Multiculturalism Quiz #1

Hegemony

preponderant influence or authority over others: DOMINATION (when a particular culture is popular within a society) -a group or regime which exerts undue influence within a society -the social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence exerted by a dominant group *idea.When soically powerful people use their influence to convience less powerful people it is in their best interest to do what is actually in the most powerful people's best interest, that's hegemony.* ex.When you get a million dollar hedge fund that has to be donated to the poor but the money at the same time sees the money as private property

surviving

recent immigrants (less than 5 years) having the majority of socialization and experience within their nation of origin.

due to resettling policies what happens to refugees?

refugees are often settled in the same area creating a large ethnic enclaves with the mainstream US society ex; Bosnians in STL

Perserving

immigrants or refugees who have been here more than 5 years but still had the majority of their soicalization and other experiences within their nation of origin

Melting pot--Immigrants today

immigrants today come primarily from Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe, Places with substantially different cultures and religions which may make assimilation or blending harder

implicit cognitions, implicit bias, implicit stereotypes

implicit cognitions also include our attitudes, which overall evaluate feelings that maybe positive or negative

adjusting

includes second generation offspring

Acculturation

sharing of culture that occurs when 2 cultures come into contact >usually less dominant groups adopts the cultural traits of the more dominant group >>Romans ripped off the Greek Religion >>Japanese adopted the Chinese writing system

Reiman argues...?

that white-collar crime 1.) is much more costly and harmful than street crime 2.) is widespread 3.) white-collar criminals are seldom arrested and charged 4.) when they are prosecuted and convicted, sentences are light ___.

changing

immigrants and their descendants all having a majority of socialization and experience in USA

Economic bias among crimes

"the crimes that poor people are likely to commit carry harsher sentences than the 'crimes in the suites' committed by well-to-do people." Wealthy are able to afford better defenses and are out on bond and are less likely to be convicted Among defendants convicted of the same crimes the poor receive less probation and more years of confinement than wealthy defendants

the social reality of crime

(a) legislators about what to define as a crime (b) police and prosecutors about whom to arrest and charge (c) judges and juries about whom to convict (d) sentencing judges about the appropriate punishment (e) the media in what to report as a 'crime' and an 'accident' all involve discretion These decision-makers are either from the elite class (e.g. legislators and judges) or have come to accept elite values (e.g. police) through a process of false consciousness creation.(ex. When more than a million dollars are passed down it has to be given to the government but my money my property that's why you wouldn't want to change the law

Asylum Seekers

*(also rarely called an asylee) is a person who flees his or her home country, 'spontaneously' enters another country and applies for asylum, i.e. the right to international protection, in this other country.* >> victims of political, religion, racial or ethnic persecution or oppression who make it to the US can request it >>widespread culturally condoned sex based oppression or persecution is not usually recognized as a basis for asylum (although that may be changing at least in the U.S.)

Refugees can be...

-*Government sponsors (refugee), often brought back over the US by the government* -EG groups that assisted in the Vietnam War -danger in the homeland-genocide, ethnic cleansing

Schemas and implicit cognitions

*-mental short cuts* *-templates that allow our brains to quickly process information and sort specific examples within broader categories* -We recognize a chair on sight and know what to do with it without expending much mental energy. -We have schemas for processes too like how to order food at a restaurant.

implicit social cognitions

*-thoughts about people you didn't know you had* -schemas apply to human beings too *-We naturally assign people into various social categories divided by salient and chronically accessible traits like age, gender, race, and role* -Police are "good guys" (or maybe bad depending upon your place in social space).

