beginning to gain some political power, white supremacists were determined to end black political power. Which of the following examples from the text most clearly signifies white supremacists' success in stifling the political power of black Americans at this time?

In 1960, fewer than 2 percent of Mississippi's black adults were registered to vote.

Coded Language

Indirect allusions to physical appearance, class upbringing, or sexual attractiveness; code words that give voice to dormant racialized dispositions (such as 'welfare queen,' 'urban unrest,' 'illegal immigrants,' 'Islamic terrorists' ). (page 124)

2.Gentrification is a contentious issue in many cities throughout the United States, such as San Francisco and Washington, DC. Based on the findings in the clip from My Brooklyn, we would conclude which of the following about gentrification in these other cities?

It is not an inevitable process, but is driven by political factors and government policy

According to the film clip, which of the following is true about Jim Crow laws in the American South?

Jim Crow laws emerged as a backlash to the increasing political power of some African American communities.

In the film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion, Historian James Horton states, "You give me the power, I can make you any race I want you to be." In the history of race in the US, who has played the largest role in dictating racial categories, as we understand them today?

Judges

What are the origins of the term "redlining"?

Neighborhoods with 5 percent or more African Americans were colored red on a map and made ineligible for government-backed loans.

Individualistic Fallacy

Racism assumed to belong to the realm of ideas and attitudes; racism is only the collection of nasty thoughts a 'racist individual' has about another group

Which of the following terms is defined as "something we build and maintain, something we learn and come to understand, but not something objective that exists in the world"?

Social Construction

institutional racism

Systemic white domination of people of color, embedded and operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, and other social collectives. (page 11)

The Civil Rights Movement

That collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and racial economic exploitation. (page 89)

Political Representation

The activity of integrating citizen perspectives and concerns in the public policy making process. Very few nonwhites are elected at the national, state, and local levels, resulting in the underrepresentation of nonwhite perspectives and concerns. (page 112)

Legalistic Fallacy

The assumption that abolishing racist laws (racism in principle) automatically leads to the abolition of racism in everyday life (racism in practice). (page 8)

Fixed Fallacy

The assumption that racism is fixed, that it is immutable, constant across time and space, and that it does not develop in any way, often defining racism only by its most heinous forms, such as racial violence. (page 9)

Ahistorical Fallacy

The bold claim that most United States history, including the legacies of slavery and colonialism, is inconsequential today.

Multiethnic heritage

The category by which many Americans identify, claiming heritages from two or more ethnicities or races. (page 85)

Racial Disparities in Income and Wealth

The concept that, due to historical and current circumstances, certain racial groups have more income and wealth than others as a result of their race. On average, a white worker will make more than a black or Hispanic worker, even if all these people work exactly the same hours, possess exactly the same work experience, and hold exactly the same educational credentials. (page 134)

Whiteness

The dominant racial category which normalizes racial domination and reproduces many cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges for white people and withholds such advantages and privileges from nonwhite people. (page 25)

Race is a Social reality

The idea, as put forth by James Baldwin, that race is not a biological reality, but rather a political reality, or what we might call a social construction. (page 32)

Manifest destiny

The nineteenth century belief that it was God's will that the United States conquer the American continent. (page 69)

Intersectionality

The overlapping system of advantages and disadvantages, wherein racism intersects with other forms of domination, such as those based on gender, class, sexuality, religion, nationhood, ability, and so forth. (page 16)

Immigration

The process of entering and establishing permanent residence in a place other than one's country of origin; during the mid-nineteenth century, immigrants flocked to America by the millions. (page 75)

Racialization of Neighborhoods

The rise of industrialism, which facilitated the rise of cities, attracted thousands of people -- immigrants, blacks, Mexicans, whites, Asians -- to roiling metropolises. As they poured into cities, some ethnic groups tended to cluster together in neighborhoods, many living in crowded, dilapidated slums. (page 170)

Advanced Marginality

The severe spatial and social segregation of the ghetto's residents, marked by their amputation from America's economic prosperity, national security, collective imagination and memory, and state services. (page 189)

In the early 20th century, American nativists and many scientists argued that the new European immigrants were "lower races of Europe." Their poverty and lower social status was understood as inheritable and immutable. Which of the following examples from the text relates most closely to this understanding of race?

