Munger's Final Quiz questions

The following question is based on the assigned article by Dr. Katherine Tucker entitled "Osteoporosis Prevention and Nutrition" A meta-analysis of low-dose vitamin D (<400 IU/day) supplementation for fracture prevention found:

This dose was ineffective in fracture prevention

(from the article by the National Farm Family Coalition "The Facts Behind King Corn") Federal legislation during The New Deal between 1933-1936 attempted to regulate the grain supply, including corn, through an approach known as supply management. How was this accomplished?

Through the use of conservation set-asides, a price floor guaranteeing a fair price for corn, and a grain reserve to deal with overproduction.

.T or F-Most adults in the world do not produce lactase and thus cannot digest lactose in milk

True

The DASH "Fruit and Vegetable" diet also included beef, pork, and ham.

True

What is considered as a "pre-hypertensive" level of blood pressure (BP)? (this can be found on the American Heart Association website)

systolic BP 120-139

The "Control" diet in the DASH study, compared to the "Combination" diet, had:

the same sodium content

According to the article "Preventing Heart Disease" published on the Harvard School of Public Health website (PDF in module) the recommendations for following a healthy diet to prevent heart disease has generated some dead ends, along with myths and confusion because...

"People eat food, not nutrients" (and individual nutrients have been the focus of many studies)

According to Figure 1-2 that was presented in lecture and can be found in the PowerPoint slides, the hypothetical relationship between relationship between intake of an essential dietary factor and health supports the view that:

For most nutrients there is likely an optimal range of intake, with adverse health outcomes at extremes of low intake and at extremes of high intake

What is glycemic load (GL)?

Glycemic index of a food x total carbohydrate content (in 100 g portions) of the food

This open-ended, short answer question is on the assigned webcast "Rethinking Cholesterol" from the Harvard School of Public Health. A video clip is played with a patient named Peter Austin who had an unexpected heart attack at a relatively young age. His physician gives him dietary advice and medication and Mr. Austin describes his previous habit of eating large amounts of "wings" and then displays his improved diet. Later in the webcast, Dr. Frank Sacks is highly critical of Mr. Austin's new diet and points out several concerns. What concerns about Mr. Austin's diet did Dr. Sacks mention? Type in your answer.

He mentioned that he was on a "low fat" diet. The American Heart Association abandoned the low fat diet a long time ago. Studies had shown that a diet high in polyunsaturated fat proved to have much better results than a "low fat" diet.

The following question is based on the assigned article by Dr. Katherine Tucker entitled "Osteoporosis Prevention and Nutrition" In the Framingham Osteoporosis Study which dietary characteristics among women were associated with the highest bone mineral density (BMD)?

High fruit and vegetable intake and moderate alcohol intake

The following question is based on the assigned article by Dr. Katherine Tucker entitled "Osteoporosis Prevention and Nutrition" What is the overall conclusion by the author regarding protein-rich foods and bone health?

Higher protein intakes may improve bone health in the elderly

In 2010 First Lady Michelle Obama's White House Obesity Task Force released its report and set a "four pillar" agenda for the Let's Move Campaign. What was one of the "four pillars"?

Increasing physical activity (other 3 are Better nutrition information, Easier access to healthy foods, Personal responsibility)

According to Andy Krollsep ("Behind Romney's welfare attacks, is America's top poverty denier" Mother Jones, 13 September 2012) Robert Rector of The Heritage Foundation is quoted as saying:

Is poverty harmful for childhood? I think not" and people are not poor if they have modern amenities such as air conditioning and a car.

According to the article "Food stamps: the struggle to eat" from The Economist (14 July 2011) after the Great Recession in 2008-2009 2010-2011 the number of food stamp program participants during 2010-2011 rose to:

1 out of 7 Americans

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner Dr. Scott Gottlieb outlined four strategic priorities of the FDA Office of Dietary Supplements. What are these four priorities?

1) Ensuring safety 2) Our second priority is maintaining product integrity. 3) Our third priority is informed decision-making. 4) Fourth, we'll continue to take actions to protect public health

What are three tribally led strategies that were discussed as lead approaches to fostering healthy eating and as relevant for Registered Dietician NutritionistS (RDNs) and other health professionals in helping to raise a healthier generation of American Indian and Alaskan Native youth?

1) Improving access to locally grown, affordable foods and beverages 2) Strengthening tribal institutional and commercial foodservice nutrition standards 3) Breastfeeding promotion

The World Health Organization in 2003 published a research report that advised restricting "free" or "added" sugars to _____ percent or less of total daily calories in order to prevent chronic diseases.

