Music Appreciation Final
Instruments
Aerophones-sound by air; chordphones-sound by vibrating strings; idiophones-sound by instrument; membranophones-sound by tightly stretched membrane
Aaron Copland
Appalachian spring, more consonant style, ballet, written in consonant style, theme and variations, did not compose this piece
Copland, Appalachian Spring
Ballet, theme and variations, did not compose this piece (shaker folk toonn)
Tone row
Basis of 12-tone compisition
Melody
Clear cadences, move by stepwise motion or by small leaps within a narrow range, repetition and sequence
Serialism
Comes from 12-tone compositional technique
Bela Bartok
Expert in folk music, concerto for orchestra, inspired by folk music
Schoenberg, Pierrot Lunaire
Expressionist, Sprechstimmeis used
Berg, Wozzek
Expressionist, opera
Prepared piano
Grand piano, insert objects into strings, very specific on large screw, small screw, eraser, etc. Sonatas and interludes
George Gershwin
He wrote summertime, he wrote all kinds of music not just art music
Dynamics
How loud or how soft (pianissimo-very soft; piano-soft; mezzopiano-moderately soft; forte-loud; fortissimo-very loud)
Cage, Sonatas and Interludes
Invented prepaired piano
Chance/Aleatoric music
Leave elementsof the music up to chance. (Imaginary landscape)
Rhythm
Movement or procedure with uniform or patterned recurrence of a beat or accent
Polytonality
Music that has multiple keys
Atonality
Music that has no tonality or no key; treat all 12 notes equally
Expressionism
Not pretty, meant to be unpleasent to listen too, a lot of dissonance. Unusual vocal or instrumental effects.
Ives, Country Band March
Polyrhythms, dissonance
John Cage
Prepared piano, new concepts in sounds, experimented with instruments, chance music, 4 minutes and 33 second (no music/no sounds)
Tone color
Quality of sound
Arnold Schoenberg
Really one of the composer to start writing a-tonal music. He was leading figure in emancipation of dissonance. Invented 12-tone compositional technique
Igor Stravinsky
Riot at premier of right of spring. Revolt against previous rules and traditions. Right of Spring had big impact on music also choriography.
12-tone method
Schernburg invented, based on a tone row
Sprechstimme
Schernburg invented, cross between speaking and singing
Minimalism
Steady pulse, tonal (notes make sense to our ears) very repetitive
Form
Structure and design in music, based on repetition, contrast, and variation. The organizing principle of music
Alban Berg
Student of Schoenberg; Wozzek impressionist oprea
Retrograde
Tone row presented backwards
Inversion
Tone row presented upside down
Polyrhythm
Two meter/rhythm happening at the same time
Dissonance
Used more
Charles Ives
Used polyrhythms, traditional folk songs (yanky doodle)
Vocal classifications
Women-soprano, mezzo soprano, alto; Men-tenor, baritone, bass
Leonard Bernstein
Wrote west side story - retelling of romeo and juliet
Stravinsky, Rite of Spring
ballet