There is a common understanding that African American are superior athletes

What role did many real estate agents play in "white flight"?

They exploited whites' fears of racial integration and encouraged them to sell their homes fast.

Cause and Consequence of Segregation

Throughout the nineteenth century, whites and nonwhites lived relatively close together, interacting with one another on a daily basis, but the rise of industrialism brought thousands to live in crowded, dilapidated slums. As the twentieth century marched forward, prosperous European immigrant families were able to move out of the slums and assimilate into the white American mainstream. Meanwhile, those who wore the badge of otherness -- the 'racial uniform,' in the words of American sociologist Robert Park -- were forbidden by law and custom to live anywhere else. (page 183)

Disenfranchisement

To deprive a group or an individual of certain privileges. Practices, which often mirror, in a softer and shrewder form, techniques deployed by southern whites during the mid-twentieth century to deter voters and revoke voting rights among racial minorities, such as voter ID laws. (page 119)

Most theorists agree that identity exists, not solely within an individual or category of individuals but through the difference in the relationship with others.

True

Tokenistic Fallacy

assumes that the presence of people of color in influential positions is evidence that racism no longer exists

The fact that a person with both white ancestry and black ancestry will most likely be understood as __________ in the United States makes clear that we are still influenced by the legacies of the "one-drop rule."

black

2.Diverting the Gila River away from the Pima Indians in order to benefit white communities is best described as

economic racism

5.Identity claims in Native American communities are not influenced by economic and political structures.

false

Racialization matters because it is always implicated in the community.

false

1.Based on the clip from My Brooklyn, white flight after the Great Depression was driven by which of the following?

government incentives encouraging whites to move to the suburbs

According to the film, the assignment of mixed race children to the race that is considered subordinate or inferior is called __________. For black Americans in the United States, this process was also known as __________.

hypodescent; the one-drop rule

Spanish colonizers of the Americas encouraged miscegenation, while the United States government outlawed the practice for many years. What is miscegenation?

intermarriage between people with different skin tones

The film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion explains that when an influx of eastern and southern European immigrants arrived in the United States at the start of the twentieth century, they were generally considered __________. According to the text, the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 changed their classification to _________

not white; white

4.Without the ability to grow crops and provide for themselves, the Pima began to depend on aid from the U.S. government. What was one major result from this dependence?

overall levels of health decreased

The film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion shows that racial classifications are based in part on the way we look (skin color, eye shape and color, hair texture and color, etc.). Which of the following terms from the text refers to these physical differences?

phenotype

3.The clip from My Brooklyn documents redlining in some neighborhoods but not others. What was the result of this process of redlining?

racial residential segregation

Which of the following terms is defined as "assigning racial meaning to a previously unclassified relationship, social practice, or group"?

racialization

3.The text offers some recommendations for how to address poverty on Native American reservations. Based on those recommendations, what would be the most effective way to address the problems of the Pima Indians?

supporting tribal sovereignty by restoring the Gila River to its original state

Which of the following terms describes "a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation, or that of the old country; a love for and pride in a tradition that can be felt without having to be incorporated in everyday behavior"?

symbolic ethnicity

African American gains in economic power and political power resulted in whites creating news stories and laws to slow or reverse those gains.

true

Hypodescent is the practice of determining the classification of a child of mixed-race ancestry by assigning the child the race of his or her more socially subordinate parent.

true

Identity cannot exist apart from of a group.

true

Identity is a combination of internal self-identification and the external perceptions of others.

true

People can find their identity by 'affiliating' with an abstract collectivity which does not exist as an interacting group. That group collectivity can be mythic or real, contemporary or historical.

true

Social construction defined as "something we build and maintain, something we learn and come to understand, but not something objective that exists in the world"?

true

The constructionist approach to representation states that meaning is constructed through language.

true