10%

The genetic mutation resulting in the capability of adult humans to digest lactose probably occurred in several different geographic locations about _______ (how many) years ago?

10,000

In the article by Angus Deaton ("The U.S. can no longer hide from its deep poverty problem", The New York Times, 24 January 2018) a graphic ranked 21 countries from low (number 1 rank) to high (number 21 rank) percentage of total population that is poorest (living on $4 a day or less). The rank of the United States in this list (from 1 to 21) was:

17

For each food dollar, how much goes to the farm value and how much go to value enhancing activities including advertising, labor, packaging, and other business expenses?

20 cents for farm value, 80 cents for other costs

According to O'connor in the news article "In the shopping cart of a food stamp household: lots of soda" (The New York Times. January 13, 2017, in the Word file "SNAP food purchased revealed in NYTs investigation and M Nestle commentary") the percentage of each SNAP food dollar spent on a broad category of junk foods that included sweetened beverages, desserts, salty snacks, candy and sugar was what percent?

20%

In the assigned reading by Key et al, it was stated that dietary factors are thought to account for ____ percent of cancers in Western countries?

30%

A study of the characteristics of a group of people who do not have a particular disease, then following this group over time to see who develops the disease of interest and who remains free of the disease is an example of what kind of study design?

Cohort Study

Comparing the nutrient content of 12-ounce servings of Coke, Pepsi, orange juice, and low-fat 1% milk:

Coke and Pepsi have fewer calories and less potassium than orange juice

In the article "Positive sign in America's food fight- interview with Professor Frank Hu" in the Harvard Gazette. (3 December 2015): What factors did Dr. Hu suggest were possible dietary and/or lifestyle causes of the changes in the U.S. diabetes rates reported in 2014 from U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?

Decline of consumption of both sugar-sweetened beverages and trans fatty acids

The following question is based on the assigned article by Dr. Katherine Tucker entitled "Osteoporosis Prevention and Nutrition" In the Framingham Osteoporosis Study which dietary pattern among men was associated with the highest bone mineral density (BMD)?

Diet high in fruit, vegetables, and breakfast cereals

The diet and lifestyle of the !Kung people (from the video) has changed in recent years as follows:

Diet is now based on corn "mielie meal" and there is little meat from hunting

The Proxmire Amendment of 1976:

Disallowed standards of identity and stated that the FDA must not set limits on the amounts of vitamins and minerals in supplements or classify supplements as drugs.

According to Dr. Marion Nestle in the preface to her book Food Politics, food companies that have been unable to increase sales in the United States have moved marketing campaigns for their products to:

Emerging economies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

The following question is about the PBS Frontline video, Supplements and Safety. The Major League baseball player Steve Bechler and at least 160 others died after taking what dietary supplement?

Ephedra

What are "pouring rights"

Exclusive agreements for a single company to market their drinks at a school

What are "pouring rights"?

Exclusive agreements for a single company to market their drinks at a school

According to the article by Pope et al, Alzheimer's disease is unrelated to vascular disease.

False

Dairy foods from domesticated animals have been common in human diets for the past 50,000 years

False

In the DASH study the reduction in blood pressure from the experimental diets (both the Fruit and Vegetable diet and the Combination diet) compared to the Control diet required being on the experimental diet for an average of 6 months.

False

T or F -According to the article "Five myths about hunger" by Alison Weber (14 February 2018, Feeding America website) people who face hunger in America are typically homeless and unemployed.

False

T or F- Agriculture developed about 10,000 years ago and has had a profound effect on human health by causing many large and fundamental mutations in the human genome.

False

T or F- Cholesterol intake in modern diets is significantly higher than in prehistoric hunter-gatherer diets.

False

T or F- In lactose intolerant adults, lactase production can be stimulated by a gradual introduction of milk and other dairy products in the diet.

False

T or F- In late 2011 food industry opposition to the Michele Obama's"Let's Move Campaign" led to a subtle but important shift in emphasis. This included increased emphasis on taxing sweetened beverages to reduce soda consumption.

False

T or F- The following question is about the PBS Frontline video, Supplements and Safety. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by law must review dietary supplements before they are put on the market

False

T or F- The policies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are determined by its sole mission to promote the health of consumers by encouraging the consumption of the healthiest diets known from scientific research

False

According to the article by Roberto, C.A. et al. (2015). Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. (The Lancet. 385:2400-09): The food policy framework for healthy diets and the prevention of obesity described by the World Cancer Research Fund International NOURISHING framework is organized in three broad "domains". What are these domains and what are the policy areas within each domain?