What percent of people living in the U.S. today were not born here and do not have *citizen parents* (foreign born)

*15% of people* -1st generation almost always has language issues if English isn't their 1st language -although occasionally 2nd generation or beyond will not be fluent as well

Hierarchy

*A deeply imbedded system of socitial structure where people are organized according to status and power, such societies tend to have rigid rules for how people must behave towards those above or below them in hierarchy. Communication is restricted up and down the hierarchy.* Most Americans believe in equality and reject notions of hierarchy, at least superficial expressions of hierarchy, so we tend to be quite informal although we have a hierarchy too - you probably wouldn't talk to your boss the way you would to a same-age peer.

cultural appropriation

*Adoption or use of elements of ones culture by members of another culture (wearing native american turquoise necklace)* Some people think this fosters integration and is part of what makes America great (melting pot) some people think it's a form of dominant group exploitation and tend to focus on adoption of minority cultural artefacts without permission and divorced from cultural meaning. Example: Adopting Native American dress as a fashion statement.

culturally proficient

*Agency and personnel hold diversity as one of their highest ideals.* Seek to add to base cultural compitence through research and development of operations to enhance response to diverse populations Somewhat rare in practice among CJ agencies

cultural competence

*Agency/Personnel routinely accept and respect non-criminal difference.(non-criminal would be reilgon—but a criminal difference would be marijuana usage)* Effectively attend to the needs of individuals by integrating the salient aspects of the culture to which that person identifies him/herself

Reject "nothing works" and claim we do know what works we just don't do it

*Argues criminologsts know that the criminal justice system can do little to impact crime rates. It responds to crime after it occurs, most criminals do not believe they will be caught, so harsher sentences have little impact* But research points to a wide variety of factors that produce crime like poverty, inequality (relative deprivation, difference between rich and poor) and guns but they say we do nothing about these root causes or sources of crime in the face of this knowledge.

cultural pre-competence

*Attempt to act in a culturally sensitive manner and may display aspects of competency*

cultural destructiveness

*Cultural differences are viewed as a problem and efforts are made to destroy or suppress cultural differences* Ex: Taking Native American children away from their parents to be raised in "Christian schools" to eradicate the Indian way of life by preventing intergenerational transmission of language/culture/indigenous religions based upon racist assumptions about the superiority of the White way of life rather than actual evidence of abuse/neglect. One culture is superior (in this context European American) and all others should be eradicated.

Power distance

*How the culture deals with inequality* The extent to which the less powerful members of society accept their lot in life In cultures with high power distance, children learn from a young age to be unquestionably obedient toward parents People are exptected to overtly display respect to those with more power ( higher status) Extent to which power, prestige and wealth are distributed in a culture (high power distance cultures concentrate wealth/power/privilege in hands of a few). These countries tend to be authoritarian and communicate in ways that limit interaction and reinforce difference among the various strata of society. Germanic language countries tend to be low while countries with romance languages or Confucian cultural inheritance tend to be medium or high. *US is moving higher on power distance as wealth becomes more concentrated in the top 1%.*

high context communicators

*Indirect/implicit communicators* - take many more of their cues from context rather than the actual words Particularly important to consider hierarchical context and observe body language carefully although you'll need some specific cultural knowledge to adequately interpret. -rely heavily on body language--there isn't an out right rule about communication standards

cultural blindness

*Operate as if race and culture make no difference and that all people are the same* Strive for unbiased action toward all but their refusal to acknowledge cultural differences prevents them from benefiting from valuable differences among groups.

Uncertainty avoidance

*The extent to which people in a culture feel threatened by uncertainty or unknown situations (like dealing with the CJ system).* Uncertain situation are avoided in highly avoidant cultures by maintaining strict codes of behavior and beleif in absolute truths. Such cultures tend to be active, aggressive, emotional, complusive, security seeking intolerant -Arad countries rank high Greece and Portugal rank low

tokenism

*The practice of making perfunctory or symbolic effort to do a particular thing, espeically by recuriting a small number of people from underrepresented groups in order to give the apperance of sexual or racial equality within a work force* Sometimes agencies think they can just hire some number of personnel reflective of the community and they are good to go - while diversity in personnel is helpful, by itself, it won't achieve cultural competence for the agency.

