Multiple Choice Questions: Chapter 2

Alcohol in combination ED visits are described as:

Using alcohol in conjecture with other drugs

An extreme case of intoxication can involve which of the following non-drug substances?

Water

Physical dependency is an inadequate explanation for the abuse of a particular drug if:

Withdrawal from the drug produces no physical symptoms.

Assume that an initial dose of 100 mg will produce a particular drug effect. After tolerance, which dose level would mostly likely produce an equivalent response:

150mg

Assume that an initial dose of 100 mg will produce a particular drug effect. After repeated administrations, a dose of __________ produces an equivalent response. Which alternative would be consistent with the greatest degree of tolerance:

200mg

When reporting the ED50 of a drug the 50 refers too:

50 percent of the test population

The ingestion of increasingly large doses of a toxic drug will produce:

A diminished response due to drug tolerance.

According to research of Shepard Siegel, environmental cues that are present while taking morphine (an analgesic drug) produce:

A lessened analgesic effect

Physical dependence requires the presences of:

A set of physical withdrawal symptoms

In studies of psychological dependence, a catheter refers to:

A tube inserted in the vein for the administration of a drug directly into the blood stream.

DAWN statistics provide information predominantly about:

Acute toxicity

The DAWN reports mainly focus on emergency cases caused by:

Acute toxicity

__________ is defined as the possibility that the short term effects of a particular drug will trigger a toxic reaction.

Acute toxicity

As assessed by DAWN, drug related ED visits refer to occurrences resulting from:

Adverse reactions to medications

Generally speaking, growth retardation, premature birth, low birth rate, and neurological damage to the infant are events associated with drugs during what time of pregnancy:

After the eighth month

The ADAM report does not determine whether adult males arrestees tested positive for:

Alcohol

DAWN statistics do not include drug related ED visits involving to digestion of:

Alcohol alone, unless the patient is under the age of 21.

Which of the following would not be included as a drug related ED visit in DAWN statistics?

Alcohol consumption if the patient is 21 years or older.

Drug abusers continue to use drugs due to:

All the below -A strong compulsion to continue the drugs -The desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms -Craving for the pleasurable effects of the drug.

According to the text, what are the effect of using cocaine or crack during pregnancy:

All the below -Constriction of blood vessels, reducing normal blood flow to the fetus -High rates of spontaneous abortions -Growth retardation such as lower birth rate and smaller head circumference.

What is not an example of polydrug use:

All the below would be examples -Alcohol combined with heroin -Alcohol combined with marijuana -Alcohol combined with Tylenol

Conditioning effects have been demonstrated with which of the following drugs:

All the below: -Cocaine -Nicotine -Alcohol

In recent years DAWN statistics indicate:

An in crease in emergencies involving methamphetamine.

In recent years DAWN statistics indicate:

An increase in emergencies involving narcotic analgesics.

Needle exchange programs are:

Available in 38 states in the U.S.

Principles of Pavlovian conditioning have been used to explain which of the following drug taking phenomena:

Behavioral tolerance

The placental barriers refers to a barrier between the:

Bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus.

Drug dependence can be :

Both -Physical and psychological -Psychological but not physical

An effective doses (ED) of a drug depends upon:

Both -What drug effect is being observed -What percentage of the test population have you specified.

According to the text, the controversial part of the drug problem in the Unites States concerns:

Both -Where the problems are -Which are the most deserving of our efforts

Drug related death among celebrities:

Can be misleading in respect to the relative toxicity levels.

The physical or psychological harm of a drug such as tobacco or alcohol might cause over a long period of use is known as:

Chronic toxicity

According to the text, behavioral tolerance is also referred to as:

Conditioned tolerance

A key factor in psychological dependence is the presence of:

Craving

If one of the effects of heroin is constipation, then withdrawal symptoms after chronic heroin abuse would include:

Diarrhea

The effects observed among pregnant women with respect to the use of barbiturates are:

Different from the effects due to the use of tobacco.

DAWN stands for:

Drug Abuse Warning Network

Information about drug-related medical emergencies is collected by the:

Drug Abuse Warning Network

If Drug A and Drug B have the same number of drug-related ED visits but Drug A is used by ten times the number of individuals as Drug B, what are the relative toxicities of the two drugs?

Drug B is more toxic than drug A.

The capacity of a drug dose to have a gradually diminished effect on the user as it is taken repeatedly is known as:

Drug tolerance

An s-shaped graph (dose response graph) helps explain.

Drug toxicity

Drug A has ten times the number of drug-related ED visits in the DAWN statistics as Drug B. Drug A is used by ten times the number of individuals as Drug B. What are the relative toxicities of the two drugs?

Drugs A and B have equivalent toxicities.

In general, repeated drug administrations, the strongest response will occur:

During the initial administration of the drug

Analogy: The Ed-response is to the LD-response as:

Effective is to lethal

The LD-response curve for a particular drug will always be positioned __________ with respect to the ED-response curve.

Farther to the right

In studies of self administration of drug in animals, cocaine appears to have a __________ compared to heroin.

Greater potential for psychological dependence

Studies of self-administration of drugs in animals indicate that there is little or no inclination for animals to self administer:

Hallucinogens

Withdrawal symptoms are frequently observed in the newborns of mothers who had used:

Heroin

Heroin-related emergencies have tended to increase since the 1990s because:

Heroin can be used without a needle injection

Drug-related ED visits__________:

Include any and all visits to an emergency department that are related to recent drug use.