Food environment, Food system, Behavior-Change Communication

T or F According to the article by Pope et al, The Chicago Health and Aging Study found that increased vitamin E intake from foods, but not from supplements, was associated with decreased risk for developing Alzheimers disease, but only in persons who did not have the ApoE e4 allele that is known to increase the risk of Alzheimers disease

True

T or F According to the article by Pope et al, modifiable risk factors or Alzheimers disease includes low level of education and head injury.

True

T or F- Free radicals are thought to be beneficial because they are used by cells of the immune system to destroy viruses and bacteria.

True

Dr. Nestle describes the recent report published by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) on memory supplements. The GAO report addressed two main issues. What were they?

Two main issues reported by GAO: 1) their stated ingredients at the quantities stated on their labels and specific adulterants 2) certain contaminants

According to the article: Li et al. (2015). "Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease." Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 66(14):1538-1548: the major conclusion of this study was:

Unsaturated fats, especially polyunsaturated fats and/or high quality carbohydrates can be used to replace saturated fats to reduce coronary heart disease risk.

What was the general purpose of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994?

decreased regulation of dietary supplements

Lactose is...

disacharride

In the assigned reading by Key et al. the two most common cancers among women in developing countries are

Breast and cervical

What type of study was the Seven Countries Study?

Cohort

According to the article: Li et al. (2015). "Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease." Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 66(14):1538-1548: the associations between dietary saturated fats and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) remain controversial because...

Few studies have studied risk of coronary heart disease related to the replacement of saturated fats with unsaturated fats and also the replacement of saturated fats with carbohydrates

This question is on the assigned webcast "Rethinking Cholesterol" from the Harvard School of Public Health. Several of the physicians on the panel discussed the issue of using fish oil supplements (high in long chain omega-3 fatty acids) to prevent heart disease. What were their conclusions?

Fish oil supplements do not reduce the risk of heart disease

When light-skin people of European ancestry move to equatorial areas with high amounts of UV radiation what are the effects of the high levels of UV radiation?

Folate in capillaries near the skin is broken down by the UV rays

What genetic trait coincides with the absence of dairy animals in southern Nigeria?

Genetic trait that coincides it is the genetic trait of lactose intolorance or the inability to digest lactose due to a decrease in lactase activity.

Dr. Manson and Dr. Sacks discussed their views that while statin medications are very effective in reducing LDL cholesterol there are some disadvantages to them including:

Increased risk of diabetes

(from "Farmer in Chief") What is Michael Pollan's position on the Strategic Grain Reserve and how does he justify this?

Pollan is in favor of a strategic grain reserve to help with fluctuating prices. It will prevent swings in commodity prices and cushion food stocks.

In the assigned reading by Key et al "probable" evidence for nutritional factors as a cause of cancer includes:

Preserved meats and red meat increases the risk of colon and rectal cancer

Why do government agencies have a hard time recommending that Americans "Eat Less"?

Pressure from lobbyists for food companies and farm lobby groups

The following question is based on the assigned article by Dr. Katherine Tucker entitled "Osteoporosis Prevention and Nutrition" What nutrients other than calcium and vitamin D are thought to play an important role in the prevention of osteoporosis?

Protein, Vitamin K, Vitamin C

(from the article by the National Farm Family Coalition "The Facts Behind King Corn") During the Nixon administration in the 1970's the Secretary of Agriculture, Earl Butz (a Utahn) deregulated the corn markets through what changes?

Selling off government storage bins used as food security reserves and implemented "fencerow to fencerow" planting of corn and other crops.

What are historical and current factors that have worked to disrupt Indigenous food systems in North America?

Some factors that have disrupted Indigenous food systems include: 1) human exposures 2) environmental factors (forced to move from familiar land) 3) food deserts and many more

What factors limit the production of dairy-producing livestock in southern Nigeria?

Some factors that limit the production of dairy-producing livestock is climate, lack of vegetation, and the tsetse fly.

In Food Politics, author Marion Nestle describes two different "cultures" of thought for deciding whether dietary supplements are safe: a "belief-based approach" and a "science-based approach". Which statement is a correct description of the views presented by Nestle:

The "belief-based approach" views supplements as safe because they have been used for thousands of years and the "science-based approach" views high levels of single nutrients in supplements as unsafe because they may interfere with the functions of other nutrients.