normative conflict

*arises when multiple plausible rules exist, specifying how one ought to behave in a given situation. In such cases, enforcing one normative rule can lead to a sequence of mutual retaliatory sanctions, which we refer to as a feud.* e.g. trespass and tinkers, riots at some protests. (depending on type of culture there will be bad and harmless crimes—gypes (TINKERS) not cleaning clothes together(bad) but litering is okay or (good) to them as well as other crimes like private property

cultural competence

*is a set of values, behaviors, attitudes and practices within a system, program or among individuals that enables people to work effectively across cultures. It refers to the ability to understand and respect the beliefs, language, interpersonal style and behavior of individuals who are receiving services as well as staff who are providing services.* (religious holidays within a group that will not enable a person to work on that day due to the holiday) Cultural competence is having an awareness of one's own cultural identity and views about difference, and the ability to learn and build on the varying cultural and community norms among populations you encounter as CJ professionals with the goal of providing fair and equitable criminal justice treatment to all (perps, victims, witnesses and workers). When prisoners are kosher and the jails will allow them to eat kosher meals with other meat in their meals besides pork)

long-term orientation

*is when you are focused on the future* -encourages thrift, savings, perserverance towards results and a willingness to subrodinate oneself for a purpose. Countries with long-term orientation include Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea and Singapore, US is more short-term.

short-term orientation

*is when you are focused on the present or past and consider them more important than the future* -is consistent with spending to keep up with social pressures, less saving, and a preference for quick results. (WE WANT IT NOW)

indulgence

*places a high value on gratifying of basic human desires related to enjoying life and having fun.*

Most people processed by the system are

*poor* Many argue that the confabulation of race and class in our society is one reason for apparent minority disproportionality (minorities are more likely to be poor and that it's really being poor that results in disparate outcomes not skin color) Some anecdotal evidence: O.J. case

self-restraint

*reflects the conviction that such gratification needs to be curbed and regulated by strict social norms.*

multiculturalism

*the existence of the heterogenous cultures within the same society* -Multiculturalism is the opposite to hegemony. It seeks more or less equality between a variety of different groups within a society. -"Multiculturalism" is the co-existence of diverse cultures where culture includes racial, religious, or ethnic groups and is manifested in differing customary behaviors, cultural assumptions

Why should we care about IMPLICIT BIASES

*they predict real world outcomes like...* -friendliness of facial expressions -awkward body language -negative evaluations of ambiguous actions by an African-American -predicts shooter biases in video simulations -predicts sexual attraction to children

Immigrants can be..

- Privately sponsored -Economic opportunity -sometimes fleeing dangerous conditions or oppression

REMBER

-*focus on the actions you see* not on the demographic characteristics or clothing *act only when actions are warranted*

Conventional View at the time: Poor are evil--indicates moral defect

-Franklin advocated a leveling out of the class system through expansion across the land but not an abolition of the class system-most would be content with a "happy mediocrity" - Jefferson also didn't believe in classlessness, while he thought small farms and an agrarian lifestyle was preferable to manufacturing and urban poor, he was perfectly fine with the landed gentry owning most of the land in Virginia. -Citizenship, voting etc. largely dependent on owning property in the America of the colonial era and beyond (white affluent males begging of the confabulation of class and race in America_). -She argues, however, that class in America goes beyond property and money and even morality and came to be conceptualized in terms of breeds or sorts of people (a la eugenics breeding the perfect child without birth defects etc..____ -Poor people were seen as congenitally deficient. Various disparaging terms like clay-eater and eventually white trash were applied to poor southern whites many of whom moved North for jobs. -Later, in the era of identity politics, she argues white trash was sort of repackaged as an ethnicity and enjoyed a bit of celebrity in the 1980s and 1990s when being a red neck was cool and we had a white trash president (Bill Clinton).

when dealing with non-english speakers?

