Psychology 201 Final part 1

C

"Brain death" is said to occur when activity stops: A. in the cortex. B. anywhere in the brain. C. everywhere in the brain. D. in the brain stem.

A

"Why am I so depressed?" asked Phia. "Obviously," said Dr. Fox, "you have inner, unconscious turmoil that we need to explore." Dr. Fox takes a(n) ________ approach to psychology. A) psychoanalytic B) functionalist C) evolutionary D) Gestalt

B

A Freudian slip is presumed to be a(n): A. conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time. B. unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time. C. conscious thought that was verbally misleading. D. unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later.

A

A gene is: A. a segment of DNA that is involved in producing proteins that carry out specific tasks. B. the same as a chromosome. C. programmed to produce protein irrespective of the environment. D. a segment of RNA that carries out specific cellular building tasks.

B

A group of policymakers are working to address issues of public safety in a residential neighborhood by increasing police presence. Which of the four primary goals of science are they addressing? A. explanation B. control C. description D. prediction

D

In the brain of someone who suffers from Parkinson's disease, what is happening to the neurons involved with dopamine activity? A. They are overproducing dopamine. B. They are blocked for reuptake. C. They are rapidly multiplying. D. They are dying off.

D

In what way are internal validity and external validity different? A. External validity relates to experimental control; internal validity relates to generalization. B. External validity relates to accuracy; internal validity relates to systematic error. C. External validity relates to systematic error; internal validity relates to accuracy. D. External validity relates to generalization; internal validity relates to experimental control.

D

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the: A. nerves. B. axon terminal buttons. C. cell body. D. dendrites.

C

The nature in the nature/nurture debate refers to either ________ factors affecting human psychological development. A. biological or behavioral B. formal or natural C. biological or environmental D. behavioral or environmental

A

The precise way a researcher measures and defines a variable is known as the: A. operational definition. B. response accuracy. C. stimulus judgment. D. central tendency.

D

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system. A. sensory B. somatic C. peripheral D. central

C

The unconscious mind influences human behavior, according to: A. behaviorism. B. structuralism. C. psychoanalysis. D. functionalism.

D

The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the: A. stimulus. B. dependent variable. C. confounding variable. D. independent variable.

A

What allows the movement of sodium and potassium ions to the inside and the outside of the neuron to cause firing? A. gating mechanisms contained within the cell wall B. changes in the charge of the ions C. changes in the chemical structure of the ions D. refraction

D

What do we mean when we say that inferential statistics allow researchers to make generalizations? A.Measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and mode are generalizations about data. B. Inferential statistics remove error/bias, so generalizations are easier to make. C. Meta-analyses allow researchers to generalize findings from one study to many. D.Knowing how likely findings are to occur indicates whether results reflect true differences in a population.

B

When a researcher joins a social group and talks to the members in order to study that group, the approach is referred to as: A. a self-report method. B. participant observation. C. experience sampling. D. response performance.

B

When two variables are correlated, it is not clear which one is a causal variable and which is an effect. This ambiguity reflects: A. random error. B. the directionality problem. C. the third variable problem. D. selection bias.

C

Which brain stem structure influences the sleep cycle, as well as general alertness? A. medulla B. cerebellum C. reticular formation D. amygdala

D

Which of the following alternatives is the closest meaning to the term serendipitous? A. erratic B. significant C. systematic D. unexpected

D

Which of the following changes did John Stuart Mill advocate for the field of psychology? A) to move from the study of the body to the study of the mind B) to move from experimentation and observation to speculation C) to move from the study of the mind to the study of the body D) to move from speculation to observation and experimentation

A

Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation? A. depression B. ADHD C. hypertension D. chronic insomnia

B

Which of the following is NOT generally part of meditation? A. repeating a mantra B. consciously trying to stop your inner thoughts C. focusing attention on one particular thing, such as one's breathing pattern D. listening to your inner voice without responding

B

Which of the following is NOT part of the temporal lobe? A. fusiform face area B. nucleus accumbens C. primary auditory cortex D. specialized visual areas

B

Which of the following philosophers is most noted for promoting dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem? A. Sigmund Freud B. René Descartes C. Hippocrates D. Leonardo da Vinci

C

Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the cognitive revolution? A) William James B) Sigmund Freud C) George Miller D) B.F. Skinner

B

Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychoactive drug? A. cocaine B. antibiotics C. a stimulant such as Ritalin D. alcohol

C

Who first proposed that psychology should be a science of observation and experimentation in order to discover the laws of the mind? A) Hermann von Helmholtz B) René Descartes C) John Stuart Mill D) John Locke

B

Why do monozygotic twins have different phenotypes? A.They have only minor phenotypic variation across a few physical traits but no differences in psychological traits. B. They have nonshared environments. C. They have the same environments but different genes. D. They have different genotypes.