The funding for SNAP comes from what Congressional bill?

The Farm Bill reauthorization

According to the article by Leung et al., what was one of the main challenges or barriers that influenced nutrition among low-income households in SNAP?

The high cost of nutrient-rich foods

In the article "Positive sign in America's food fight- interview with Professor Frank Hu" in the Harvard Gazette. (3 December 2015): What was described about the rates of diabetes in the United States, according to a 2014 report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?

The rate of new cases of diabetes has declined

Members of the genus Australopithecus preceded the early members of our genus Homo known as the Neanderthals, by millions of years. What trait did they both have in common?

They both walked upright on two legs

What type of research design was the DASH study?

a clinical trial

The nutritional composition of wild game meat compared to modern domesticated beef, pork, and lamb has similar amount of...

cholesterol

What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)?

"The term TEK was first introduced in 1989 by the International Conservation Union and a working group by that name. Subsequently, Berkes et al. (2000) have defined it as "a cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief, evolving by adaptive processes handed down through the generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their environment"

In the video (link in the module), Debunking the Paleo diet. Dr. Christina Warinner critiques three major myths related to the current Paleo Diet fad with evidence from archaeological evidence. What are these three major myths? Provide some evidence and detail for each.

#1 Humans are evolved to eat meat -Idea that the human body was evolved to eat large amounts of meat. However, as was stated in the video, it was adapted to plant consumption. The example given was with vitamin C. Carnivores can make vit C but humans can not and it must be found in plants. We have longer digestive tract giving us more time to digest plant matter. #2 Palaeolithic peoples did not eat whole grains or legumes. -This is untrue and evidence of stone tools used to grinding seeds and grains have been found and dated as old as 30,000 years ago. Studies of fossilized dental plaque also recovered microfossils of plants on their teeth. # 3 Paleo Diet foods were eaten by Palaeolithic ancestors. -I think this is the craziest one of them all. Most of our foods from the banana to the broccoli have been modified and changed to how it looks today due to the selection of what is going to sell in the store. An examplle was given of carrot in the wild and a carrot from the store and they look completely different. Oil could not have been pressed to the extent needed to produce it at the time. Today we have foods from around the world that would have been unlikely to have in one place such as eggs from China, blueberries from England and avocados from Mexico.

Fine distinctions made in the DSHEA provisions that are difficult for consumers to understand yet that preoccupy supplement marketers, lawyers, and federal regulators include

-Claims regarding disease prevention vs. claims made about health enhancement and promotion (structure and function claims). -The nature of food advertisements vs. food labels -The nature of herbal supplements and other supplements vs. nutritional supplements. -All of these answers are correct

Allegations made by critics of Ancel Keys and the Seven Countries Study that have been refuted by examination of primary source materials and interviews include:

-Dietary data from Greece was only taken during the Lent period and this biased the study -France was purposefully excluded from the study -There was biased selection of countries to be included in the study and some were excluded based on desired outcomes -All of these answers are correct

Describe four ways that the farm subsidies affect the economy.

-First, federal crop insurance programs help to encourage farmers to plant crops that aren't drought resistant. These programs help farmers plant the same crops year after year, regardless of crop yield. This keeps farmers from switching to drought-resistant crops. Drought is predicted to become worse due to global warming. The number of 100-degree-plus days is projected to quadruple by 2050. -Second, corn for cattle feed is one of the most significant culprits for water and corn supplies. Other subsidies encourage farmers to grow corn for ethanol biofuel. The number of ethanol production facilities in the High Plains region has doubled. This drains an additional 120 billion gallons a year of water. -Third, subsidies for Texas cotton is $3 billion a year. It is shipped to China, where it is made into the cheap clothing sold in American stores. This uses so many resources for the growth of cotton and the significant shipping distances. -Fourth, farm subsidies bills include food stamp funding. That ensures an urban member of Congress will support the farm subsidy bills.

What marketing method for soft drinks and junk food has been used to target children during their school day ?

-Required watching of Channel One television with commercials -Advertisement on free book covers -Advertisements on school buses Answer is :All of these answers are correct

What were five key findings of the study by Colchero et al of the policy implemented in 2014 in Mexico to place a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages?