-Get a good independent translator No bystanders No family members No members of the communities *get bilingual* at minimum learn : greeting, identification words, and commands (like freeze, drop it, stop, you are under arrest)

collectivism

-In collectivist culture, the interests of the group prevail. People are integrated into strong cohesive groups that continue throughout a lifetime for protection in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. Stress in-group loyalty and conformity. Indirect communication. -people from collectivist societies are more likely to take a wider range of group interests into accounts when making decisions. -Immigration may tend to select collectivits

Individualism

-Individualistic culture like ours the interest of the individual prevails over the intrest of the groups. Ties between people are loose and people look after themselves and their immediate families primarily. -People from individualistic societies will make decision based upon their and perhaps their family's interests -In US focus is on individual accomplishments to define you as a person in Columbia your family is a much more important element of your identity. -Weathier, colder, lower birth rate countries tend to be individualistic

multiculturalism as a political philosophy

-Multiculturalism is also used in *the political context to mean a political viewpoint which encourages minority groups to retain their cultural, linguistic, ethnic and religious values while insisting that all groups receive the benefits of integration.* -Cultural assimilation is the opposite political viewpoint and it encourages the minority demographic group to adopt the customs, values and languages of the dominant group in order to receive the benefits of integration.

Isenberg's take on US history

-New world was seen as a wasteland because wasn't being put to agrarian or commercial use as Englishmen of that era understood those terms. -Jamestown and Virginia Company first sustained efforts at colonization -Colony needed waste people- convicts ,vagabonds, orphans, ex-soldiers to pour their labor onto the idle land and make it productive for the entrepreneurial stewards

systematic bias against the poor

-Police mainly investigate and arrest those who hold the least political clout or who are least likely to draw attention to police practices - those in the lowest social and economic classes. -The kinds of crime that poor people don't have the opportunity to commit are the crimes that the criminal justice system does not treat as criminal, but civil offences, making the middle and upper classes less likely to be arrested, charged or convicted.

Stages of Acculturation

-Surviving -Perserving -Adjusting -Changing -Choosing *the last 3 are a process where they may still value their home culture but have realized the necessary changes to adapt to life in the USA(Americanized)* > Aspects of old culture may be retained but they have integrated many aspects of the new culture as well (the Irish who celebrate St.Pattys and eat beef and cabbage BUT behaviorally they would be considered to be Americans)

barriers to intercultural communication

-anxiety -negative stereotyping or prejudice -assuming similarity instead of difference

Learn the language! Like what?

-crucial phrases -greetings -identification -commands

Learn about the country's history, culture, and communication style

-eye contact -intergender communication differences -oppressed women -volume and body language

formally "accepted" behavior

-gender biased jokes -over policing minority communities (consider justification before you act)

implicit bias

-hard to ferret out -might make us more skeptical of self-defense claims *People aren't great at introspection(the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes) and since much of this occurs below the conscience level we often aren't even aware of it.* ex. slight environmental alterations

assimilation into majority culture

-minority culture changes to fit or accommodate to the majority culture -assimilation does not involve change in the majority culture's part

Feminine culture

-permit more over-lapping social roles for men and women. Cultures that place a high value on quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak -Feminine cultures are somewhat more likely in colder climates and in those countries with lower birth rates

be carful with schemas...

-schemas can be helpful *BUT we need to be careful so that they do not result in discrimination* (especially in carrying out CJ system functions like judges, lawyers, correction officers)

be sympathetic when learning a new language

-some get scared and don't speak in front of CJ -tired (stay calm and try to communicate in a non-threatening way)

Masculine culture

-strive for maximal distinction between the roles of women and men. Cultures that place a high values on assertiveness, competition and material success.