A

Why do scientists and researchers use statistical methods to determine whether their results are statistically significant? A.They want to find out whether their findings would be likely to occur by chance. B.They want to collect information on the reliability of the measures they used. C. They want to report the mean, median, and mode of their data. D. They want to interrogate the external validity of their research.

A

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep? A. The person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active. B. The person is not really asleep. C. The person is both awake and asleep at the same time. D. The person has no awareness of being asleep.

C

You catch your 12-year-old sister smoking. She says that she likes to smoke because her friends smoke. You tell her she does it because she is addicted. Which of the following terms correspond to the stated levels of analysis for the smoking behavior? A) cultural, biological B) cultural, psychological C) social, biological D) social, psychological

C

Your friend hands you a teddy bear and asks you to describe your sensations and feelings connected to the teddy bear. In this example, you are engaging in: A) functionalism. B) free association. C) introspection. D) psychoanalysis.

A

Your friend has been complaining about her inability to concentrate and her irritability. She mentions that she has not been able to fall asleep. What condition might your friend have? A. insomnia B. dementia C. melatonin D. paradoxical sleep

B

The basal ganglia is a system of subcortical structures critical for: A. synthesizing incoming information. B. planning and producing movement. C. thinking. D. regulating emotions.

D

According to your text, amiable skepticism is an important element in a type of reasoning called: A. scholarly inquiry. B. nay-sayerism. C. analytic argumentation. D. critical thinking.

D

According to your textbook, if you wanted to conduct observational research but were concerned that the people you observed would change their behaviors due to reactivity, you could: A. conduct culturally sensitive research. B. avoid debriefing them. C. rule out alternative explanations. D. use a blinded study.

D

Adoption studies are an important tool of behavioral genetics because they: A. allow us to examine the effects of nonrelated mothering. B. show that environment overwhelms the effect of genes. C. are so rare. D. allow us to look at the contributions of environment and genetics on behavior.

C

After using a recreational drug at a party, Fawn became energetic, talkative, and lively. Which of the following drugs is mostly likely to produce these effects? A. alcohol B. heroin C. cocaine D. marijuana

A

As Beatriz works outside in her yard, she works up a pretty good sweat. This is due in part to the functioning of her: A. autonomic nervous system. B. somatic nervous system. C. endocrine system. D. central nervous system.

D

Bai is conducting a study on learning. When she manipulates an independent variable, it is possible that some other factor, such as noise in the hall, can affect learning in one of the groups but not in the other. This possibility reflects the presence of: A. selection bias. B. a dependent variable. C. random assignment. D. a confound.

B

Compared to neurotransmitters, hormones are: A. unable to bind to target receptors. B. slower to act and longer lasting. C. chemically different. D. less important for the body's functioning.

A

Duane studies the relationship between hormone levels and people's abilities to cope with stress. In which subfield of psychology does Duane conduct research? A. biological B. social C. evolutionary D. developmental

A

Heritability refers to: A. an estimate of how much of the variation in a characteristic is due to known genetic variation. B. the degree to which shared environments account for a shared characteristic among siblings. C. the degree to which a mother's characteristics are passed on versus a father's characteristics. D. the degree to which genes control a characteristic.

A

Jafar conducted an experiment with student participants enrolled in his PSY 101 class. He investigated their reactions to advertisements that used humor. When analyzing his results, he should take into account that: A.he has a convenience sample and may not be able to generalize his findings to the larger population of adults. B.self-report methods are not an accurate way to get authentic reactions to the advertisements. C.by using random assignment of participants to groups, it is likely that he avoided selection bias. D.there are likely to be many confounds in his methodology, so his results may not be reliable.

C

Kim spent years studying children in a remote village. To understand how their behavior and mental processes change over time, she would like to study them over the course of their lifetimes. Kim is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A. school B. personality C. developmental D. cognitive

B

Men and women have been shown to differ on all but which of the following? A. how they solve complex problems B. intelligence C. the degree to which they use language-related brain regions D. the size of the brain

C

One of the four main goals of science is explanation. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to explain: A. why a researcher wants to study a behavior. B. how data collection works. C. why a behavior occurs. D. the steps of the scientific method.

B

Paul researches how cooperation in humans increases our ability to survive and successfully raise children. Paul uses a(n) ________ approach in his research. A. cognitive B. evolutionary C. structuralist D. functionalist

C

Regarding the factors potentially influencing behavior, which of the following statements is true? A. Behavior mainly stems from environmental causes. B. Behavior is generated mainly by the endocrine system. C. Behavior reflects an interaction between genetics and the environment. D. Behavior overwhelmingly reflects genetics.

B

Research has shown that some types of behavioral or psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among people with low levels of education. This pattern of data is best represented by: A. validity. B. negative correlations. C. standard deviations. D. descriptive statistics.

C***

Students who study little for tests tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors. If a researcher collected data on both amount of studying and test scores, he or she would likely spot a(n): A. inferential statistic. B. positive correlation. C. negative correlation. D. variable standard deviation.