1) In both descriptive and regression-adjusted estimates, we found that SSB purchases decreased and bottled water purchases increased in 2014. 2) Results show a 6.3% reduction in observed purchases of SSBs in 2014 compared with expected purchases based on trends from 2008 to 2012. 3) We also found a 2% reduction in the probability of purchasing SSBs during the post tax period 4) These reductions were higher among lower-income households, residents living in urban areas, and households with children. 5) For bottled water, we found a 16.2% increase in purchases in 2014 that was higher in low- and middle-income households and urban areas and among households with adults only. In addition to an increase in the amount purchased, the probability of purchasing bottled water increased by 3%

According to Imhoff, the revised farm bill will ensure that citizens continue to pay for their food at least three ways. What are these three ways?

1) at the checkout stand 2) in environmental cleanup and medical costs related to the consequences of industrial agriculture 3) as taxpayers who fund subsidies to a small group of commodity farmers deemed too big to fail

The proposed Final Rule on Child Nutrition Programs, published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service (on Feb. 19, 2019) proposed what three changes to the National School Lunch Program?

1)Allow flavored low-fat milk 2) Require half of weekly grains to be whole 3) Allow for a more gradual sodium reduction schedule

(from "Farmer in Chief" article by Michael Pollan) In 1940, the U.S. food system produced 2.3 calories of food energy for every one calorie of fossil fuel energy consumed in the process. Now, it takes (___ how many) calories of fossil fuel energy to produce a single calorie of modern supermarket food?

10

According to the reading in Food Politics, by 2012, health advocates reported that the average American consumes ____________ gallons of sugary drinks per year.

40

According to the article by Leung et al., how many Americans were served by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in 2011? (provide answer as a number of millions.

44.7 million

According to the Cordain article, current processed foods and processed food types (such as refined sugars, refined grains, etc) that were generally unavailable to humans before the dawn of agriculture account for what percentage of the total energy intake of present U.S. diets?

60-80 percent

According to the article by Basu et al., which policy would be expected to have a significant effect on reducing the prevalence of obesity and Type 2 diabetes?

A ban on SNAP purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages

Dr. Nestle criticizes the GAO report for not addressing a "dubious claim". What was that?

A dubious claim: whether memory supplements actually do any good

According to the article by Basu et al., what was one of the policies that was proposed to encourage healthier food choices?

A subsidy in which for every SNAP dollar spent on fruit and vegetables, thirty cents is credited back to participants' SNAP benefit cards

According to the article by Pope et al, non-modifiable risk factors for Alzheimers disease include

Advanced age, Family hx of Alzheimers, genetic predisposition

What marketing method for soft drinks and junk food has been used to target children outside of school-related activities?

Advertisements and prizes in cereal boxes, other food packages and fast-food meals

How do foods contribute to health in indigenous communities beyond the specific nutritional value of foods? In your answer discuss the roles of TEK and knowledge of sociocultural characteristics of indigenous communities.

As mentioned in the paper food is not only a source of nutrition but is an indicator of human/cultural/environmental interactions. The TEK approach helps us to understand how food sources are part of larger cultural, political, and biological systems, where environment and culture overlap. Another interesting TEK perpective is that gathering foods maintains cultural connections through storytelling, ceremonies, harvesting, and processing and sharing resources; provides outdoor activity; and helps to build and maintain interpersonal relationships and community traditions.

A study of the characteristics of a sample of persons with an existing disease and comparing them to a sample of similar persons who do not have the disease is an example of what kind of study design?

Case-control study

According to the article "Preventing Heart Disease" published on the Harvard School of Public Health website (PDF in module) a randomized trial found that a Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil or nuts found that...

Low-fat diets are not beneficial to heart health and that incorporating healthy fats can improve heart health and weight loss

In the Cordain article values are given in a table for the percent of all individuals 2 years and older who do not meet 100% of the 1989 US recommended dietary allowances. What nutrients do not meet the recommendations for more than 50% of these persons 2 years and older?

Magnesium and Zinc

According to the article by Leung et al. several themes emerged from their study about how to address the challenges of barriers to nutrition among low-income households. Which of the following was mentioned as one of those themes?

Modifying the frequency of SNAP benefit distribution

The research conducted by Drs. Siegfried Helkini and Wen Yang (from the figure "Insight from Mutant Worms) that challenged the Free Radical Theory of Aging and found that--

Mutant worms that produced high levels of free radicals and were not given antioxidants lived longer than the same type of mutant worms given antioxidants

According to the article by Roberto, C.A. et al. (2015). Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. (The Lancet. 385:2400-09) :

No country has yet reversed its obesity epidemic

Dr. Nestle was given the job at the U.S. Public Health Service of managing the editorial production of the U.S. Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health in 1988. On the first day of her job, what rule was she given?