As of 2013, ____% of countries and____ states are majority minority

11% AND 4 states-->CA,HI,NM,TX

choosing

3rd generation or later

Melting Pot

>earlier waves of immigrants from eurpoe melted down or assimilated more easily like most white Christians > but African Americans and Native Americans and other religious minorities at different times were probably never a part of the melting pot

U visa powerpoint slide

>part of the Violence Protection Act of 2000 >designed to make it safe for immigrants to cooperate with the investigation >u visa can be used in an application for legal work permit and SSN (social security number)

ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of your own culture resulting in adverse judgements of different cultures based on their difference from your culture alone. Assume your culture is right and differences with other cultures mean those cultures are wrong - when sometimes difference is just difference

Thai Wai Gesture

Communicates greeting, bidding farewell as well as deep and sincere respect or appreciation -even little children do this

critical criminology-cirtis

Crits say criminal law is not inherently right or good nor does it reflect objective reality, its just a reflection of elite interests. -conflict approach -consensus approach

environmental sustainability

Cultures that are more cognizant of controlling development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations by degrading the environment.

example of things to avoid

Direct eye contact with Latinos can be viewed as a challenge or threat (also be aware its lack may indicate respect e.g. Indians). Displaying the sole of your feet or touching them with your feet is insulting to a Thai or Middle Easterner (e.g. feet up on desk, a person laying on the ground—tap with foot to see if their responsive OK symbol is obscene in Germany & Latin American and in France it means zero. Crossed fingers are offensive in Vietnam and the come here gesture (curled index finger, palm up) is insulting in most of Asia and Latin America

Multiculturalism as a source of social conflict

Emergence of multiculturalism places cultural norms in flux and can create friction between *groups who find themselves losing status and privilege with groups who are gaining more clout and social capital*

transnationalism

Emerging concept in social sciences referring to the immigrant experience where *immigrants do not fully integrate or assimilate into their host society but rather develop and maintain multiple relations* - familial, economic, social, organizational, political and religious between their society of origin and their society of settlement.

How do you acquire cultural competence?

Explore your own beliefs and biases Learn about the culture, norms and identities associated with the various people you serve and work with Become aware of how your perspective and perceptions may differ from other people's—some is idiosyncratic but a good bit is group driven

The Poor Get Prison

Fact: CJ system mostly incarcerates minorities and the poor Traditional argument - that's because they commit more crimes (differences in offending behavior) Reiman argues that the Criminal Justice System 'weeds out the wealthy' and functions in such a way that the poor are 1.) more likely to be arrested 2.) more likely to be charged 3.) more likely to be convicted and 4.) more likely to be sentenced to longer prison sentences than members of middle and upper classes.

By 2060 1 in 3 Americans will be what?

Hispanic

Individualism-Collectivism

How people define themselves and their relationships with others

nonverbal disagreements

If there is verbal-nonverbal disagreement - go with nonverbal, its harder, but not impossible, to fake.

cultural incapacity

Lack the basic ability to aid diverse communities due to inherent beliefs that their own ethnic or racial group is superior or more entitled than other groups

Why is Language a major barrier?

Language can be a barrier to *-Acculturation or integration* *-and can pose problems for law enforcement*

Modern Melting pot

Modern ideas may put less pressure on people to assimilate and society may be more tolerant of difference >> thus allowing people to maintain distinct identity at lower social and economic costs

Current System Benefits the Rich/Powerful

Not a conspiracy, instead they argues it's a result of historical inertia. Those who have power to change the system benefit from the way it operates so they aren't motivated to change it - without a concerted effort by the powerful to change the system, the system just keeps going along as is.

globalization

Process by which societies, cultures and economies around the world have become integrated due to advances in *communication*, *transportation* and *technologies* as well as the *passage of laws and treaties which facilitate integration* -cocola - the U.N.

what has been happening to crime rates lately

Recent reductions in crime rates just reflect a coming down from very, very high crime rates and do not reflect success of CJ policy overall, although they do concede that the imprisonment binge and more officers on the streets probably brought crime down a little bit (although they would argue at too great a social cost). Went from very very crime rate to -->very high crime rate