In terms of toxicity, a drug with therapeutic index of two __________ a drug with therapeutic index of ten.

Is more dangerous than

The margin of safety regarding the response to illicit drugs :

Is totally unregulated

The detection period in a standard urinalysis test for an illicit drug can range from:

It depends on the drug for which the individual is being tested.

A problem in proposing psychological dependence as an explanation for drug abuse is:

Its inherent circularity

The first documented case of drug tolerance had to do with someone named:

King Mithridates VI of Pontus

Behavioral or conditioned tolerance can be considered to be an important contributor to which drug taking phenomenon:

Lethal overdoses

According to the text, drugs that are unauthorized copies of prescription medications are known as:

Look-alike drugs

Which effect is typically associated with a mothers use of drugs after the eighth month of pregnancy:

Low birth weight

The prescription drug isoretinoin produces __________ when taken during pregnancy:

Major birth defects

The ratio of the LD1 over the ED99 is called the__________

Margin of safety

According to DAWN statistics, very few drug related deaths resulted from the use of __________ alone:

Marijuana

Which drug shows the least widely reported incidence of pharmacological violence:

Marijuana

When taken during pregnancy, which substance produces fetal effect similar to the effects of cocaine, and shows newborn effects including growth retardation, lethargy, increased difficulty arouse, and once aroused increased autonomic reactivity:

Methamphetamine

The margin of safety is __________ than the therapeutic index

More conservative in the direction of safety.

It is possible that, through tolerance, individuals have _______ after a period of regular administrations of a drug.

No discernible response at all.

The placental barrier is particularly effective in blocking the crossing of:

None of the below -drugs -alcohol and nicotine -illicit drugs

Which psychoactive drugs have little to no effect on pregnant women or the newborn:

None of the below: -Alcohol -Marijuana -Prescription drugs

According to recent DAWN statistics, alcohol in combination is responsible for _________ of drug related ED visits.

One fourth

In case of heroin and other abused drugs, withdrawal symptoms after chronic heroin abuse would include:

Opposite to the effects of the drug.

Drug-related violence due to the acute effects of the drug in an individuals system at the time of the violent act is referred to as:

Pharmacological violence

Which types of effects are typically associated with a mother's use of drugs during the early weeks of her pregnancy:

Physical malformations

LSD, anti psychotic drugs, and antidepressant drugs all share the common feature of:

Producing little or no self administration in animals

A strong tendency for an animal to self administer a drug that ordinarily would not produce physical withdrawal symptoms yet yields evidence in favor of:

Psychological dependence

Which criterion is not used for a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of substance dependence:

Recurrent substance related legal problems.

If tolerance to a potentially toxic drug has occurred, a toxic response might occur only if the dose level is:

Relatively higher

Tolerance affects depends upon which of the following factors in drug taking behavior:

Repetition

Drug tolerance is to __________ as to behavioral tolerance is to _________:

Repetition, Setting

As dose rises, it is likely that the effect produced by the drug:

Rises as well

A dose-response curve is generally shaped as an:

S

Analogy: Acute toxicity is to chronic toxicity as:

Short term is to long term

A drug least likely to produce pharmacological violence would be a drug that made an individual:

Sleepy or passive

What is an example of an alcohol in combination ED visit:

Smoking a marijuana joint while drinking a beer.

A dash of quinine is sometimes added to street heroin in order to:

Stimulate the bitter taste of real heroin.

In the DSM-IV-TR, the American Psychiatric Association uses the term:

Substance abuse instead of drug abuse.

Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, home, or school id not sufficient to signify a diagnosis of:

Substance dependence

Tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and unintentional overuse are three of the seven criteria for a diagnosis of:

Substance dependence

The DSM-IV-TR of the American Psychiatric Association defines two fundamental conditions related to drug taking behavior.

Substance dependence and substance abuse

Which of the following is an example of polydrug use:

Taking LSD and smoking cocaine

The median time interval for those who are HIV infected to show symptoms of AIDS is usually approximately:

Ten years

The margin of safety is a way of comparing:

The LD1 against the ED99

The therapeutic index is a way of comparing:

The LD50 against the ED50

According to the DSM-IV-TR, diagnosing drug abuse and drug dependence is based on:

The behavior of the person

The greatest number of drug related deaths each year results from:

The drinking of alcohol and the smoking of tobacco.

According to the DSM-IV-TR definitions, we must determine:

The features of drug taking behavior

Needle exchange programs have been effective in reducing:

The incidence of HIV infections among intravenous drug users.

The ration of LD50 over the ED50 is called the:

Therapeutic index

According to the DSM-IV-TR definitions, substance abuse implies that:

There are specific problems that have arisen from the drug taking behavior.

Todd started drinking caffeinated coffee every night to stay awake to study for finals. On Sunday evening, Todd was able to stay awake after drinking 1 cup of coffee. By Thursday evening, Todd found that he needed to drink 2 cups of the coffee to get the same effect. Why is this so?

Todd has developed a tolerance to low doses of caffeine.

If a drug is dangerous, poisonous, or in some way interferes with a persons normal functioning, that drug is said to be:

Toxic

T/F: Dawn statistics come from major U.S. metropolitan hospitals.

True