No matter what the research indicated, the report could not recommend "eat less meat" as a way to reduce saturated fat or could it suggest restrictions on intake of any other category of food.

Based on executive summary (pages 5 and 6) from the 2025 Beverage Calories Initiative: Report on 2016 Progress toward the National & Community Calorie Goals. American Beverage Association, how has the average amount of beverage calories per person per day (average LRB - liquid refreshment beverage) - changed between 2014-2016 after the announcement by the American Beverage Association of their commitment to help reduce beverage calories in the American diet?

No significant change

The article by Roberto, C.A. et al. (2015). Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. (The Lancet. 385:2400-09) includes discussion of divergent beliefs about what drives and sustains high levels of obesity across the world.

Obesity is driven by both issues related to personal choice and the environment

In the assigned reading by Key et al "Convincing" evidence for nutritional factors as a cause of cancer include:

Overweight and obesity increases the risk of colon, rectal, and breast cancer

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 contained provisions designed to prevent federal interference with the interests of the supplement industry including...

Specified that supplement manufacturers did not need to demonstrate that their products were safe before selling them

This question is on the assigned webcast "Rethinking Cholesterol" from the Harvard School of Public Health. What are the two cholesterol-lowering medications that are discussed in the webcast?

Statins and PCSK9-Inhibitors

In the assigned reading by Key et al "insufficient" evidence for nutritional factors as a cause of cancer includes:

Supplemental intakes B2, B6, folate, and B12 reduces the risk of cancer

This question is on the assigned webcast "Rethinking Cholesterol" from the Harvard School of Public Health. Dr. Frank Sacks weighed in on the issue of the ratio of omega-3 (n3) and omega-6 (n6) fatty acids in the diet. What was his viewpoint?

The ratio of omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids in the diet does not predict risk of cardiovascular disease and the more polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet the lower your risk of cardiovascular disease.

Why do government agencies have a hard time recommending that Americans eat less of selected food items and overall?

There is the looming concern that it will decrease sales in many leading companies across America. This could affect the American ecomony, and possibly affects the jobs of many Americans. For changes to be made a consensus must be reached. Asssociations such as the Sugar Asociation or the National Cattleman Associtation or the Diary Association may disagree to the idea of 'eat less' because of possible decrease in sales and for reasons above but sadly, most decisions are based on the dollar.

What was the response of the U.S. Sugar Industry to the World Health Organization recommendation to restrict the daily added sugar intake?

They enlisted U.S. Senators from sugar growing states to pressure the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to withdraw funding from the World Health Organization

The following question is about the PBS Frontline video, Supplements and Safety. According to the epidemiologist Dr. Andrew Gray, what is the relationships between use of fish oil supplements and the prevention of cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes)? Fish oil was found....

To not prevent heart attacks and to not prevent strokes

According to the article "Food stamps: the struggle to eat" from The Economist (14 July 2011) it was found that the economic stimulus (increase in economic activity) provided by the U.S. food stamp program was greater than the economic stimulus provided by tax cuts.

True

T or F -Incidence of disease refers to the occurrence of new cases (first occurrences) of disease in a population and prevalence of disease refers to the already existing cases of disease

True

According to the author of the assigned reading, Diet in the News- What to Believe? (PDF of web article is in the module for this lecture) several questions are important when reading or watching a news story on diet and human health to put the health news in proper context. Which of the following was listed as one of the important questions?

Whether the study examined real disease endpoints, like the occurrence of myocardial infarction or osteoporotic fractures or if instead that surrogate markers of disease like serum lipids, blood pressure, or bone density were examined.

What is the major factor that caused the change in fatty acid composition in domesticated animal meat from the late 1800's onward compared to wild animal meat?

feeding grain to the animals

According to the article by Pope et al, Alzheimer's disease is a syndrome with multiple brain abnormalities including

neurofibrillary tangles

What information about food and nutrition (that is not publicly available) would you like to be publicly available?

opinion: I would like to see what the USDA recommends before it goes to the floor and is changed. I liked the example that a concern for many Americans is the over consumption of red meat but since the USDA can not come out and say 'eat less red meat' they disguise their wording. I want to know what the real recommendations are without the mask of the food industry.

According to the article "The Hungry and Overweight Paradox" by Taylor Wolfram (15 September 2017, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics website) persons who are hungry and food insecure have an increased risk of obesity because of:

the use of less expensive, calorie-dense food instead of more expensive nutrient-rich food