The Pyrrhic defeat

The CJ system is a pyrrhic defeat ( a victory that caused such a tremendous loss that then the failure cancel out the victory A defendant that brings such benefits, its tantamount to a victory Vast resources are spent to secure an objective (reducing crime) but the system fails to do so, but this failure is really a success. The failure results in a persistent high level of street crime, which is a 'victory' for the wealthy and cooperate America because it convinces middle class America that the threat is from below and the wealthy are not seen as being part of the crime problem ' they remain free to keep perpetrating a variety of harms for people

U visa defintion

The U visa is a United States nonimmigrant visa which is set aside for victims of crimes (and their immediate family members) who have suffered substantial mental or physical abuse and are willing to assist law enforcement and government officials in the investigation or prosecution of the criminal activity.

Carnival Mirror

The criminal justice system act as a carnival mirror that magnifies the threat of street crime while minimizing the harms from elite crime (occupational hazards, health care, environmental chemicals and poverty) which they argue with quite a bit of empirical support, are the real killers/ threat to most people's well-being

The Bonus of Bias

The image conveyed is that the typical criminal is poor and that if people are poor it is their fault, not the fault of our system; the individual is in need of reform, not any of our social institutions. Perceiving the threat to be from the poor -- not the vast quantity of corporate crime -- Middle America calls for a war on (street) crime, leading to the "continued dismal failure of class based politics in America".

The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison--Jeffrey Reiman and Paul Leighton.

They claim that our criminal justice system is an abysmal failure in terms of stopping crime, use USA's high crime rates as evidence of this failure and argue that the CJ system continues essentially unchanged in the face of this failure

America is not and never was...

a classless society *Class in USA is based primarily on money or land thus everyone (in theory) has the same opportunity to work hard and amass their fortune.* Back then if you're a commoner you couldn't be royal BUT In the USA you can be poor and work your way up and become rich

stereotype

a constellation of attributes supposedly possessed by members of a particular group, normally negative and often based on limited experience with the group -women are excessively emotional

prejudice

a judgement or opinion, usually negative or unfavorable, about groups of people -southern whites towards blacks in the 1950s

police acculturation

adoption of the police working personality (e.g. group loyalty, toughness, suspiciousness) traits that the police look for! By faring out criminal activity

scapegoat

blaming one's failures, short comings or problems on an innocent person or group -Nazis scapegoated the Jews for Germany's problems (group level)

Rapport

building/establishing trust is even more important with high context communicators if you want to get all the accurate info you can.

Get a translator! don't rely on bystanders! why???

bystanders can sway what the person is saying depending if they want them to get int trouble or not ; AND there could be miscommunication of words with multiple meanings

Departments and Immigration

departments vary on whether employees are supposed to check immigration status > mandated check and notification to the feds by law/policy/practice V.S. > sanctuary cities where such checks are discouraged/ prohibited

implicit bias

explicit bias-attitudes or beliefs that one endorses at a conscious level *implicit bias that often operates at a level below conscious level awareness and without conscious control*

Levinson found about racial equality

he found that people were more likely to remember aggressive facts about the African American character

The US is increasingly becoming what kind of society

heterogeneous

Integration

is a similar concept to acculturation BUT it implies more of a 2 way street; both cultures change at least a little bit to accommodate the other. Integration implies movement into the mainstream which affords minorities the same opportunities rights and services as the majority

Cultural Mosaic

is the mix of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures that coexist within society. >more accurate description of immigrant experience in the USA certainly for 1st and 2nd generation (as time goes by, later generations may fully assimilate into "mainstream" culture) *Canada has long embraced this description*

what kind of country is the US expected to be within the professional lifetime

minority-majority country

where do implicit social cognitions come from?

they come through *direct* (real world encounters) and *indirect* (stories, books, movies) experiences with other people --> some are negative some are positive

underlying attitudes or implicit bias are caused by?

those *beliefs* or *simple associations* that a person makes between an object and its evaluation that "...are *automatically activated by mere presence of the attitude toward the object*"